Awto
Ostorariya (澳大利亞)
O ngangan nona kitakit ’i, Ostorariya (Ikiris sowal: Commonwealth of Australia)ano ca.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/220px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png)
Australia; Holam a sowal:澳洲). I satimolan riyar ko aro’ nona kitakit, adihayay ko kanatanatal a misakapotay patireng to kitakit, o ’icel no mikowanay o kinpo ko pido’edoan. O Tatapangan a niyaro’ o Kyanpira, o satata’angay a niyaro’ o Sitoni, Sieli hananay no kaping a sowal. Ona kitakit toniniam ’i, caayay ka laliting to roma a karopaw(陸地),o taliyok sahetoay o riyar, sa caay ko recep no pinangan no roma a kitakit, caay ka siwar no roma a finacadan ko nika’orip, yo sa’aloman sa to ko tata’angay a tamina nani Yoropa a tayni ta sa ’aloman sato ko mafana’ay to kairay nona palapalaan no Yincumin. I sa’ayaw ’i, o pipasonolan to ciraraway tamdaw, iikor ira ko pakaheraay to tada ’ekim, sano riri’ sato a masafelengaw a tayni ko kohecalay tamdaw a mili’ekim, ititi to a ma’eco ko kamaro’an no itinitiniay aca a maro’ a Yincumin.
Rikisi(歷史)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]I ka’ayaway no kairaan no tamdaw a rikisi (史前史)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Ma’edeng i’ayaw no 5 ofad komiheca, ila’enoay ho no sera to cecay a so’ot ko raya’ ko riyar, sa malalitingay ho ato Niukiniya, Sumatora ato Tasmaniya a kanatal, o kalala’ed ato Aciya a ta’eman riyar madihocay ho, sa lahodayay ho ko rakat no tamina. O Yincumin(indigenous people) no i lawacay a pala ma’edengay ho a milakec a tayni i Ostorariya.
I 2014 miheca mahera ko samatelangay a malafokelohay to a ’okak, hinamen ’i, i’ayaway no 4 ofad ira ko tosa apatek ko kaliteng nona ci Munkoman hananay ko pangangan a fainayan a tamdaw sanany ko piketon to sowal no mikakinkiway.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Mungo_Man.jpg)
Onini to ko hawacay o rikisi no Ostorariya ’i, o dengan ono Yincumin a rikisi sanay to ko kaketon no sowal.
O hawacay tonini ’i, o naikoran no paloma’an, okak no tamdaw, o mikunisan a maamaan, sa adihay ko kitod pakayni to ‘orip no Ostotatiya Yincumin. O sowal no samato’asay no Yincumin no Ostorariya o Kukaprak(Kukabrak)[1]finacadan o pana’ ato micideman ko ka’ayaw a tamina ko sapilood I ‘ayaw no 11,000 miheca tahiniay to pahicera I Ostorariya ato satimalan Amirika, mataliyokay to ckiw(地球) sanay ko sowal.[2]
To ikor to sa’aloman sato ko tayniay a mihahinahinamay to maamaan a tamdaw no Yoropa, ma’eco to ko kaitiraan no kina’orip, o tata’angay a a’adopen,tata’angay ma’eferay ‘ayam, o komaenay to a’adopen a kangkaro(kangaroo袋鼠), o limaay laya’ ko kato’edaw a kaloda’ay,matiya o mamangay a tosya a rarokoh, ano sa’osien ma’edeng ira ko 60 ko kasasiromaroma no kina’orip ko malahedaway.[3]
O pakimad no Yincumin no Ostorariya’i, i’ayaw no 13,000 miheca fahal sanay a malahedaw ko ciso’edaay a sera ato palapalaan sanay, oya malakitingay ho Ostorariya ato Tasmaniya kanatal madawdaw to no riyar, sa ira to koya Pasu riyaran ta’eman. O pakongko no Yincumin ya malahedaw ko so’eda, fa’edet to ko romi’ad ta macakat ko riyar matahepo ko pala o foting nani kafekang a matefad, ira ho ko cunami(海嘯) ko midawdaway to sera, orasaka, masa’iked ko Tasmaniya a kanatal, o maro’ay itini a
Yincumin ma’osaw to a masi’iked, oni ko kalahedaw no maro’ay i saowac no Pasu riyaran ta’eman ato i Kankarruay kanatl a Yincumin i’ayaw no 9,000 miheca.
