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{{Short description|Area of subtropical rainforest in Australia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Use Australian English|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| WHS = Gondwana Rainforests of Australia<!-- leave empty, unless for stand-alone infoboxes that need a title different from the article title -->
| image = Box Log Falls, Springbrook National Park.jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption = Box Log Falls, [[Lamington National Park]] in [[Queensland]]
| location = [[New South Wales]] and [[Queensland]], [[Australia]]
| includes = <!--replace by summary if the list of sub-entities is too large or incomplete-->
Line 14 ⟶ 15:
| extension = 1994
| area = {{convert|370,000|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| embedded = {{Location map many | Australia
| caption = From the [[Main Range National Park|Main Range]] in the north to the [[Barrington Tops National Park|Barrington Tops]] in the south, various grouping of the Gondwana Rainforests on the
| relief = 1
| width = 300
Line 251 ⟶ 252:
| delisted1_date =
| designation1_partof =
| designation1_number = {{ANHL|105135}}
| designation1_free1name =
| designation1_free1value = Natural
| designation1_free2name =
| designation1_free2value = Declared property
| designation1_free3name = List
Line 265 ⟶ 266:
| designation2_partof =
| designation2_number = 1002
| designation2_free1name =
| designation2_free1value = Wilderness
| designation2_free2name =
| designation2_free2value = Landscape
| designation2_free3name = Builders
| designation2_free3value =
}}
}}
The '''Gondwana Rainforests''' of [[Australia]], formerly known as the '''Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves''', are the most extensive area of subtropical [[rainforest]] in the world.<ref name="ausgovdep">{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/world/gondwana/index.html |title=Gondwana Rainforests of Australia |
==Background==
The Gondwana Rainforests are so-named because the [[fossil]] record indicates that when [[Gondwana]] existed it was covered by rainforests containing the same kinds of species that are living today. Not all Gondwanan rainforests in Australia are located in the [[New South Wales]]{{spaced endash}}[[Queensland]] region; the largest Gondwanan rainforest in Australia is located in [[Tasmania|Tasmania's]] [[Tarkine wilderness]]. The number of visitors to the Gondwana rainforest reserves in New South Wales and Queensland is about 2 million per year.<ref name="ausgovdep" />
The World Heritage status of the region was created and negotiated initially in 1986, with the area extended in 1994,
{{quotation|
The site was [[government gazette|gazetted]] on the [[Australian National Heritage List]] on 21 May 2007<ref name=anhl>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105135|title=Gondwana Rainforests of Australia, Lismore, NSW, Australia|work=Australian Heritage Database: [[Department of the Environment (Australia)|Department of the Environment]]|date=2014|
== Conservation value ==
The forests were inscribed to the World Heritage list in 1986, covering only the New South Wales sites of approximately {{convert|310800|ha}} and extended in 1994 to cover the Queensland sites of approximately {{convert|59200|ha}} which is a total of approximately {{convert|370000|ha}}. The rainforest reserves have an extremely high conservation value, with more than 200 rare or threatened plant and animal species.<ref name="explore" />
Eight separate areas have been identified as having outstanding heritage significance to Australia and are included on the [[Australian National Heritage List]].<ref name=anhl/> The altitude of the reserves ranges from sea level to almost {{convert|1600|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="eos">{{cite web |url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Central_Eastern_Rainforest_Reserves,_Australia#Physical_Features |title=Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves, Australia |author=McGinley, Mark |
On 22 December 2000, the [[High Conservation Value Old Growth forest]] covering 24 national parks and 19 nature reserves spread across 12 [[Local government in New South Wales|local government areas]] in the upper north east region of New South Wales were listed on the [[New South Wales State Heritage Register]].<ref name=nswshr-1487>{{cite NSW SHR|5051503|High Conservation Value Old Growth forest|hr=01487|fn=H99/00224; EF14/5007|
==National parks==
The Queensland areas include the [[Main Range National Park|Main Range]], at its most northern point; and extending south, the [[Lamington National Park|Lamington]], [[Mount Chinghee National Park|Mount Chinghee]], [[Springbrook National Park|Springbrook ]] and [[Mount Barney National Park|Mount Barney]] national parks.
