Behold
The word "behold" is a call to attention, urging the reader to pause and reflect deeply on the profound truth that follows. In the Greek, "ἴδετε" (idete) is an imperative verb, inviting believers to not just see but to perceive with understanding. This is a call to marvel at the divine revelation of God's love, encouraging a sense of awe and wonder.

what manner of love
The phrase "what manner of love" translates from the Greek "ποταπὴν ἀγάπην" (potapēn agapēn), which implies a love that is foreign, extraordinary, and beyond human comprehension. This love is not of earthly origin but is divine, sacrificial, and unconditional, reflecting the agape love that God has for humanity. It is a love that surpasses all understanding and is a central theme in the New Testament, emphasizing God's initiative in the relationship with His creation.

the Father has given to us
The term "the Father" (ὁ πατήρ, ho patēr) highlights the intimate and personal relationship between God and believers. The verb "has given" (δέδωκεν, dedōken) is in the perfect tense, indicating a completed action with ongoing effects. This suggests that God's love is a gift that has been bestowed upon us with lasting impact. The concept of God as Father is foundational in Christian theology, emphasizing His role as a loving, caring, and providing parent.

that we should be called children of God
The phrase "children of God" (τέκνα Θεοῦ, tekna Theou) signifies a new identity and status for believers. This is not merely a title but a reality, as indicated by the Greek word "κληθῶμεν" (klēthōmen), meaning "to be called" or "to be named." It reflects the transformative power of God's love, which adopts believers into His family, granting them the rights and privileges of heirs. This adoption is a recurring theme in the New Testament, underscoring the intimate relationship between God and His people.

And that is what we are!
This emphatic declaration reinforces the reality of the believer's identity as God's children. The Greek phrase "καὶ ἐσμέν" (kai esmen) translates to "and we are," affirming the certainty and present reality of this status. It is a statement of assurance and confidence, meant to encourage believers in their faith and identity in Christ.

The reason the world does not know us
The "world" (κόσμος, kosmos) in this context refers to the secular, unbelieving society that is often in opposition to God's kingdom. The verb "does not know" (οὐ γινώσκει, ou ginōskei) implies a lack of recognition or understanding. This lack of recognition is due to the fundamental difference in nature and values between the children of God and the world.

is that it did not know Him
The "Him" refers to Jesus Christ, whom the world failed to recognize as the Son of God. The Greek "οὐκ ἔγνω" (ouk egnō) indicates a past action with continuing implications. The world's failure to know Christ is a reflection of its spiritual blindness and rejection of God's revelation. This serves as a reminder to believers that their identity and values may often be misunderstood or rejected by the world, just as Christ was.

Beloved
This term of endearment, "Beloved," is translated from the Greek word "ἀγαπητοί" (agapetoi), which signifies those who are dearly loved. In the context of 1 John, it reflects the deep affection and spiritual bond that exists within the Christian community. The use of "Beloved" underscores the intimate relationship believers have with God and with each other, rooted in divine love.

we are now children of God
The phrase "we are now children of God" emphasizes the present reality of believers' identity. The Greek word for "children" is "τέκνα" (tekna), which implies a familial relationship, not just a legal status. This identity is not something to be achieved in the future but is a current reality for those who have faith in Christ. It reflects the transformative power of God's love and grace, which adopts believers into His family.

and what we will be has not yet been revealed
This phrase speaks to the mystery of the future state of believers. The Greek word "φανερωθῇ" (phanerōthē) means "revealed" or "made manifest." While believers are assured of their identity as God's children, the full extent of what this entails in the eschatological sense remains unknown. This points to the hope and anticipation of the Christian faith, trusting in God's promises for the future.

We know that when Christ appears
The certainty expressed in "We know" (Greek "οἴδαμεν," oidamen) reflects the confidence believers have in the promises of God. The phrase "when Christ appears" refers to the second coming of Jesus, a central tenet of Christian eschatology. The Greek word "φανερωθῇ" (phanerōthē) is used again, emphasizing the future revelation of Christ in glory.

we will be like Him
The promise "we will be like Him" offers profound hope and assurance. The Greek word "ὅμοιοι" (homoioi) means "like" or "similar," indicating that believers will share in the glorified nature of Christ. This transformation is not just physical but also moral and spiritual, reflecting the ultimate goal of sanctification and union with Christ.

for we will see Him as He is
The phrase "for we will see Him as He is" highlights the culmination of the believer's hope. The Greek word "ὀψόμεθα" (opsometha) means "we will see," indicating a direct and personal encounter with Christ. This vision of Christ in His true essence will be transformative, as seeing Him "as He is" implies a complete and unmediated understanding of His divine nature. This promise encourages believers to live in anticipation of this glorious future, motivating them to pursue holiness and faithfulness in their present lives.

And everyone
The phrase "And everyone" is inclusive, indicating that the message is universal for all believers. In the original Greek, "πᾶς" (pas) signifies "all" or "every," emphasizing that no believer is exempt from the call to purity. This universality reflects the comprehensive nature of the Christian faith, which is open to all who accept Christ, transcending cultural, social, and ethnic boundaries.

who has this hope
The "hope" referred to here is the confident expectation of eternal life and the return of Christ. The Greek word "ἐλπίς" (elpis) denotes a joyful and confident expectation, not a mere wish. This hope is rooted in the promises of God and the resurrection of Jesus, providing believers with assurance and motivation to live righteously.

in Him
The phrase "in Him" underscores the centrality of Christ in the believer's life. It is through a relationship with Jesus that this hope is realized. The preposition "ἐν" (en) in Greek indicates a position or state of being, suggesting that our hope is not just about Christ but is found within the sphere of His influence and presence.

purifies himself
The act of purifying oneself is a deliberate and ongoing process. The Greek word "ἁγνίζει" (hagnizei) means to cleanse or purify, often used in a ceremonial or moral sense. This purification is both an inward and outward transformation, aligning one's life with the holiness of God. It is a response to the hope we have in Christ, driven by the desire to be like Him.

just as He is pure
The standard for purity is Christ Himself. The Greek word "καθώς" (kathos) means "just as" or "in the same way," indicating that Jesus is the model for our purity. The word "ἁγνός" (hagnos) describes a purity that is free from defilement, both morally and spiritually. This purity is not merely an absence of sin but a presence of righteousness, reflecting the character of Christ.