Tayni ko Yoropa a tamdaw(歐洲白人到來)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Australian_states_history.gif/220px-Australian_states_history.gif)
Naka awaan no so’eda ’i, macakat ko riyar sa tata’ang ko tapelik, i 16sici a cicu no nitahepoan no kakarayan pangangan sa to Ostorariya o Terra Australis Incognita hananay,「awaay ho ko kafanafana’an a pala i satimolan」sanay ko tatodong nona sowal.
1606 miheca, sa’ayaway a macakat tona pala a Yoropa tamdaw o Olanta a tamdaw ci Oiliyam Yancyon (Willem Janszoon).1770 miheca o Sokolan a tamdaw ci Cimos Kuku itira i Sitoni a macakat, nengneng han nira o tada makapahay a pala itini, sa namacakat tangsol sa a pakido a milekal to ono niyam a pala konini saan, itini to ko pisatapang no kohecalay tamdaw a tayni mafolaw a paloma’ misaoamah, ona pala ’i, pangangan han tono Ikiris a ngangan to 「Niw Saos Oyrusu」(ona ngangan ’i,o fa’elohay a satimolan Oyrusu, nawhani, itira i Ikiris iraay ko Oyrusu hananay a sakowan).
1788 miheca, satapang ko pikowan no Ikiris ton apala, i sa’aya’ayaw ho ’i, o pirofoan to maparitay no Ikiris, oya sa’ayaway a nipataynian a maparitay ’i, 1030 ko tamdaw, i laloma’ nonini 736 ko maparitay(586 ko fainayan, 242 ko fafahiyan),o osaw ’i,sahetoay o pakoyoc a tamdaw, o pifalah to a taynien. 10791 miheca 1017 ko maparitay a taynien, caho ka pahicera itini tona pala 281 tamdaw ko mapatayay i fatad no riyar, nikawrira, cango’oten to kakaenen tona sakowan, hai han to no Ikiris sifo ko kalotamdaw a tayni mafolaw a maomah.
Naka taynian no kohecalay tamdaw ton apala, o tasaraman han ko Yincumin a mi’adop a mipatay, corcoren ho sifo a mipapatay ko Yincumin, sa itira i Tasmaniya a kanatal lowan sanay to ko Yincumin.Tahira to i 1830 miheca, awaay to ko ’osaw no caay ka ciramram to remes no Yincumin no Tasmaniya kanatal. O pilood to kohetingay tamdaw hananay a pangangan ko nini.
1851 miheca satapang ko nani Yoropaay ato nani Ciwkoku a tamdaw a mafolaw tayni a mamatayal nona kitakit, i 1950miheca sa’osien ko polong to nani cowacowaay a tamdaw itini ’i,200 ofad, ’odeng ko Holam aca ko sa’osien ’i, toloay ofad, wa sa’adihay ‘adihay a sa matongal ko Holan tamdaw sa a lacemcem ko kohecalay tamdaw, satapang to a milaplap, o kohecalay tamdaw ko kakakaenen saan.[4]
Ikor no Pisiiked-Niyahpikowan(獨立後)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]I 1901 miheca mapalasawad ko pikowan no Ikiris siiked sato Niyahpikowan, nikawrira, sahetoay o teloc no Ikiris ko tatapangan a mafolaw a tayni, caay ka pisawad to o Honti niyam ko Ikiris a honti saan, oraka, i sakacecay a lalood no nitahepoan no kakarayan malakapot ko Ostorariya ato Niwcila(ANZAC), cacamol sa to sofitay no Ikiris ato Fransu milood to Osman hontian kitakit.