The New South Wales areas include the [[Barrington Tops National Park|Barrington Tops]], at its most southern point; and extending north, the [[Dorrigo National Park|Dorrigo]], [[Mount Warning National Park|Mount Warning]], [[New England National Park|New England]], [[Mebbin National Park|Mebbin]], [[Nightcap National Park|Nightcap]], [[Border Ranges National Park|Border Ranges]], [[Oxley Wild Rivers National Park|Oxley Wild Rivers]], [[Washpool National Park|Washpool]], [[Willi Willi National Park|Willi Willi]] and [[Werrikimbe National Park|Werrikimbe]] national parks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/368/multiple=1&unique_number=422|title=Gondwana Rainforests of Australia|
The most heavily visited parts are Dorrigo National Park and the Natural Bridge section of Springbrook National Park.<ref name="eos"/>
== Destruction ==
The region was historically [[Logging|logged]] extremely heavily, to such an extent that only 1% of the original range of the Gondwana rainforest remains in Australia. Most of the logged regions have been taken over by [[eucalyptus]] forest. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-18/gondwana-era-nightcap-oak-devastated-by-bushfire/11877770|title=Gondwana-era nightcap oak devastated by unprecedented bushfire|last=Shoebridge|first=Joanne|last2=Marciniak|first2=Catherine|date=2020-01-18|website=[[ABC News (Australia)]]|
During the [[2019–20 Australian bushfire season|2019-2020 Australian bushfire season]], many regions of the Gondwana rainforest were devastated by [[Bushfires in Australia|bushfires]] for the first time, with some preliminary reports indicating that up to 53% of the forests may have burned as of January 2020. Among the devastated habitats are several locations that are significant for some critically imperiled species, such as the [[Eidothea hardeniana|nightcap oak]] and the [[giant barred frog]]. The presence of these devastating blazes in areas that have never burned
==Australian National Heritage List sections==
Line 319 ⟶ 320:
! scope="col" | sq mi
|-
| scope="row" rowspan="10" | '''Main Range''' group;<br />near [[Killarney, Queensland|Killarney]]
| Acacia Plateau Flora Reserve
| [[New South Wales|NSW]]
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| Emu Vale State Forest (part)
| [[Queensland|Qld]]
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| Gambubal State Forest (part)
| Qld
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Line 344 ⟶ 345:
| Qld
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| Goomburra State Forest (part)
| Qld
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|-
| [[Main Range National Park]]
| Qld
| [[File:Queen Mary Falls3.jpg|100px]]
| {{convert|184|km2|sqmi|disp=table}}
| {{coord|27|48|57|S|152|15|56|E|display=inline}}
|<ref name=mr>{{cite web|url=http://www.nprsr.qld.gov.au/managing/plans-strategies/statements/main-range.html|title=Main Range National Park and Spicers Gap Road Regional Park Management Statement 2013|work=Department of National Parks, Recreation, Sport and Racing|publisher=[[Government of Queensland]]|date=11 November 2013|
|-
| [[Spicers Gap Road Conservation Park]]
| Qld
| [[File:Moss's Well.jpg|100px]]
|
|
| {{coord|28|04|35|S|152|23|26|E|display=inline}}
|<ref name=mr/>
|-
| Spicers Gap State Forest (part)
| Qld
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|-
Line 380 ⟶ 381:
| Qld
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Line 387 ⟶ 388:
| NSW
| [[File:Wilsons Peak-1995 Dec.jpg|100px]]
|
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| {{coord|28|15|19|S|152|29|21|E|display=inline}}
|<ref name="hunter 2004">{{citation |mode=cs1 |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/parks/cerra-values-report.pdf#75 |format=PDF |section=9.2 Main Range Group |title=World Heritage and Associative Natural Values of the Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves of Australia |publisher=[[Government of New South Wales]] |orig-year=June 2003 |date=December 2004 |access-date=22 September 2014 |last=Hunter |first=R. John |page=66 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924070344/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/parks/cerra-values-report.pdf#75 |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" rowspan="7" | '''Focal Peak''' group;<br />on the
| Burnett Creek State Forest (part)
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| Captains Creek Flora Reserve (part)
|
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▲|
▲|
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| [[Mallanganee National Park]]
| NSW
|
| {{convert|11|km2|sqmi|disp=table}}
| {{coord|25|55|09|S|152|45|13|E|display=inline}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHome.aspx?id=N0142|title=Mallanganee National Park|work=Office of Environment and Heritage|publisher=[[Government of New South Wales]]|
|-