Everyone who practices sin
The phrase "everyone who practices sin" emphasizes the universality of sin's impact on humanity. The Greek word for "practices" is "ποιεῖ" (poiei), which implies a continuous or habitual action. This suggests that sin is not merely an isolated act but a pattern of behavior. In the conservative Christian perspective, this highlights the fallen nature of humanity, as all are born into sin and are in need of redemption through Christ. The universality of sin underscores the need for a Savior, as all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God (Romans 3:23).

practices lawlessness
The term "lawlessness" is translated from the Greek word "ἀνομία" (anomia), which means a state of being without law or in violation of the law. In the biblical context, lawlessness is not just a disregard for civil law but a deeper rebellion against God's divine law. This rebellion is rooted in the human heart and is a direct affront to God's holiness and order. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, lawlessness is the essence of sin, as it represents a willful rejection of God's authority and commands. It is a reminder of the spiritual battle between the kingdom of God and the forces of darkness.

Indeed, sin is lawlessness
This phrase serves as a definitive statement about the nature of sin. The Greek word for "indeed" is "καί" (kai), which can also be translated as "and" or "also," reinforcing the connection between sin and lawlessness. By equating sin with lawlessness, the apostle John underscores the seriousness of sin as a fundamental violation of God's moral order. In the conservative Christian tradition, this understanding calls believers to recognize the gravity of sin and the need for repentance. It also points to the transformative power of Christ's atonement, which not only forgives sin but also empowers believers to live in obedience to God's law. This verse challenges Christians to examine their lives, ensuring that they are not living in habitual sin but are instead walking in the light of God's truth.

But you know
This phrase serves as a reminder to the readers of the foundational truths they have been taught. The Greek word for "know" here is "οἴδατε" (oidate), which implies a deep, intuitive understanding rather than mere intellectual knowledge. It suggests that the audience is already familiar with the core tenets of the faith, emphasizing the importance of remembering and holding fast to these truths in the face of false teachings.

that Christ appeared
The term "appeared" is translated from the Greek "ἐφανερώθη" (ephanerōthē), which means to become visible or to be revealed. This word underscores the incarnation of Jesus Christ, highlighting the historical reality of His coming into the world. The appearance of Christ is a pivotal event in Christian theology, marking the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies and the manifestation of God's redemptive plan.

to take away sins
The purpose of Christ's appearance is succinctly stated here: "to take away sins." The Greek word "ἵνα" (hina) introduces a purpose clause, indicating the reason for His coming. "Take away" is translated from "ἄρῃ" (arē), which means to lift up or remove. This reflects the sacrificial nature of Christ's mission, as He bore the sins of humanity on the cross, providing atonement and reconciliation with God. This echoes the sacrificial system of the Old Testament, where the removal of sin required a blood sacrifice, ultimately fulfilled in Christ.

and in Him there is no sin
This phrase affirms the sinless nature of Christ, a crucial aspect of His ability to atone for the sins of others. The Greek word for "sin" here is "ἁμαρτία" (hamartia), which denotes a missing of the mark or falling short of God's standard. The declaration that "in Him there is no sin" emphasizes the perfect righteousness of Jesus, setting Him apart from all humanity. This sinlessness is essential for His role as the spotless Lamb of God, whose sacrifice is sufficient to cleanse us from all unrighteousness.

No one who remains in Him
The phrase "remains in Him" is derived from the Greek word "μένω" (meno), which means to abide, stay, or continue. This concept of abiding is central to Johannine theology, emphasizing a deep, ongoing relationship with Christ. In the historical context of the early church, this abiding was a call to steadfastness amidst false teachings and persecution. To "remain in Him" suggests a life characterized by faithfulness and intimacy with Jesus, reflecting a transformative union that influences every aspect of a believer's life.

keeps on sinning
The Greek verb here is "ἁμαρτάνει" (hamartanei), which is in the present tense, indicating a continuous or habitual action. This does not imply that a believer will never sin, but rather that a lifestyle of persistent, unrepentant sin is incompatible with a genuine relationship with Christ. Historically, this was a critical point for the early church, distinguishing true followers of Christ from those who merely professed faith without evidence of transformation. Theologically, it underscores the transformative power of grace that not only forgives but also empowers believers to overcome sin.

No one who continues to sin
This phrase reiterates the previous point, using the Greek "ἁμαρτάνων" (hamartanōn), again emphasizing ongoing, habitual sin. The repetition serves to stress the seriousness of the issue. In the scriptural context, John is addressing a community where false teachers were promoting a distorted view of sin and grace. The apostle's message is clear: true knowledge of Christ results in a changed life. This is a call to self-examination and repentance, urging believers to align their lives with the holiness of God.

has seen Him or known Him
The verbs "seen" (ἑώρακεν, heōraken) and "known" (ἔγνωκεν, egnōken) are perfect tense in Greek, indicating a completed action with ongoing results. To "see" and "know" Christ is to have a profound, experiential understanding of His nature and work. Historically, this reflects the apostolic witness and the transformative encounters with the risen Christ. In a broader scriptural context, it echoes the intimate knowledge of God that is available through the Holy Spirit. This knowledge is not merely intellectual but relational, leading to a life that mirrors the character of Christ.

Little children
This affectionate term, "little children," is translated from the Greek word "teknia," which conveys a sense of endearment and spiritual kinship. John, as a spiritual father, addresses believers with warmth and care, emphasizing their need for guidance and protection. Historically, this reflects the early Christian community's familial structure, where leaders like John provided nurturing oversight to new believers, akin to a parent guiding their children.

let no one deceive you
The phrase "let no one deceive you" is a stern warning against false teachings and misleading doctrines. The Greek word "planao" means to lead astray or cause to wander. In the historical context of the early church, there were many heretical teachings, such as Gnosticism, that threatened to distort the truth of the Gospel. John's exhortation is a call to vigilance, urging believers to remain steadfast in the truth and not be swayed by deceptive philosophies.