Ikor to no lalood ’i, mala’afaw ko Sitoni niyaro’ ato Mirporon to saka malatatpangan a niyaro’ no kitakit, cakafilo kona tosa a niyaro’ awaway ko misododay, ora to ko sanga’ han i sifo’ nona taos a niyaro’ ko fa’elohay a halatatapangan niyaro’ no kitakit oya Kiyanpira a niyaro’.[5]
Na malaheci ko sakatosa a lalood no nitahepoan no kakarayan, wataay ko kalowan no tamdaw, o kohecalay sa tamdaw ’i, mana’ay to a maro’ itini, malowan to ko malinahay a tayni nani Yoropa. Orasaka, i 1980 miheca sawaden to koya o ikakaay ko kohecalay tamdaw sanay a demak, mitahidang to icowacowaay a tamdaw a tayni mafolaw, oya「kasasiromaroma a punka a demak」hananay.(多元文化)
Nikawrira, ano masamaamaan to ko nika raay ato Yoropa ato Amirika, ano masamaamaan to ko nika ’aloman no roma a finacadan a mafolaw a tayni,cowa ka tawal ko cecaay ko keton no pona sanay a harateng, malecaday ko remes o Ankuro Sakusong Finacadan(Anglo-Saxons,onini 'i, o Ikiris,Amirika, Kanata, Ostorariya ato Niwcila a kohecalay tamdaw koni toro'an)[6] kita sanay afaloco’ nangra a misakakinih to roma a finacadan. Nikawria, caay ka matiya o saka’amis pecih no cikiw aYoropa ko wayway nangra ano roma, patinako han yo mihapinang to ‘icel no kinsipakotan(核試)ko Frasu i satimolan no Taypinyang i ngata no Ostorariya ato Niwcilan ’i, caay to kafilo ko kaci’icel nona tosa a kitakit a mihantay tona mihapinang to ‘icel no kinsipakotan saany a demak no Fransu,o kalotamdaw ’i,mana’ay a micakay to dafong no Fransu, i tata’angay a niyaro’ ’i, mapala’idef ko patiyamay no Fransu.
Palapalan(地理)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O Ostoriya a kitakit ’i, mahaop ko Ostoriya karapow, Tasmaniya Kanatal ato mamangay akanatanatal. O laletlet ’akawang no sera nani riyar ’i, 340 laya’ i polong no cikiw a karopaw o sapo’eneray,nikawrira, o dadahal no 200~500 laya’ a sera mahaop ko 42%, o kasahefohefong no sera caay ka kakahad, o masasiromaay i nitahepoaan no kakarayan.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flock_of_sheep.jpg/220px-Flock_of_sheep.jpg)
I sakawali ’i, o katelang a tokotokosan, tahira i Kociosko(Kosciuszko)120 km ko ka nayar nona tokos. I sawalian a pala ’i, matatodongay ko fa’edet ono riyariyaran a kakarayan, o nga’ayay a kamaro’an no tamdaw ko romi’ad itini sa adhihay a masaoppo ko maro’ay itini a tamdaw, itiniay ko satata’ay a niyaro’ Sitoni. I sa’etip a pala ’i, o masadangahay a pala, adihay ko pakaenay to siri itini, o tefong ko hananom no losay ato ’a’adopen. I ka’etip nonini pala ’i, o tadakakahaday a tafotafokan sa pangangan han to 「tata’angay tafotafokan」(Great Sandy Desert)’edengan o Pasu niyaro’ cecay heca ko nga’ayay ‘aroen no tamdaw, i lawac to nonini niyaro’ away to ko tamdaw a maro’,nawhani o sera itini ’i, caayay ka o cihenekay sota’, cowa ka tatodong a mipaloma to hakaka’enen no tamdaw a losay.
