Athroniaeth

Astudiaeth o sut y dylem fyw (moeseg), sut mae pethau'n bodoli (metaffiseg), natur gwybod (epistemoleg), a rhesymeg yw athroniaeth.

Mae athroniaeth yn astudiaeth o broblemau cyffredinol a gwaelodol sy'n ymwneud â bodolaeth, gwybodaeth, gwerthoedd, rheswm ac iaith.^[1]^[2]

Gellir gwahaniaethu rhwng athroniaeth a dulliau eraill sy'n ceisio ateb y cwestiynau hyn (e.e. cyfriniaeth, mytholeg neu'r celfyddydau) drwy ei dull systematig, gwyddonol a'i dibyniaeth ar ddadleuon rhesymegol.^[3]

Mae llawer o Gymry wedi ymhel â chwestiynau mawr crefydd yn hytrach nag athroniaeth fel y cyfryw, a bu perthynas agos rhwng diwinyddiaeth ac athroniaeth yng Nghymru ers sawl canrif. Yr athronydd cyntaf y gwyddom amdano yng Nghymru oedd Edward Herbert (1538-1648), a gellid dadlau mai ystyriaethau crefyddol a chyfrinol oedd y tu ôl i'r hyn a ysgrifennai Morgan Llwyd (1619-1659) am yr Hunan.

Y gair gwreiddiol am athroniaeth yn y Gorllewin oedd y gair Groeg φιλοσοφία (philosophia), sy'n golygu "cariad at wybodaeth".^[4]^[5]

Llinell amser

Rhai athronwyr enwog

Hannah Arendt - Meddylwraig fodern
Edmund Burke - Ceidwadwr cynnar
Conffiwsiws (551-479 CC)
René Descartes
Thomas Hobbes - Athronydd glasurol Realaidd o Loegr
John Locke - Tad rhyddfrydiaeth gyfalafol fodern
Machiavelli - Athronydd glasurol Realaidd o'r Eidal
Plato - Athronydd clasurol o Athen
Bertrand Russell
Socrates - "Tad Athroniaeth Orllewinol"

Rhai athronwyr o Gymru

David Adams (1845 - 1923) ganed yn Nhal-y-bont; athro a gweinidog; arloeswr y ddiwynyddiaeth ryddfrydol yng Nghymru.
Lewis Edwards (1809 - 1887) Sgwennodd Athrawiaeth yr Iawn (1860)
Thomas Charles Edwards Prifathro a Chadair athroniaeth ym Mhrifysgol Aberystwyth a sefydlwyd yn 1872.
D. Emrys Evans (1891 - 1966) Ganed yng Nghlydach; Prifathro Coleg y Brifysgol, Bangor.
Edward Herbert (1538 - 1648); awdur De Veritate (1623)
Henry Jones Athro athroniaeth ym Mhrifysgol Bangor a aeth wedyn yn athro athroniaeth yn Glasgow.
R. Tudur Jones - Diwinydd ac athronydd Cristnogol Uniongred
J.R. Jones - Athronydd Cymreig
Dewi Z. Phyllips Golygydd y cyfnodolyn Philosophical Investigations.
Richard Price (1723 - 1791) syniadaeth newydd ar "gyfrifoldeb"; cefnogwr bwrd o Chwyldro Ffrainc ac America.
Rush Rhees Darlithydd dylanwadol ym Mhrifysgol Abertawe
David Williams (1738 - 1816)

Gweler hefyd

Meddwl (ystyried)
Y meddwl

Cyfeiriadau

↑ Jenny Teichmann and Katherine C. Evans, Philosophy: A Beginner's Guide (Blackwell Publishing, 1999), tud. 1: "Philosophy is a study of problems which are ultimate, abstract and very general. These problems are concerned with the nature of existence, knowledge, morality, reason and human purpose."
↑ A.C. Grayling, Philosophy 1: A Guide through the Subject (Oxford University Press, 1998), tud. 1: "The aim of philosophical inquiry is to gain insight into questions about knowledge, truth, reason, reality, meaning, mind, and value."
↑ Anthony Quinton a T. Honderich (gol.), The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 1995), tud. 666: "Philosophy is rationally critical thinking, of a more or less systematic kind about the general nature of the world (metaphysics or theory of existence), the justification of belief (epistemology or theory of knowledge), and the conduct of life (ethics or theory of value). Each of the three elements in this list has a non-philosophical counterpart, from which it is distinguished by its explicitly rational and critical way of proceeding and by its systematic nature. Everyone has some general conception of the nature of the world in which they live and of their place in it. Metaphysics replaces the unargued assumptions embodied in such a conception with a rational and organized body of beliefs about the world as a whole. Everyone has occasion to doubt and question beliefs, their own or those of others, with more or less success and without any theory of what they are doing. Epistemology seeks by argument to make explicit the rules of correct belief formation. Everyone governs their conduct by directing it to desired or valued ends. Ethics, or moral philosophy, in its most inclusive sense, seeks to articulate, in rationally systematic form, the rules or principles involved."
↑ Philosophia, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, at Perseus
↑ Online Etymology Dictionary

Eginyn erthygl sydd uchod am athroniaeth. Gallwch helpu Wicipedia drwy ychwanegu ato.

[1] Jenny Teichmann and Katherine C. Evans, Philosophy: A Beginner's Guide (Blackwell Publishing, 1999), tud. 1: "Philosophy is a study of problems which are ultimate, abstract and very general. These problems are concerned with the nature of existence, knowledge, morality, reason and human purpose."

[2] A.C. Grayling, Philosophy 1: A Guide through the Subject (Oxford University Press, 1998), tud. 1: "The aim of philosophical inquiry is to gain insight into questions about knowledge, truth, reason, reality, meaning, mind, and value."

[3] Anthony Quinton a T. Honderich (gol.), The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 1995), tud. 666: "Philosophy is rationally critical thinking, of a more or less systematic kind about the general nature of the world (metaphysics or theory of existence), the justification of belief (epistemology or theory of knowledge), and the conduct of life (ethics or theory of value). Each of the three elements in this list has a non-philosophical counterpart, from which it is distinguished by its explicitly rational and critical way of proceeding and by its systematic nature. Everyone has some general conception of the nature of the world in which they live and of their place in it. Metaphysics replaces the unargued assumptions embodied in such a conception with a rational and organized body of beliefs about the world as a whole. Everyone has occasion to doubt and question beliefs, their own or those of others, with more or less success and without any theory of what they are doing. Epistemology seeks by argument to make explicit the rules of correct belief formation. Everyone governs their conduct by directing it to desired or valued ends. Ethics, or moral philosophy, in its most inclusive sense, seeks to articulate, in rationally systematic form, the rules or principles involved."

[4] Philosophia, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, at Perseus

[5] Online Etymology Dictionary

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