The one who practices righteousness
Here, "practices righteousness" is derived from the Greek "poieo dikaiosyne," which implies an ongoing, habitual action of living in accordance with God's standards. This phrase underscores the importance of not just professing faith but actively living it out. In the scriptural context, righteousness is not merely a legal standing before God but a transformative lifestyle that reflects God's character.

is righteous
The declaration "is righteous" affirms the believer's identity in Christ. The Greek word "dikaios" signifies being just or upright. This righteousness is not self-derived but is a result of being in Christ. Historically, this aligns with the doctrine of imputed righteousness, where believers are seen as righteous because of Christ's righteousness credited to them.

just as Christ is righteous
The comparison "just as Christ is righteous" sets the standard for believers. The righteousness of Christ, "Christos dikaios," is perfect and complete, serving as the ultimate model for Christian living. In the scriptural narrative, Christ's life exemplifies perfect obedience to the Father, and believers are called to emulate His example. This phrase inspires believers to pursue holiness, knowing that their righteousness is rooted in their union with Christ.

The one who practices sin
This phrase emphasizes habitual action, not merely a single act. The Greek word for "practices" is "ποιῶν" (poiōn), which implies ongoing, continuous action. In the context of 1 John, this suggests a lifestyle characterized by sin, rather than isolated incidents. Theologically, this underscores the transformative power of salvation, which calls believers to a life of holiness and righteousness, contrasting with a life dominated by sin.

is of the devil
Here, the phrase indicates a spiritual lineage or affiliation. The Greek preposition "ἐκ" (ek) denotes origin or source. In a conservative Christian perspective, this highlights the stark dichotomy between the kingdom of God and the kingdom of darkness. It serves as a sobering reminder that sin aligns one with the devil's rebellion against God, emphasizing the need for repentance and spiritual rebirth.

because the devil has been sinning from the very beginning
This phrase provides the rationale for the previous statement. The devil, or "διάβολος" (diabolos) in Greek, is portrayed as the original sinner, whose rebellion against God set the pattern for all sin. The phrase "from the very beginning" suggests a historical continuity of evil, tracing back to the fall of Satan and the subsequent fall of humanity. This historical context reinforces the gravity of sin and the devil's role as the adversary of God and His people.

The reason the Son of God appeared
This phrase introduces the purpose of Christ's incarnation. The title "Son of God" affirms the divine nature of Jesus, central to conservative Christian doctrine. His "appearing" refers to the incarnation, where God took on human flesh. This event is pivotal in Christian theology, marking the intervention of God in human history to address the problem of sin.

was to destroy the works of the devil
The Greek word for "destroy" is "λύσῃ" (lysē), meaning to loosen, dissolve, or break up. This signifies not just a temporary setback for the devil, but a decisive and ultimate defeat. The "works of the devil" encompass all sin, deception, and rebellion against God. Through His life, death, and resurrection, Jesus dismantled the power structures of sin and death, offering believers victory and freedom. This phrase encapsulates the hope and triumph of the Gospel, affirming that Christ's mission was successful and transformative for all who believe.

Anyone born of God
This phrase emphasizes the transformative nature of spiritual rebirth. The Greek term "γεννηθείς" (gennētheis) refers to being born or begotten, indicating a new creation in Christ. Historically, this concept aligns with Jesus' conversation with Nicodemus in John 3, where being "born again" is essential for entering the Kingdom of God. This rebirth signifies a profound change in identity and nature, aligning believers with God's family and His divine nature.

refuses to practice sin
The Greek word "ποιεῖ" (poiei) means to make or do, implying a continuous action. The phrase suggests a habitual lifestyle rather than isolated acts. In the historical context of the early church, this was a call to distinguish true believers from those who merely professed faith without a corresponding change in behavior. The refusal to practice sin is a mark of genuine conversion and sanctification, reflecting a life increasingly conformed to Christ's image.

because God’s seed abides in him
"Seed" here is translated from the Greek "σπέρμα" (sperma), which can denote offspring or a source of life. This metaphorical use implies the divine nature imparted to believers through the Holy Spirit. The concept of God's seed abiding suggests permanence and ongoing influence, reminiscent of the parable of the sower in Matthew 13, where the seed represents the word of God taking root in fertile soil. Historically, this underscores the transformative power of God's presence within believers, enabling them to live righteously.

he cannot go on sinning
The phrase "cannot go on sinning" reflects the Greek "οὐ δύναται ἁμαρτάνειν" (ou dynatai hamartanein), indicating an inability to persist in sin. This is not about sinless perfection but rather an ongoing struggle against sin, empowered by the Holy Spirit. In the early church, this was a critical distinction between those truly regenerated and those who were not. The historical context emphasizes the radical change in a believer's life, where sin becomes incompatible with their new identity in Christ.

because he has been born of God
Reiterating the concept of spiritual rebirth, this phrase highlights the source of the believer's new nature. The Greek "γεγέννηται" (gegennētai) is in the perfect tense, indicating a completed action with ongoing effects. This rebirth is not merely a change in status but a transformation of the heart and mind. Historically, this was a powerful assurance to early Christians facing persecution, affirming their secure identity in Christ and the indwelling presence of God that empowers them to live victoriously over sin.