Ano pakakafekangen pasila’eno a minengneng ’i, o ’edef no kitakit no Ostorariya sakohera sahetoay o tafotafokan ato lakelal, sa itini i lilis no riyar ko ’alomanay tamdaw a maro’.
I saka’amis no Ostorariya a sakowan Nostiritoly (Northern Territory)’enemay ko misanga’an no kitakit a pisalamaan no lafang a koin(國家公園):
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ayers_Rock_by_CK.jpg/220px-Ayers_Rock_by_CK.jpg)
1. Animolanto kitakitan koin (Arnhem Land)
2. Ururu=Kataciwta kitakitan koin(Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park)
3. Kakato kitakitan koin(Kakadu National Park)
4. Kata Ciwta kitakitan koin(Kata Tjuṯa, Kata Tjuta)
5. Tanami Tafotafokan(Tanami Desert)
6. Nitomiruku kitakitan koin (Nitmiluk National Park)
’A’adopen ato kilakilanga(動植物)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Nano to’asan itini i Ostorariya adihay ko kinahirahira no ’a’adopen,oya cialofoay I tiyad a Kowara(Phascolarctos cinereus),o
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Platypus.jpg/220px-Platypus.jpg)
(Possum); ira ho ko cifita’olay,misofocan ko wawa a palahad a sanomaymayay a Kamonohasi(鴨嘴、Ornithorhynchus anatinus), o cicekay ko tatirengan a Harimokura(Tachyglossus aculeatus),ato tata’angay ‘ayam, no matini ko kasasiroma no ’a’adopen a sa to kita, nawhani,tada maraay ko kapisiked to roma a karopaw, o romi’ad ato kakarayan cilacila mafalic, onini ko kacidekan no palaoalaan a kinahirahira.
Rawraw a ’Inorong no Taliyokan(環境問題)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O polong no pala no Ostorariya mahaop ko 40% a palapalan caay ko nga’ay a aro’aen no tamdaw, nawhani, tolo ko ’inorong nona kitakit: sakacecay ’i, o kacaay ko cihenekan ko sera, sakatosa ’i, mapakahecid no riyar ko taliyok, sakatolo’i, ko’edaw ko kakedal no romi’ad sa manikaw to nanom. Orasaka, tatiihay saomahen caay ka lomahad ko maamaan a losay ayo pinaloma, yo caay ko cihenekan ko sera sa nani ’aloay a nanom caay ka ko ci’afoay, tahirahira i riyar ko na namon awaay ko malokakaenen no kina’orip no riyar, orasaka o foting to manikaway.[7] Matongal ho no kafa’edet no romi’ad tona pinapina mihecaan, ngalef sa masiwar tara tatiih ko liomah, pipaken to ’a’adopen, mirecep ko katatiih no ‘orip no tamdaw.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Vulpes_vulpes_sitting.jpg/220px-Vulpes_vulpes_sitting.jpg)
Yo katahaynian ho no Yoropa a tamdaw mafolaw tayni o rakota ko sapipamatang to tafotafokan,o takoril ato oles ko mi’a’adopan, o sapilaplap to kurafaw i tefotefosan, alaen ngangra nani papotal ko Tata’akay Takora’ (Rhinella marina) ato fafoy(Wild boar),o nipakaenan ho i sarakarakat, to ikor to’i,ca to ka lingwaen palesap han to mala no palapalan to a takora’ ato fafoy.[8] Matenak to ’i, away to ko pakafiloay ta mi’eco to kamaro’an to itinitiniay a kina’orip, makari’ang to ko maamaan a pinaloma, onini to ko sakatatiih no taliyokan pala.
Sici(政治)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O sici no Ostorariya kitakit ’i,o Hintian ato Masakapotay Sakowan Kitakit, o kinpo ko dado’edo’en no mikowanay a tamdaw, o tapang no kitakit ’i, o Honti ano ca Fafahiyan Honti no Ikiris, o Sotok (總督) no Ostorariya ko niocoran a papikomad to demak no kitakit, orasak o tayal no Sotok ’i, saheto sanay to sapa’araw aca a lisin.
