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{{More citations needed|date=June 2009}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ja
| settlement_type = [[States of Palau|State]]
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| image_flag = Flag of Angaur State.svg
| flag_alt = Flag of Angaur
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| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of Angaur in [[Palau]]
| image_map = Angaur in Palau (zoom).svg
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| coordinates = {{coord|6.9092|N|134.1388|E|region:PW_type:isle|display=title}}
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| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Palau}}
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| seat_type = Capital
| seat = [[Ngeremasch]]
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| unit_pref = Metric
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| population_blank1_title = Official languages
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| population_blank1 = [[Palauan language|Palauan]]<br>[[English language|English]]<br>[[Japanese language|Japanese]]
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{{Nihongo|'''Angaur'''|アンガウル|Angauru|lead=yes}}, or '''{{lang|pau|Ngeaur|italic=no}}''' in Palauan, is an island and state in the [[Island country|island nation]] of [[Palau]].
==History==
[[File:Txu-pclmaps-oclc-22834566 l-13a.jpg|thumb|left|Map including Ngeaur ([[Defense Mapping Agency|DMA]], 1991)]]
[[File:Angaur State map-fr.svg|thumb|right|200px|Map of Angaur State with the Lukes (traditional place).]]
[[File:Palau-CIA WFB Map.png|thumb|right|200px|Location of Angaur (upper right)]]
{{Nihongo|'''Angaur'''|アンガウル|Angauru|lead=yes}} or '''Ngeaur''' is an island in the [[Island country|island nation]] of [[Palau]]. The island, which forms its own state, has an area of 8 km² (3 mi²). Its population was 130 in 2012.<ref name="2013syb">{{cite web|url=http://palaugov.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/2013-ROP-Statistical-Yearbook.pdf|title=2013 ROP Statistical Yearbook|publisher=Bureau of Budget & Planning|accessdate=4 August 2014}}</ref> The state [[Capital (political)|capital]] is the village of [[Ngeremasch]] on the western side. A second village, Rois, is immediately east of Ngeremasch.▼
Angaur was traditionally divided among some eight clans. Traditional features within clan areas represent important symbols giving identity to families, clans and regions . These features include a variety of stone platforms with historical and traditional importance. Traditional cemeteries are frequently located in or around some of these stone platforms. The large quantities of shell recovered from archaeological sites gives evidence for an intensive exploitation of the limited lagoon surrounding the island and for collecting and fishing outside of the reef as well. On the island, the localized areas of soil were intensively used for garden plots.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last1=Snyder|first1=David.|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003299366|title=Archaeology and historic preservation in Palau|last2=Adams|first2=William Hampton|last3=Butler|first3=Brian M.|date=1997|publisher=U.S. National Park Service|series=Anthropology research series / Division of Cultural Affairs, Republic of Palau 2|location=San Francisco}}</ref>
The first sighting of Angaur, [[Babeldaob]], [[Koror]], and [[Peleliu]] recorded by Westerners was by the Spanish expedition of [[Ruy López de Villalobos]] at the end of January 1543. They were then charted as ''Los Arrecifes'' (The Reefs in Spanish).<ref>Burney, James ''A chronological history of the discoveries in the South Sea or Pacific Ocean'', London, 1813, v.I, p.233.</ref> In November and December 1710, these three islands were again visited and explored by the Spanish missionary expedition commanded by [[Sargento Mayor]] [[Francisco Padilla]] on board of the [[patache]] ''Santísima Trinidad''. Two years later they were explored in detail by the expedition of Spanish naval officer [[Bernardo de Egoy]].<ref>Coello, Francisco "Conflicto hispano-alemán" ''Boletín de Sociedad Geográfica de Madrid'', t.XIX. 2º semestre 1885, Madrid, p.296.</ref>▼
▲The first sighting of Angaur, [[Babeldaob]], [[Koror]], and [[Peleliu]] recorded by Westerners was by the Spanish expedition of [[Ruy López de Villalobos]] at the end of January 1543. They were then charted as ''Los Arrecifes'' (The Reefs in Spanish).<ref>Burney, James ''A chronological history of the discoveries in the South Sea or Pacific Ocean'', London, 1813, v.I, p.233.</ref> In November and December 1710, these three islands were again visited and explored by the Spanish missionary expedition commanded by [[Sargento Mayor]] [[Francisco Padilla (Sargento Mayor)|Francisco Padilla]] on board of the [[patache]] ''Santísima Trinidad''. Two years later they were explored in detail by the expedition of Spanish naval officer
From 1909 until 1954 [[phosphate]] mining took place on Angaur, originally by the Germans, then the Japanese, and finally by Americans. Angaur is the site of a major [[World War II]] battle. The [[Battle of Angaur]] was part of the larger offensive campaign called [[Operation Forager]] that ran from June to Nov 1944. Many American and Japanese battle relics<ref>[https://www.panoramio.com/map/#lt=6.920441&ln=134.143560&z=0&k=2&a=1&tab=1&pl=all Panoramio photos] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219052551/http://www.panoramio.com/map |date=2014-12-19 }} of Japanese command post on north end of Angaur Island, Palau.</ref> remain scattered throughout the island. The 7th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion under Lieutenant colonel [[Henry R. Paige]] served as garrison forces for the remainder of the War. Angaur is the only place in Micronesia that has feral monkeys; they are descended from [[macaques]] that escaped during the period of German occupation.<ref>Micronesia Handbook by Neil M. Levy, pp. 174–176</ref> Thus it is also called Monkey Island.