By this
This phrase serves as a pivotal transition, indicating a clear criterion or evidence for distinguishing between two groups. In the Greek, "ἐν τούτῳ" (en toutō) suggests a definitive marker or sign. The Apostle John often uses such phrases to emphasize the clarity and certainty of spiritual truths. This introduction sets the stage for a profound spiritual dichotomy.

the children of God
The term "children" (τέκνα, tekna) implies a familial relationship, emphasizing intimacy and identity. In the context of the New Testament, being a "child of God" signifies a rebirth through faith in Jesus Christ, as seen in John 1:12-13. This identity is not merely a title but a transformative reality, reflecting God's nature and character in the believer's life.

and the children of the devil
This stark contrast highlights the spiritual reality of two opposing lineages. The phrase "children of the devil" is a sobering reminder of the spiritual warfare and the influence of sin. In John 8:44, Jesus refers to those who reject Him as having the devil as their father, emphasizing the moral and spiritual implications of one's allegiance.

are distinguished
The Greek word "φανερά ἐστιν" (phanera estin) means "are made manifest" or "are evident." This suggests that the distinction between the two groups is not hidden but visible and recognizable. The lives of individuals reveal their spiritual parentage through their actions and attitudes.

Anyone who does not practice righteousness
The phrase "practice righteousness" (ποιῶν δικαιοσύνην, poiōn dikaiosynēn) implies ongoing, habitual action. Righteousness, in a biblical sense, is living in accordance with God's standards and commands. This is not about occasional acts but a lifestyle that reflects God's holiness and justice.

is not of God
This phrase underscores the seriousness of the matter. To be "of God" means to belong to Him, to be part of His family. The absence of righteousness in one's life is a clear indicator of not being aligned with God's nature. This echoes Jesus' teaching in Matthew 7:16-20, where He speaks of recognizing people by their fruits.

nor is anyone who does not love his brother
Love is a central theme in John's writings, and here it is presented as a non-negotiable evidence of being God's child. The Greek word for love, "ἀγαπῶν" (agapōn), refers to selfless, sacrificial love, the kind that Jesus demonstrated. Loving one's brother is not just an emotional feeling but an active commitment to the well-being of others, reflecting the love of Christ.

This is the message
The phrase "This is the message" refers to a foundational teaching that the Apostle John emphasizes throughout his writings. The Greek word for "message" is "ἀγγελία" (angelia), which denotes a proclamation or announcement. This suggests that the teaching is not new but a core tenet of the Christian faith, echoing the consistent message of love that Jesus Himself proclaimed. Historically, this message was revolutionary in a world often characterized by division and hostility.

you have heard
The phrase "you have heard" underscores the oral tradition and the importance of hearing in the early Christian communities. The Greek verb "ἀκούω" (akouo) implies not just hearing with the ears but understanding and internalizing the message. This reflects the Jewish Shema tradition, where hearing is linked to obedience. The early Christians would have been familiar with this concept, as many were converts from Judaism.

from the beginning
"From the beginning" points to the timeless nature of the command to love. The Greek word "ἀρχή" (archē) can mean both the beginning of time and the beginning of one's faith journey. This phrase connects the command to love with the teachings of Jesus from the start of His ministry, as well as the creation narrative where God's love is foundational. It emphasizes that love is not a new command but one that has been integral to God's plan from the outset.

We should love one another
The command "We should love one another" is central to Christian ethics. The Greek word for love here is "ἀγαπάω" (agapaō), which refers to selfless, sacrificial love. This is the same love that God shows humanity and is distinct from other forms of love like "philia" (brotherly love) or "eros" (romantic love). In the historical context of the early church, this command was radical, calling believers to transcend social, ethnic, and cultural barriers. Scripturally, this command echoes Jesus' words in John 13:34-35, where He instructs His disciples to love one another as He has loved them, thus identifying them as His followers. This love is not merely an emotion but an active choice to seek the well-being of others, reflecting the love of Christ.

Do not be like Cain
This phrase serves as a direct admonition to the readers, urging them to avoid the path of Cain. In the Greek, the word "Cain" (Κάϊν) is a transliteration from the Hebrew קַיִן (Qayin), which means "acquired" or "possessed." Cain is a historical figure from Genesis 4, known for being the firstborn of Adam and Eve and the first murderer. His actions are a cautionary tale against jealousy and hatred. The exhortation here is to avoid the spiritual lineage of Cain, which is characterized by sin and rebellion against God.

who belonged to the evil one
The phrase "belonged to the evil one" indicates a spiritual affiliation with Satan, the adversary of God. In the Greek, "evil one" is ὁ πονηρός (ho ponēros), often used to describe Satan. This highlights the spiritual battle between good and evil, emphasizing that Cain's actions were not merely human failings but were influenced by a deeper, malevolent force. This serves as a warning to believers to guard their hearts and align themselves with God rather than the forces of darkness.

and murdered his brother
The act of murder is described with the Greek word ἔσφαξεν (esphaxen), which implies a violent and deliberate act. This recalls the account in Genesis 4:8, where Cain kills Abel out of jealousy and anger. The gravity of this sin is underscored by the fact that it was fratricide, the killing of one's own brother, which is a profound violation of familial and divine law. This serves as a stark reminder of the destructive power of sin when left unchecked.

And why did he murder him?
This rhetorical question invites the reader to reflect on the motivations behind Cain's actions. It is not merely a historical inquiry but a moral and spiritual examination of the heart. The question challenges believers to consider the root causes of sin, such as envy, pride, and a lack of love, and to address these issues within themselves.

Because his own actions were evil
The Greek word for "evil" here is πονηρά (ponēra), which denotes actions that are morally corrupt and contrary to God's will. Cain's deeds were not aligned with God's righteousness, and this moral failure is presented as the underlying reason for his hatred and violence. This serves as a warning that evil actions stem from a heart that is not right with God, and believers are called to pursue righteousness in all their ways.

and his brother’s were righteous
The contrast between Cain and Abel is stark, with Abel's actions described as δίκαια (dikaia), meaning "righteous" or "just." Abel's righteousness is a reflection of his faith and obedience to God, as seen in Hebrews 11:4, which commends Abel's offering as being made in faith. This highlights the biblical principle that righteousness is not merely about external actions but is rooted in a heart that seeks to honor God. The verse calls believers to emulate Abel's example of faith and righteousness, standing firm in their commitment to God's ways despite opposition.