| [[Mount Clunie National Park]] (part)
| NSW
|
| {{convert|14|km2|sqmi|disp=table}}
| {{coord|28|19|27|S|152|31|12|E|display=inline}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHome.aspx?id=N0146|title=Mount Clunie National Park|work=Office of Environment and Heritage|publisher=[[Government of New South Wales]]|
|-
| [[Mount Nothofagus National Park]] (part)
| NSW
|
| {{convert|22|km2|sqmi|disp=table}}
| {{coord|28|19|02|S|152|38|01|E|display=inline}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHome.aspx?id=N0147|title=Mount Nothofagus National Park|work=Office of Environment and Heritage|publisher=[[Government of New South Wales]]|
|-
| [[Tooloom National Park]] (part)
| NSW
| [[File:White Beech - Tooloom.jpg|100px]]
| {{convert|44|km2|sqmi|disp=table}}
| {{coord|28|26|47|S|152|27|13|E|display=inline}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkManagement.aspx?id=N0091|title=Tooloom National Park: Park management|work=Office of Environment and Heritage|publisher=[[Government of New South Wales]]|
|-
| [[Toonumbar National Park]] (part)
| NSW
| [[File:Toonumbar National Park Murray Scrub January 1995.jpg|100px]]
| {{convert|149|km2|sqmi|disp=table}}
| {{coord|28|29|16|S|152|43|33|E|display=inline}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHome.aspx?id=N0092|title=Toonumbar National Park|work=Office of Environment and Heritage|publisher=[[Government of New South Wales]]|
|-
| scope="row" rowspan="
| Amaroo Flora Reserve
|
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▲|
▲|
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| [[Border Ranges National Park]] (part)
| NSW
| [[File:Brindle Creek Border Ranges National Park.jpg|100px]]
| {{convert|317|km2|sqmi|disp=table}}
| {{coord|28|21|35|S|152|59|10|E|display=inline}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkManagement.aspx?id=N0050|title=Border Ranges National Park: Park management|work=[[National Parks and Wildlife Service (New South Wales)|NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service]]|publisher=[[Government of New South Wales]]|url-status=live|
|-
| [[Lamington National Park]]
| Qld
| [[File:Ships Stern Lamington National Park.jpg|100px]]
Line 464 ⟶ 465:
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| [[Limpinwood Nature Reserve]]
| NSW
|
| {{convert|26.5|km2|sqmi|disp=table}}
| {{coord|28|17|56|S|153|10|26|E|display=inline}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHome.aspx?id=N0444|title=Limpinwood Nature Reserve: Park management|work=Office of Environment and Heritage|publisher=[[Government of New South Wales]]|
|-
| [[Mebbin National Park]] (part)
|
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| [[Mount Chinghee National Park]]
|
| [[File:Mount Chinghee at Running Creek, Queensland.jpg|100px]]
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| [[Nightcap National Park]] (part)
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▲|
▲|
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| [[Numinbah Nature Reserve]]
| NSW
| [[File:habitat of Endiandra globosa and E floydii - NSW Qld border.jpg|100px]]
| {{convert|8.6|km2|sqmi|disp=table}}
| {{coord|28|15||S|153|16||E|display=inline}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkManagement.aspx?id=N0545|title=Numinbah Nature Reserve: Park management|work=Office of Environment and Heritage|publisher=[[Government of New South Wales]]|
|-
| [[Springbrook National Park]] (part)
| Qld
| [[File:IMAG0310.jpg|100px]]
| {{convert|62|km2|sqmi|disp=table}}
| {{coord|28|08|24|S|153|16|27|E|display=inline}}
|<ref name="epa1">{{cite web|url=http://www.derm.qld.gov.au/parks/springbrook/culture.html|title=Springbrook National Park: Nature, culture and history|
|-
| various Rabbit Board Reserves<br />along the [[Darling Downs-Moreton Rabbit Board fence|Rabbit Board fence]]
|
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|-
| [[Wollumbin National Park]]
| NSW
| [[File:AU Mt Warning from Tweed.jpg|100px]]
| {{convert|24|km2|sqmi|disp=table}}
| {{coord|28|23|23|S|153|16|7|E|display=inline}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHome.aspx?id=N0183|title=Wollumbin National Park|work=[[National Parks and Wildlife Service (New South Wales)|NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service]]|publisher=[[Government of New South Wales]]|date=24 September 2013|
|-
| scope="row" | '''Coastal''' group;<br />on the coast at [[Iluka, New South Wales|Iluka]]
Line 526 ⟶ 527:
| {{convert|1.35|km2|sqmi|disp=table}}
| {{coord|29|24|14|S|153|21|44|E|display=inline}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Iluka Nature Reserve: Park management|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkManagement.aspx?id=N0510|work=Office of Environment and Heritage|publisher=[[Government of New South Wales]]|
|-