== Geography ==
Angaur is a coralline island located some 10 km southwest of [[Peleliu|Beliliou]] at the southern tip of the main group of islands in the archipelago, and is situated outside of the lagoon and enclosing reef for this main group. Angaur is surrounded by a thin reef which encloses a narrow lagoon, though for the most part the reef is so small and low that it offers little impediment to the waves which break directly on the steep cliffs which ring the island. Distinct from the [[Rock Islands|rock islands]] which lie between Beliliou and [[Koror]], Angaur is a raised platform island. The profile of the island is a low table with very little relief. The highest point on the island, a small hill northwest of Rois, is only 40 m above sea level, and most of the island is less than 10 m above sea level. On the ground, however, the terrain is very rugged with steep, jagged outcrops of ancient reef rising unpredictably in a tangled maze. To the northwest the ground is slightly higher, and to the southeast the ground is slightly lower with marshy swamps across the [[karst]]ic landscape.<ref name=":1" />
Modern settlement on Angaur is concentrated on the west coast south of the harbor to a point of land called Bkul a Usas. Separated by lines of social division are the modern villages of Rois and Ngaramasch.<ref name=":1" />
Most of Angaur is covered with a mixed limestone forest which includes several small stands of [[casuarina]] forest (ironwood orngas trees). Surrounding the modern villages and many houses are garden plots and interspersed with these are small pockets of [[Agroforestry|agroforest]] (a variety of trees providing useful domestic products and foodstuffs). A large area of [[taro]] swamp gardens known as Ngetkebui lies in the southern part of the island.<ref name=":1" />
▲
=== Phosphate ===
Long before people came to this part of the Pacific Ocean, Angaur was a nesting ground for large numbers of birds whose droppings would eventually become [[phosphate]] deposits. In the early part of the 20th century, [[phosphate mine]]s were started in the rugged terrain in the northwest part of the island and along the east coast. These mines, started during the German administration, were in operation periodically for three administrations ending in the 1950s in the American Period. The mined phosphate was initially processed and loaded on ships at a small harbor on the west side of the island. Apparently this small natural harbor has been expanded during the course of phosphate mining. Also constructed with the harbor expansion was a lighthouse whose abandoned remains are situated on the high ground to the northwest.<ref name=":1" />
== Demography ==
The population of the state was 119 in the 2015 census and median age was 43.3 years.<ref>{{cite web |title=2015 Census of Population, Housing and Agriculture for the Republic of Palau |url=https://www.palaugov.pw/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/2015-Census-of-Population-Housing-Agriculture-.pdf |website=Palau Government |publisher=Office of Planning and Statistics}}</ref>
History of the population:<ref name="2013syb" />▼
▲<ref name=2013syb />
<timeline>
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</timeline>
Ucherbelau is the title of the traditional high chief from the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=Council of Chiefs – PalauGov.pw |url=https://www.palaugov.pw/executive-branch/council-of-chiefs/}}</ref>
According to the state constitution of 1982, Angaur's official languages are [[Palauan language|Palauan]], [[English language|English]] and [[Japanese language|Japanese]].<ref name="const">{{cite web|url=http://www.pacificdigitallibrary.org/cgi-bin/pdl?e=d-000off-pdl--00-2--0--010-TE--4-------0-1l--10en-50---20-text-Japanese--00-3-1-00bySR-0-0-000utfZz-8-00&d=HASHa4b7077d472c4cdb9c8ddf.10&p=text|title=Constitution of the State of Angaur|publisher=Pacific Digital Library|accessdate=4 August 2014|quote=The traditional Palauan language, particularly the dialect spoken by the people of Angaur State, shall be the language of the State of Angaur. Palauan, English and Japanese shall be the official languages.|at=Article XII}}</ref> It is the only place in the world where Japanese is a de jure official language, as it is only the ''de facto'' official language of [[Japan]]. However, results of the latest census show that in April 2005, there were neither usual nor legal residents of Angaur aged 5 years or older who spoke Japanese at home at all.<ref name="2005census">{{cite web|url=http://palaugov.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/2005-Census-of-Population-Housing.pdf|title=2005 Census of Population & Housing|publisher=Bureau of Budget & Planning|accessdate=4 August 2014}}</ref> No person reported or was reported to be of [[Japanese diaspora|Japanese]] ethnic origin for Angaur.<ref name="2005censusfr">{{cite web|url=http://palaugov.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/2005-Census-Monograph-Final-Report.pdf |title=2005 Census Monograph Final Report |publisher=Bureau of Budget & Planning |accessdate=4 August 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811163937/http://palaugov.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/2005-Census-Monograph-Final-Report.pdf |archivedate=11 August 2014 }}</ref> One person born (but apparently not residing) on Angaur reported to speak Japanese and Palauan equally often at home.<ref name=2005census /> The 2012 mini census shows 7 people aged 10 years or older [[literacy|literate]] in any language other than Palauan and English for Angaur, out of a total population of 130.<ref name=2013syb />▼