So do not be surprised
The phrase "do not be surprised" comes from the Greek word "thaumazō," which means to marvel or wonder. In the context of 1 John, this is a call to the early Christian community to remain steadfast and not be taken aback by the hostility they face. Historically, Christians in the first century were often persecuted for their faith, facing both social ostracism and physical danger. This exhortation serves as a reminder that such opposition is to be expected as part of the Christian journey. The Apostle John encourages believers to maintain their faith and composure, understanding that their experiences are not anomalies but rather part of the spiritual battle between light and darkness.

brothers
The term "brothers" (Greek: "adelphoi") is used here in a broader sense to include all members of the Christian community, both men and women. It emphasizes the familial bond among believers, highlighting the unity and love that should characterize the Church. This familial language is significant in the context of persecution, as it underscores the importance of mutual support and encouragement among Christians. The early Church was a close-knit community, often meeting in homes and sharing resources, which was crucial for their survival and spiritual growth amidst external pressures.

if the world hates you
The "world" (Greek: "kosmos") in Johannine literature often refers to the system of values and beliefs that are opposed to God and His kingdom. The "world" represents those who are in rebellion against God, living according to the flesh rather than the Spirit. The use of "hates" (Greek: "misei") is a strong term that conveys intense dislike or hostility. This animosity is rooted in the fundamental conflict between the values of the world and the teachings of Christ. Historically, Christians have been misunderstood and maligned because their lives and message challenge the status quo and call for a radical transformation of heart and mind. This verse serves as a sobering reminder that following Christ may lead to opposition, but it also reassures believers that such hatred is not a reflection of their worth but rather a testament to their alignment with Christ, who was also hated by the world.

We know
The phrase "We know" indicates a certainty and assurance that comes from experiential knowledge. In the Greek, the word used is "οἴδαμεν" (oidamen), which implies a deep, intuitive understanding. This is not mere intellectual assent but a profound, spiritual awareness that believers possess. It reflects the confidence that Christians have in their faith and the truths they hold, grounded in their relationship with God and the teachings of Jesus Christ.

that we have passed
The phrase "that we have passed" uses the Greek word "μεταβεβήκαμεν" (metabebēkamen), which suggests a transition or movement from one state to another. This is a powerful image of transformation, indicating a definitive change in the believer's spiritual condition. It echoes the concept of being born again, moving from a state of spiritual death to one of life, as a result of accepting Christ.

out of death into life
"Out of death into life" is a vivid depiction of the spiritual rebirth that occurs through faith in Jesus Christ. In the biblical context, "death" refers to spiritual separation from God, while "life" signifies eternal life and communion with Him. This transition is central to the Christian message of salvation, emphasizing the hope and renewal found in Christ. The imagery here is reminiscent of the resurrection, a core tenet of Christian belief, symbolizing victory over sin and death.

because we love our brothers
The phrase "because we love our brothers" highlights the evidence of this spiritual transformation. The Greek word for love here is "ἀγαπῶμεν" (agapōmen), which denotes a selfless, sacrificial love that mirrors the love of Christ. This love is not merely an emotion but an active choice and commitment to care for others. The term "brothers" (ἀδελφοὺς, adelphous) refers to fellow believers, underscoring the importance of community and fellowship within the body of Christ. Love for one another is a hallmark of true discipleship and a reflection of God's love.

Whoever does not love
"Whoever does not love" serves as a warning and a diagnostic tool for self-examination. The absence of love is indicative of a lack of spiritual life. In the context of 1 John, love is a non-negotiable aspect of the Christian faith. The Greek construction here implies an ongoing state, suggesting that a persistent lack of love is incompatible with the new life in Christ.

remains in death
The phrase "remains in death" is a sobering conclusion, using the Greek word "μένει" (menei), which means to abide or dwell. It indicates a continued state of spiritual death for those who do not exhibit love. This is a stark reminder of the consequences of rejecting the transformative power of Christ's love. It serves as a call to self-reflection and repentance, urging believers to embrace the life-giving love that characterizes true faith.

Everyone who hates
The Greek word for "hates" is "μισῶν" (misōn), which implies a deep-seated animosity or hostility. In the context of 1 John, this hatred is not merely an emotional dislike but a willful choice to harbor ill will. Historically, the early Christian community faced internal and external conflicts, and John emphasizes that such hatred is antithetical to the Christian life. The call here is to examine one's heart and root out any form of hatred, as it is incompatible with the love of Christ.

his brother
The term "brother" (ἀδελφόν, adelphon) in this context refers to fellow believers, emphasizing the familial bond within the Christian community. This reflects the early church's understanding of believers as a spiritual family, united in Christ. The use of "brother" underscores the seriousness of harboring hatred towards someone who is part of the same spiritual family, highlighting the call to love and unity among Christians.

is a murderer
The Greek word "ἀνθρωποκτόνος" (anthrōpoktonos) translates to "murderer." This is a strong term that equates hatred with the act of murder, echoing Jesus' teaching in Matthew 5:21-22, where He expands the commandment against murder to include anger and hatred. This hyperbolic language serves to shock the reader into understanding the gravity of harboring hatred, as it is spiritually equivalent to murder in God's eyes.

and you know
The phrase "you know" (οἴδατε, oidate) suggests a certainty or established understanding among the readers. John appeals to the knowledge that the believers already possess, reinforcing the truth that has been taught to them. This is a reminder of the foundational Christian teachings that they are expected to live by, emphasizing the importance of internalizing and acting upon these truths.

that eternal life
"Eternal life" (ζωὴν αἰώνιον, zōēn aiōnion) is a central theme in Johannine theology, representing not just life after death but a quality of life that begins now through a relationship with Jesus Christ. It is the life of God imparted to believers, characterized by love, righteousness, and fellowship with God. This life is incompatible with hatred, as it is rooted in the love and holiness of God.

does not reside
The Greek word "μένει" (menei) means "to remain" or "to dwell." This term is often used in John's writings to describe the abiding presence of God or His attributes within believers. The absence of eternal life in a person who harbors hatred indicates a lack of God's abiding presence, as true life in Christ transforms and purifies the heart.

in a murderer
The repetition of "murderer" reinforces the severity of the sin of hatred. It serves as a stark warning that such a state of heart is incompatible with the life of God. This phrase challenges believers to self-examination and repentance, urging them to align their hearts with the love and grace that characterize true followers of Christ.