Nikawrira,1975 mihwca malala’is ko Fafa’eday ato La’enay a Lipoin, ca sanay to ka pihai to sakadademak payso a yosan, itini to a dademak ko Sotok a mipalasawad to tayal no kiing,o tapang no sifo ci Yitowato Kofo Oyliyam(Edward Gough Whitlam)mapapisawad to tayal ngingra, oya to ko karawraw no kitakit.
Oroma sato,ira ko milekalay to sapipatirengaw to no Finawlan a Kapolongan Kitakit sanay a tamdaw, ona pilekal ’i,o sapisiikedaw nani pikowan no Ikiris, o sapihaiaw toni ’i, mitopa ko polong no kalotamdaw nga’ malaheci a patirng ko Finawlan a Kapolongan Kitakit, nikawrira, kinapinapina a samisimisi sa ko ka’edeng no satopa a caay ka laheci. 2016 miheca, o tapang no sifo ci Malokomu Pulay Tanpol(Malcolm Bligh Turnbull) o sapipatirengaw to Finawlan a Kapolongan Kitakit todongay o sapipa’oripaw to tamdaw no Ostorariya, han nira a milekal ko tamtamdaw no Ostorariya. Nikawrira, o patesokan a sowal ’i, misawad to kona aniniay a Fafahiyan Hinti nga’ itiya han to a patireng.[9]
Pikaykian no kitakit(國會)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Tosaay ko misanga’ay to rikec no kitakit a pikaykian, o Fafa’eday Pikaykian ato Kararemay Pikaykian, ona tosa a pikaykian ’i, malecaday ko sapikowan a ’icel, nikawrira, o misanga’ay to rikec to sapitayal a payso ’i, ’edeng o Kararemay Pikaykian ko cisapikowanan a ’icel.
O kalosinkiw ’i, 18 ko mihecaan nga’ mihaian a mitopa to mamalakiin, o kiin no i Fafa’eday Pikaykian ’i, 6 ko mihecan ko kalakiin, nikawrira, malakinatolo ko mihecaan mifalic to kalaitosa a kiin. O tamdaw no kiin ’i, kalosakowan ala 12 ko tamdaw malakiin, o syoto ato sa’amisan sakowan ’i, ala tosa ko tamdaw malakiin, polong han 76 ko kiin. O kiin no i Kararemay Pikaykian ’i, 3 ko mihecan ko kalakiin, o kaloniyaro’ a tamdaw ko mitopaay, 150 ko polong no kiin.
O ’isal no tang ’i, ira ko Matayalay Tang, ira ko Naifalo’ay Tang, ira ko Naifalo’ay a Finaolan Tang ato Kokumin Tang. O citodongay to tayal a tapang no sifo ’i, nipili’an nani Kararemay Pikaykian a kiin.
Malalenay ko sapikowan a ’icel no Fafa’eday Pikaykian ato Kararemay Pikaykian, ano masasingasif ko tayal ona tosa a pikaykian, caka pisodod ko cima terep hato sasaan ko polong a tayal no kitakit ’i, palasawad hananay ko kalakiin nona tosa a pikaykian, misafa’eloh a misinkiw. O masanga’ay a rikec no Kararemay Pikaykian patayraen ho i Fafa’eday Pikaykian a miliyaw a masasowal, haien tono Fafa’eday Pikaykian ta laheci sanay ko cecay a rikec no kitakit, ano mana’ay no Fafa’eday Pikaykian, matatoker kona tosa a pikaykian caay ka pisodod ko icowaay ’i, matiya to a mapalasawad ko kalakiin nona tosa a pikaykian amisafa’eloh ho a misinkiw. Nikawrira, ira ho ko halalan to sapisongila’aw to demak, matateko kona tosa a pikaykian a masasowal amipalaheci to demak ta caay to ka mapalasawad ko kalakiin.