| scope="row" rowspan="2" | '''Washpool and Gibraltar Range''' group;<br />[[Geographic contiguity|contiguous]] areas between [[Glen Innes, New South Wales|Glen Innes]] and [[Grafton, New South Wales|Grafton]]
| [[Gibraltar Range National Park]]
| NSW
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Line 539 ⟶ 540:
| NSW
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Line 547 ⟶ 548:
| NSW
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| [[Dorrigo National Park]] (part)
| NSW
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| [[Mount Hyland Nature Reserve]] (part)
| NSW
| [[File:Mount Hyland Nature Reserve Dec 31 1994.jpg|100px]]
| {{convert|25|km2|sqmi|disp=table}}
| {{coord|30|9|36|S|152|26|42|E|display=inline}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkManagement.aspx?id=N0566|title=Mount Hyland Nature Reserve: Park management|work=Office of Environment and Heritage|publisher=[[Government of New South Wales]]|
|-
| [[New England National Park]] (part)
| NSW
| [[File:N Eng NP (1).jpg|100px]]
| {{convert|673|km2|sqmi|disp=table}}
| {{coord|30|35|34|S|152|27|30|E|display=inline}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkManagement.aspx?id=N0028|title=New England National Park: Park management|work=Office of Environment and Heritage|publisher=[[Government of New South Wales]]|
|-
| scope="row" rowspan="6" | '''Hastings{{endash}}Macleay''' group;<br />southeast of [[
| [[Fenwicks Scrub Flora Reserve]]
| NSW
Line 583 ⟶ 584:
| NSW
|
|
|
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|-
| [[Oxley Wild Rivers National Park]] (part)
| NSW
| [[File:ParadiseRocks.jpg|100px]]
| {{convert|1452|km2|sqmi|disp=table}}
| {{coord|30|59|47|S|152|00|36|E|display=inline}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkManagement.aspx?id=N0043|title=Oxley Wild Rivers National Park: Park Management|work=Office of Environment and Heritage|publisher=[[Government of New South Wales]]|
|-
| The Castles Flora Reserve
| NSW
|
|
|
| {{coord|30|59|55|S|152|20|5|E|display=inline}}
|<ref>{{Gazetteer of Australia|name=The Castles Flora Reserve (NSW)|feature=NSW72143}}</ref>
Line 606 ⟶ 607:
| [[File:Werrikimbe.jpg|100px]]
| {{convert|333|km2|sqmi|disp=table}}
| {{coord|31|12||S|152|14||E|display=inline}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHome.aspx?id=N0042|title=Werrikimbe National Park|work=Office of Environment and Heritage|publisher=[[Government of New South Wales]]|
|-
| [[Willi Willi National Park]] (part)
| NSW
|
| {{convert|299|km2|sqmi|disp=table}}
| {{coord|31|10|43|S|152|29|27|E|display=inline}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkManagement.aspx?id=N0102|title=Willi Willi National Park|work=Office of Environment and Heritage|publisher=[[Government of New South Wales]]|
|-
| scope="row" rowspan="2" | '''Barrington Tops''' group;<br />north of [[Dungog, New South Wales|Dungog]]
| [[Barrington Tops National Park]] (part)
| NSW
| [[File:Barrington lookout.jpg|100px]]
| {{convert|765|km2|sqmi|disp=table}}
| {{coord|32|3|10|S|151|29|37|E|display=inline}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkManagement.aspx?id=N0002|title=Barrington Tops National Park|work=Office of Environment and Heritage|publisher=[[Government of New South Wales]]|
|-
| [[Mount Royal National Park]] (part)
Line 628 ⟶ 629:
| [[File:Mount Royal - eucalytus forest 2.jpg|100px]]
| {{convert|69|km2|sqmi|disp=table}}
| {{coord|32|12|1|S|151|19|25|E|display=inline}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkManagement.aspx?id=N0107|title=Mount Royal National Park|work=Office of Environment and Heritage|publisher=[[Government of New South Wales]]|
|}
Line 644 ⟶ 645:
=== Attribution ===
{{NSW-SHR-CC-contains|name=Gondwana Rainforests of Australia|dno=5014148|id=01002|year=2018|
==External links==
* [http://environment.gov.au/heritage/places/world/gondwana/index.html World heritage listing for Gondwana Rainforests of Australia]
* [http://www.bigvolcano.com.au/natural/whin.htm Introduction to Gondwana Rainforests of Australia]
* {{cite web|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/parks/cerra-values-report.pdf|type=PDF|title=World Heritage and Associative Natural Values of the Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves of Australia|work=[[National Parks and Wildlife Service (New South Wales)|NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service]]|publisher=[[Government of New South Wales]]|
{{World Heritage Sites in Australia}}
Line 658 ⟶ 659:
[[Category:Protected areas of New South Wales]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Queensland]]
[[Category:Australian National Heritage List]]
[[Category:Gondwana Rainforests of Australia|*]]
Line 668:
[[Category:New South Wales State Heritage Register]]
[[Category:Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register]]
[[Category:Eastern Australian temperate forests]]
[[Category:Subtropical rainforests]]
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