By this we know
The phrase "By this we know" emphasizes the certainty and assurance that believers have in understanding the nature of true love. The Greek word for "know" here is "γινώσκομεν" (ginōskomen), which implies a deep, experiential knowledge. This is not merely intellectual assent but a profound, lived experience of divine truth. In the context of 1 John, this knowledge is rooted in the revelation of God's love through Christ, which is both a historical event and a present reality for believers.

what love is
The phrase "what love is" points to the essence and definition of love from a Christian perspective. The Greek word for love used here is "ἀγάπη" (agapē), which is a selfless, sacrificial love that seeks the best for others. This is the highest form of love, distinct from "φιλία" (philia) or "ἔρως" (eros), which are more about friendship or romantic love. Agapē is the love that God demonstrates and commands His followers to emulate.

Jesus Christ
The mention of "Jesus Christ" is central to the understanding of love in this verse. Jesus, whose name means "Yahweh saves," is the Messiah (Christos in Greek), the Anointed One sent by God. His life and actions are the ultimate demonstration of agapē love. Historically, Jesus' life, death, and resurrection are well-documented events that form the foundation of Christian faith and practice.

laid down His life
The phrase "laid down His life" refers to the voluntary and sacrificial nature of Jesus' death. The Greek word "τίθημι" (tithēmi) means to place or set down, indicating a deliberate act. Jesus' sacrifice was not coerced; it was a willing offering for the redemption of humanity. This act is the ultimate expression of love, as it was done for the benefit of others, fulfilling the prophecies and the will of the Father.

for us
The words "for us" personalize the sacrifice of Christ, emphasizing that His death was on behalf of all humanity. The Greek preposition "ὑπέρ" (hyper) indicates substitution and representation. This highlights the doctrine of atonement, where Jesus took upon Himself the penalty of sin, offering salvation to all who believe. It underscores the personal nature of God's love for each individual.

and we ought
The phrase "and we ought" introduces a moral imperative for believers. The Greek word "ὀφείλομεν" (opheilomen) suggests a debt or obligation. In response to Christ's sacrificial love, Christians are called to live in a manner that reflects that same love. This is not merely a suggestion but a command that flows from the transformative power of experiencing God's love.

to lay down our lives
"To lay down our lives" echoes the sacrificial nature of Christ's love. While it may not always mean physical death, it certainly involves a willingness to put others' needs above our own, even at great personal cost. This call to selflessness is a hallmark of Christian discipleship, where believers are encouraged to follow the example of Christ in their daily interactions and relationships.

for our brothers
The phrase "for our brothers" expands the scope of Christian love to include fellow believers and, by extension, all of humanity. The Greek word "ἀδελφούς" (adelphous) can mean both literal siblings and spiritual family. This reflects the communal aspect of the Christian faith, where love is not just an individual act but a corporate responsibility. It challenges believers to live out their faith in tangible ways, demonstrating the love of Christ to the world.

If anyone has material possessions
The phrase "material possessions" refers to the goods and resources that one owns. In the Greek, the word used is "βίος" (bios), which can mean life or livelihood, indicating not just wealth but the means of living. Historically, the early Christian community was known for its radical sharing of resources, as seen in Acts 2:44-45, where believers had all things in common. This phrase challenges believers to view their possessions not as personal entitlements but as resources entrusted by God for the benefit of others.

and sees his brother in need
The word "sees" (θεωρέω, theōreō) implies more than a casual glance; it suggests a careful observation and understanding of the situation. The term "brother" (ἀδελφός, adelphos) is often used in the New Testament to denote fellow believers, emphasizing the familial bond within the Christian community. This phrase calls for an awareness and sensitivity to the needs of others, reflecting the interconnectedness of the body of Christ.

but has no pity on him
The phrase "has no pity" translates the Greek "κλείσῃ τὰ σπλάγχνα" (kleisē ta splanchna), which literally means "closes his heart." The term "σπλάγχνα" (splanchna) refers to the inward parts, often associated with compassion and mercy. In the ancient world, the heart and bowels were seen as the seat of emotions. This phrase highlights the moral and spiritual failure of withholding compassion, which is contrary to the nature of God’s love.

how can the love of God abide in him?
The rhetorical question posed here is a profound challenge. The "love of God" (ἀγάπη τοῦ Θεοῦ, agapē tou Theou) is the selfless, sacrificial love that God demonstrates and expects His followers to emulate. The word "abide" (μένει, menei) suggests a continual, living presence. This phrase underscores the essential truth that genuine faith is evidenced by love in action. It calls believers to self-examination, questioning whether God's love truly dwells within them if they fail to act compassionately.

Little children
This affectionate term, "little children," is translated from the Greek word "τεκνία" (teknia), which John uses to address believers with a sense of pastoral care and intimacy. It reflects the apostle's deep love and concern for the spiritual well-being of his readers, akin to a father guiding his children. Historically, this term underscores the early Christian community's familial nature, emphasizing unity and mutual care among believers.

let us love
The Greek verb "ἀγαπῶμεν" (agapōmen) is derived from "ἀγάπη" (agape), which signifies a selfless, sacrificial love that seeks the best for others. This is the same love that God demonstrates towards humanity, as seen throughout the New Testament. In the context of 1 John, this call to love is a central theme, urging believers to reflect God's love in their interactions with one another.

not in word and speech
The phrase "not in word and speech" highlights the insufficiency of mere verbal expressions of love. The Greek terms "λόγῳ" (logō) and "γλώσσῃ" (glōssē) refer to spoken words and language. In the historical context of the early church, there was a need to distinguish genuine Christian love from superficial declarations. This admonition serves as a reminder that true love transcends verbal affirmations and requires tangible evidence.

but in action and truth
The contrast "but in action and truth" emphasizes the necessity of love being demonstrated through deeds and sincerity. The Greek word "ἔργῳ" (ergō) means "work" or "deed," indicating that love must be active and visible. "Truth," from the Greek "ἀληθείᾳ" (alētheia), implies authenticity and integrity. In the scriptural context, this aligns with the teachings of Jesus, who exemplified love through His actions and called His followers to do likewise. This phrase challenges believers to embody love in a way that is both practical and genuine, reflecting the transformative power of the Gospel in their lives.