==Languages==
According to the state constitution of 1982, Angaur's official languages are [[Palauan language|Palauan]] (and the Angauran dialect in particular), [[English language|English]] and [[Japanese language|Japanese]].<ref name="const">{{cite web|url=http://www.pacificdigitallibrary.org/cgi-bin/pdl?e=d-000off-pdl--00-2--0--010-TE--4-------0-1l--10en-50---20-text-Japanese--00-3-1-00bySR-0-0-000utfZz-8-00&d=HASHa4b7077d472c4cdb9c8ddf.10&p=text|title=Constitution of the State of Angaur|publisher=Pacific Digital Library|access-date=4 August 2014|quote=The traditional Palauan language, particularly the dialect spoken by the people of Angaur State, shall be the language of the State of Angaur. Palauan, English and Japanese shall be the official languages.|at=Article XII}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Leonard |first1=Thomas M. |title=Encyclopedia of the Developing World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=08OV704armMC |publisher=Taylor & Francis |language=en |date=2006|isbn=9780415976640 }}</ref> It is the only place in the world where Japanese is a ''de jure'' official language, as it is only the ''de facto'' official language of [[Japan]]. At the time the constitution was written, many of the elders participating in the process had been educated in Japanese, as was the practice once Japan gained control of [[South Seas Mandate]] in 1914.<ref>{{Cite report|title=The Japanese Language in Palau|last1=Long|first1=Daniel|last2=Imamura|first2=Keisuke|last3=Tmodrang|first3=Masaharu|date=2013|page= |publisher=National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics|location=Tokyo, Japan|pages=85–86|url=https://www.ninjal.ac.jp/research/cr-project/project/a/creole/files/creole_Palau.pdf|access-date=July 11, 2022}}</ref>
▲
==Political system==
The state of Angaur, with population of less than 150, has an elected chief executive, governor. The state also has a legislature elected every two years.<ref>{{cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=State/National Election Schedule|url=https://palauelection.org/election-dates/|website=Palau Election Commission|language=en}}</ref> The state population elects one of the members of the [[House of Delegates of Palau]].
== Transport ==
The island is connected by a network of roads. Secondary roads radiate out across the island and almost encircle it. On the east side of the island is a landing strip constructed during the Japanese administration. Although unimproved, the 6600 foot runway known as the [[Angaur Airstrip]] is used for the single-engine plane serving Angaur with daily flights from the [[Airai]] airport. The presence of the runway played an important role in the decision by the Americans to take Angaur along with [[Bililiou|Beliliou]] during World War II. Unlike the battle of Peleliu, however, Angaur received much less shelling before the invasion and the battle did not entail the tragic loss of life witnessed on Beliliou.<ref name=":1" />
== Education==
The [[Ministry of Education (Palau)|Ministry of Education]] operates public schools.
Angaur Elementary School was established in 1945. A new building in another location opened in 1953. It moved to the original site in 1966 in a new building but it later moved back to the second site.<ref>"[http://www.palaumoe.net/angaur/ Angaur Elementary School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214202738/http://www.palaumoe.net/angaur/ |date=2018-02-14 }}." [[Ministry of Education (Palau)]]. Retrieved on February 22, 2018.</ref>
[[Palau High School]] in Koror is the country's only public high school, so children from this community go there.<ref name=about>"[http://www.palaumoe.net/phs/about.php About] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303134015/http://www.palaumoe.net/phs/about.php |date=2018-03-03 }}." [[Palau High School]]. Retrieved on February 22, 2018.</ref>
== Tourism ==
It is a very popular place for surfing. In 2003, the Palau National Congress legalized [[casino gambling]] on the island.
Among other attractions are the cemetery of planes and ships that were destroyed in World War II, a Buddhist memorial honoring the Japanese fallen in combat and a small Japanese Shinto shrine.
== See also ==
* [[Battle of Angaur]]
* [[Angaur Airstrip]]
*[[Peleliu Naval Base]]
<!-- Micronesica38:67. -->
==References==
{{reflist}}{{NPS|last1=Snyder|first1=David.|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003299366|title=Archaeology and historic preservation in Palau|last2=Adams|first2=William Hampton|last3=Butler|first3=Brian M.|date=1997|publisher=U.S. National Park Service|series=Anthropology research series / Division of Cultural Affairs, Republic of Palau 2|location=San Francisco}}
==External links==
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{{States of Palau}}
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[[Category:Angaur| ]]▼
[[Category:States of Palau]]
[[Category:Islands of Palau]]
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