Finacadan(民族)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O teloc no Yoropa a kahecalay tamdaw mahaopay ko 80%, o roma sa ’i, o Aciya tamdaw mahaop ko 12%, Aporicini(o Yincumin no Ostorariya) mahaop ko 2% aca. O mafolaway a tayni a tamdaw ’i, mahaop ko 2%, o nani Ikiris, Niwcilan,Congko, Indo, Itariya ato Pitonam.
1975 miheca masanga’ ko「Rikec no Aka Pisakakinih to Tamdaw」, yo ca ho kasanga’ kona rikec ’i, mi’efecan ko roma a kitakit a tamdaw mafolaw a tayni.
Sowal (語言)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O kapolongan sowal ’i, o Ikiris, nikawrira, caay ka lalen sa malecad to no Ikiris sowal, sa pangangan han to Ostorariya Ikiris Sowal(Aussie English). Aloman ko nai cowacoway mafolaway a tayni tona kitakit, oya teloc to nona mafolaway ’i, i loma no niyah o kasofocan kitakit a sowal ko kahasasowal, patinako han, o somowalay to congko a sowal nahaop ko 2.1%,Itariya sowal 1.6%, ira ho ko romaroma o caay ka hakowa ko tamdaw asowal.
O sowal no Yincumin(Aporicini ato Tasmaniya sowal) itiya toya pikowanan no Yoropa tamdaw adihay ko mapalasawaday sowal, anini o karacemceman to ko kala’eto a malasawad.
O sowal no Aporicini ma’edeng ira ko 200 ko sowal sanay, anini caay to kahakowa ko ma’osaway. O sowal no itiraay i Tasmaniya a Yincumin ’i, cisafaway to tolo ko kasasiroma no finacadan itini,nikawrira, i 1905 miheca malahedaway to kona sowal, onini o mapatayay to a sowal.
Pitooran (宗教)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O mitooray ci Yisoan ko alomanay, i 2006miheca a sa’osi( o i lalomaay no () ’i,ono 2001 miheca
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/SaintMarys_CathedralSydney.jpg/220px-SaintMarys_CathedralSydney.jpg)
) o Tisikiw 25.8%(26.6%), o Sinkonhui(聖公會) 18.7%(20.7%), polongen ko roma a pitooran mahaopay to ko 64%. O caayay ko mitooray ci Yisoan a pitooran ma’edeng 5% aca ko tamdaw. Ira ko pisa’osi cecay alipay kinacecay a tarakyokai sanany a tamdaw mihaop to 7.5%.
Ono Yincumin Aporicini a pitooran 'i, ma'osaway ho kono to'asan a salisin ato wayway,itini i niyahpikowanan no Aporicini to mihecahecan midemakay ho tono to'asan a kisin ato pingodo to to'as.
Punka(文化)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O nani Ikirisay a mafolaw tayni ko sa’ayaway a nani
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Espresso_and_napolitains.jpg/220px-Espresso_and_napolitains.jpg)
Yoropaay tamdaw, orasaka,tada mirecepay ko punka no Ikiris itini tona kitakit i ’orip no kalotamdaw,namikowanay to Indo ko Ikiris itiya ho,sa halafin to a mananam a misaocia(紅茶文化), iikor tono kalahecian no sakatosa nitahepoan no kakarayan a lalood, aloman to mafolaw a tayni ko Itariya a tamdaw, mapatenak nangra ko pinanom to marari’ecay a ocia.[10] Iro matini sato samatiya sato to pinanom to kofi ko katenak no ocia.