And by this
This phrase serves as a connective tissue to the preceding verses, specifically 1 John 3:18, which emphasizes loving not just in words but in actions and truth. The Greek word for "this" (τούτῳ) points to the tangible expression of love as the evidence of genuine faith. In the historical context of the early church, this was a radical departure from mere ritualistic observance, calling believers to a lived-out faith that mirrored Christ's love.

we will know
The Greek word for "know" (γινώσκομεν) implies a deep, experiential knowledge rather than mere intellectual assent. This knowledge is not just about understanding facts but involves a relational certainty that comes from living in accordance with God's commandments. In a conservative Christian perspective, this emphasizes the assurance that comes from a life transformed by the Holy Spirit.

that we belong to the truth
The phrase "belong to the truth" signifies a profound alignment with God's reality as revealed in Jesus Christ. The Greek word for "truth" (ἀλήθεια) is not just about factual correctness but embodies the ultimate reality found in God. Historically, this was a counter-cultural claim in a world filled with philosophical relativism. For believers, it underscores the call to live authentically in accordance with God's Word.

and will assure our hearts
The Greek word for "assure" (πείσομεν) conveys the idea of persuading or convincing. This assurance is not self-generated but is a result of living in obedience to God's commands. The heart, in biblical terms, represents the center of one's being, encompassing mind, will, and emotions. This assurance is a divine gift, providing peace and confidence before God.

in His presence
The phrase "in His presence" (ἔμπροσθεν αὐτοῦ) speaks to the intimate relationship believers have with God. It reflects the Old Testament concept of living coram Deo, or "before the face of God." This presence is not just a future hope but a present reality for those who walk in obedience and love. Historically, this was a revolutionary idea, as access to God's presence was once limited to the high priest. Through Christ, all believers are invited into this intimate fellowship.

If our hearts condemn us
The phrase "our hearts" in this context refers to our conscience or inner self-awareness. The Greek word for "heart" is "kardia," which often symbolizes the center of human emotion and moral decision-making. In the historical context of the early church, believers faced internal struggles and doubts about their faith and standing before God. The word "condemn" comes from the Greek "kataginosko," meaning to know something against oneself, to find fault. This suggests a self-awareness of sin or failure. The early Christians, much like believers today, struggled with feelings of inadequacy and guilt. This phrase acknowledges the reality of self-condemnation but sets the stage for a greater truth.

God is greater than our hearts
This powerful declaration shifts the focus from human frailty to divine sovereignty. The Greek word for "greater" is "meizon," indicating superiority in power, authority, and essence. In the scriptural context, this is a reassurance that God's understanding and compassion surpass our limited self-judgment. Historically, this would have been a comforting reminder to early Christians who were often persecuted and marginalized. Theologically, it underscores the omnipotence and omniscience of God, who transcends human limitations and offers grace and forgiveness beyond our comprehension.

and He knows all things
The phrase "He knows" is derived from the Greek "ginosko," which implies a deep, intimate knowledge. This is not merely intellectual awareness but a profound understanding of all aspects of our being. "All things" (Greek "panta") encompasses every detail of our lives, including our struggles, intentions, and desires. In the broader biblical narrative, this reflects God's omniscience, a theme prevalent throughout Scripture, affirming that nothing is hidden from Him. For the early church, this was a source of comfort and assurance, knowing that God’s knowledge is complete and His judgments are just. It invites believers to rest in the truth that God’s love and mercy are informed by His perfect understanding of our hearts and lives.

Beloved
This term of endearment, "Beloved," is translated from the Greek word "ἀγαπητοί" (agapetoi), which signifies those who are dearly loved. In the context of 1 John, it reflects the deep affection and spiritual kinship that the Apostle John feels towards his readers. Historically, this term is used to address fellow believers, emphasizing the familial bond within the Christian community. It serves as a reminder of the love that should characterize relationships among Christians, mirroring the love of Christ.

if our hearts do not condemn us
The phrase "if our hearts do not condemn us" speaks to the inner assurance of a believer. The Greek word for "condemn" is "καταγινώσκω" (kataginosko), which means to know something against someone, or to find fault. In a spiritual sense, this refers to the conscience of a believer being clear and free from guilt. Historically, the heart was seen as the center of thought and moral judgment. This phrase suggests that when believers live in accordance with God's commandments and love, their conscience is clear, allowing them to stand confidently before God.

we have confidence
The word "confidence" is translated from the Greek "παρρησία" (parrēsia), which means boldness or freedom in speaking. In the context of a relationship with God, it implies a fearless trust and openness in approaching Him. This confidence is not based on human merit but on the assurance of being in right standing with God through Christ. Historically, this boldness was a radical concept, as approaching a deity with confidence was not common in ancient religious practices. For Christians, it underscores the intimate relationship they have with God as their Father.

before God
The phrase "before God" indicates the presence of God, where believers can approach Him directly. The Greek word "ἐνώπιον" (enōpion) means in the sight of or in the presence of. This reflects the privilege of believers to come into God's presence without fear, a privilege made possible through the redemptive work of Jesus Christ. Scripturally, this access to God is a recurring theme, highlighting the new covenant relationship where believers are invited to draw near to God with a sincere heart. Historically, this was a significant shift from the Old Testament practices where only the high priest could enter the Holy of Holies. Now, through Christ, all believers have direct access to God, emphasizing the personal and communal relationship with the Divine.

and we will receive from Him
This phrase emphasizes the assurance and confidence believers have in their relationship with God. The Greek word for "receive" is "lambanó," which implies an active taking or receiving. It suggests that the blessings and answers to prayers are not just passively given but are actively received by believers who are in communion with God. This reflects the intimate relationship between God and His children, where there is a mutual exchange of love and trust.

whatever we ask
The phrase "whatever we ask" underscores the breadth and depth of God's willingness to respond to the prayers of His people. The Greek word "aiteó" for "ask" conveys a sense of earnestness and humility in the request. It is not a demand but a petition made in faith. This reflects the biblical principle that God is a generous Father who delights in giving good gifts to His children, as seen in Matthew 7:11. However, this promise is not a blank check for selfish desires but is contingent upon the alignment of our requests with God's will.

because we keep His commandments
The word "keep" is translated from the Greek "téreó," which means to guard or observe. It implies a continuous, diligent effort to live according to God's laws. This phrase highlights the importance of obedience in the life of a believer. Keeping God's commandments is not about legalistic adherence but about a heartfelt commitment to live in a way that honors God. It reflects the transformative power of God's love in our lives, enabling us to live righteously.

and do what is pleasing in His sight
The phrase "do what is pleasing" is rooted in the Greek word "poiéō," which means to make or do. It suggests an active pursuit of actions that are acceptable and delightful to God. The concept of being "pleasing in His sight" is reminiscent of the Old Testament sacrifices that were a "pleasing aroma" to the Lord (Leviticus 1:9). It indicates that our lives, when lived in obedience and love, are a form of worship to God. This phrase calls believers to live with the awareness that their actions are observed by God and should reflect His holiness and love.

And this is His commandment
The word "commandment" in Greek is "ἐντολή" (entolē), which signifies an authoritative prescription or directive. In the context of 1 John, this commandment is not merely a suggestion but a divine mandate from God. Historically, commandments in the Jewish tradition were seen as expressions of God's will, meant to guide His people in righteousness. Here, John emphasizes the singularity and unity of God's command, which encapsulates the essence of Christian faith and practice.

that we should believe
The Greek word for "believe" is "πιστεύω" (pisteuō), which means to have faith or trust. This belief is not a passive acknowledgment but an active, living faith that transforms the believer's life. In the historical context of the early church, belief in Jesus was a radical departure from both Jewish and pagan traditions, requiring a complete reorientation of one's life and priorities.

in the name of His Son, Jesus Christ
The "name" in biblical terms often represents the character and authority of a person. In Greek, "ὄνομα" (onoma) signifies more than just a label; it embodies the essence of the person. Believing in the "name of His Son, Jesus Christ" means trusting in His divine nature, His redemptive work, and His lordship. The historical Jesus, as the Christ (the Anointed One), fulfilled Old Testament prophecies, and His name carries the weight of God's salvation plan.

and love one another
The Greek word for "love" here is "ἀγαπάω" (agapaō), which refers to selfless, sacrificial love. This is the same love that God shows humanity, and it is the hallmark of Christian community. In the early church, this command to love was revolutionary, breaking down social, ethnic, and economic barriers. It reflects the new covenant community's ethos, where love is the evidence of genuine faith.

just as He commanded us
The phrase "just as He commanded us" underscores the continuity of Jesus' teachings with the apostolic message. The Greek word for "commanded" is "ἐντέλλομαι" (entellomai), which implies a charge or instruction given with authority. Jesus' command to love one another is rooted in His own example and teachings, particularly as seen in John 13:34-35, where He instructs His disciples to love as He has loved them. This command is not optional but integral to the Christian identity and mission.

Whoever keeps His commandments
The phrase "keeps His commandments" emphasizes the importance of obedience in the Christian life. The Greek word for "keeps" is "τηρέω" (tēreō), which implies a vigilant, watchful guarding of something precious. In the context of 1 John, this refers to the commandments of Christ, which are rooted in love for God and neighbor. Historically, the early Christian community understood this as a call to live out the teachings of Jesus, reflecting a life transformed by faith.

remains in God
The word "remains" is translated from the Greek "μένω" (menō), meaning to abide or dwell. This concept of abiding is central to Johannine theology, suggesting a continuous, intimate relationship with God. The imagery here is one of a vine and branches, as seen in John 15, where believers are called to remain in Christ to bear fruit. This abiding is not passive but involves active engagement in a life of faith and obedience.

and God in him
This phrase highlights the mutual indwelling of God and the believer. The indwelling of God in the believer is a profound mystery, signifying the presence of the Holy Spirit. Historically, this was a radical departure from the Old Testament understanding of God's presence, which was often associated with the temple. In the New Testament, the believer's body becomes the temple of the Holy Spirit, indicating a personal and transformative relationship with God.

And by this we know
The assurance of knowing is a recurring theme in 1 John. The Greek word "γινώσκω" (ginōskō) implies a deep, experiential knowledge. This knowledge is not merely intellectual but is confirmed through the lived experience of faith. The early church valued this assurance as a counter to the uncertainties and false teachings of the time, providing believers with confidence in their relationship with God.

that He remains in us
This phrase reiterates the theme of mutual indwelling. The assurance that God remains in us is foundational to Christian identity. It speaks to the permanence and faithfulness of God's presence, which is not dependent on human effort but on divine promise. This assurance was crucial for early Christians facing persecution, as it affirmed their standing before God despite external circumstances.

by the Spirit He has given us
The Holy Spirit is the means by which believers experience God's presence. The Greek word for "Spirit" is "πνεῦμα" (pneuma), which can also mean breath or wind, symbolizing life and power. The giving of the Spirit is a fulfillment of Jesus' promise in John 14:16-17, where He assures His disciples of the coming Helper. The Spirit's presence is both a seal of salvation and an enabler of holy living, guiding believers into all truth and empowering them for service. Historically, the early church recognized the Spirit's role in uniting believers and equipping them for mission, a truth that continues to inspire and empower the church today.