Rocokan no punka (文化遺産)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O Tadamaanay a rocokan no punka pasadaken ho itira i Lihoko, o citodongay to mamihapinang a pawacay ’i,o YUNISUKO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Sydney_Opera_House_Close_up_HDR_Sydney_Australia.jpg/220px-Sydney_Opera_House_Close_up_HDR_Sydney_Australia.jpg)
Cultural Organization, UNESCO), malaheci to a mipawacay ’i,pangangan hananay to o rocok no nitahepoan no kakarayan a punka konini sato a mopatesok to tilid. Ititni i Ostoraiya tolo ko rocok no punka:
1. Hotian pitelian to dafong ato Karorong potal(Royal Exhibition Building and Carlton Gardens).
2. Sitoni karomadiwan roma(Sydney Opera House).
3. Nalacolan no pipalitan(Australian Convict Sites)
4. Cim no punkaan pisaramaan(Budj Bim National Park).
kasaniyaro'aro' Sakowan(地方自治)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O sakowan no Ostorariya ’enemay, tosa ko mamalasakowan. Ono sakowan a tapang ’i, o kakeridan hananay a mitahidang, o tapang no sifo ’i, syusyo hananay a mitahidang, matiya o yincang no sincinyin no Taywan. Cisakowan ko syusyo a mipili’ to malotapang no citodongay to tayal ta masakapot a matayal. Pakaynien i rikis no Ostorariya a minengneng o kalosakowan a niyaro’ awaay ko pakangaiay to niyahpikowan a ’icel, citodongay to demak no kiwiku to, paisingan to, o lalan to ato tayhin.
O kalosakowan iraay kono teked a rikec no niyahpikowan(local government act).onini ko paranaan no kaloniyaro’ a niyahpikowan.(local government) ano nga’ay ko kalafiyaw no niyahpikowan,malakapotay a malatata’angay a sakowan.( gegional council)
So’osi i 2006 miheca sakasepat folad, ira ko 656 ko niyaro’an a niyahpikowan:[11]
2006 miheca sakasepat folad a misa'osian a 'sosi no sakowan ato niyaro'an niyahpikowan:
sakowan | ’isal no niyaro’an a niyahpikowan |
Niw Saos Oylosu (New South Wales) | 151 |
Pikutoriya (Victoria) | 78 |
Kuinslan(Queensland) | 124 |
Saka’etipay sakowan(Western Australia) | 141 |
Sakatimolay sakowan(South Australia) | 68 |
Tasmaniya(Tasmania) | 29 |
Ka’amisay sakowan(Northern Territory) | 65 |
Saikeday sakowan no syoto (Australian Capital Territory,ACT) | 6 |
Tahapinangan Tilid (註腳)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot][1] Berndt, Berndt & Stanton 1993, p. 21.
[2] “オーストラリアで発見された象形文字は歴史を書き換えることができます”. Afrikhepri (2019年). 2019年6月8日閲覧。Gosford Glyphs 1.m4v.
[3] Encyclopedia of Australian Wildlife, Steve Parish Publishing, p.120-123, ISBN 9781740212441。Australian Museum. “Megafauna extinction theories - patterns of extinction”. 2010年4月23日閲覧。
[4] 鈴木 清史 (2010年). “オーストラリアの戸惑い : 2つの巨大貿易国のはざまで (日本とアジアの相互の照射 (PDF)”. 静岡大学人文学部アジア研究センター. 2020年12月17日閲覧。
[5] “オーストラリアの首都機能移転”. 国土交通省. 2020年6月11日閲覧。
[6] アングロサクソン人とは?歴史・年表まとめ【特徴から名前の由来、文明、文化まで紹介】o
[7] ジャレド・ダイアモンド『文明崩壊』13章「搾取されるオーストラリア」(草思社2005)
[8]豚を野に放すとイノシシになる?サイボクハムぶた博物館 2月23日閲覧
[9] 豪で君主制廃止論再燃? 首相「女王退位後に共和制移行を」 AFPBB News(2016年12月19日)2020年2月23日閲覧。
[10] 守屋太郎 (2014年7月3日). “スターバックスがオーストラリアから撤退する理由”. 2020年12月30日閲覧。
[11] 『THE AUSTRALIAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT GUIDE APRIL 2006』より。