Palatine: Difference between revisions

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A '''palatine''' or '''palatinus''' (in [[Latin]]; {{plural form}}: ''palatini''; cf. derivative spellings below) is a high-level official attached to imperial or royal courts in [[Europe]] since [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times.<ref name="OED">[http://dictionary.oed.com.dax.lib.unf.edu/cgi/entry/50169581?query_type=word&queryword=palatine&first=1&max_to_show=10&sort_type=alpha&result_place=1&search_id=BPdQ-U5f5Hu-11411&hilite=50169581 "Palatine"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108160558/http://dictionary.oed.com.dax.lib.unf.edu/cgi/entry/50169581?query_type=word&queryword=palatine&first=1&max_to_show=10&sort_type=alpha&result_place=1&search_id=BPdQ-U5f5Hu-11411&hilite=50169581 |date=2020-01-08 }}. From the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''. Retrieved November 19, 2008.</ref> The term ''palatinus'' was first used in [[Ancient Rome]] for [[Chamberlain (office)|chamberlains]] of the Emperor due to their association with the [[Palatine Hill]].<ref>"palatine." [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.</ref> The imperial palace guard, after the rise of [[Constantine I]], were also called the ''[[Scholae Palatinae]]'' for the same reason. In the [[Early Middle Ages]] the title became attached to courts beyond the imperial one; one of the highest level of officials in the [[Romanpapal Catholic Church]]administration were called the ''[[judices palatini]]''. Later the [[Merovingian]] and [[Carolingian]] dynasties had [[count palatine|counts palatine]], as did the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. Related titles were used in [[Hungary]], [[Poland]], [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Lithuania]], the [[German Empire]], and the [[DuchyCounty of Burgundy]], while [[England]], [[Ireland]], and parts of [[British North America]] referred to rulers of [[county palatine|counties palatine]] as ''palatines''.<ref name="OED"/>

The different spellings originate from the different languages that used the title throughout the ages (a phenomenon called [[lenition]]). The word "palatine" evolved from the [[Latin]] word ''palatinus'', asserting a connection to the [[Palatine Hill]], where the house of the Roman emperor was situated since [[Augustus]] (hence "[[palace]]").<ref>Brockhaus Encyclopedia, Mannheim 2004, ''paladin''</ref> The meaning of the term hardly changed, since [[Latin]] was the dominant language in medieval writing. But its spelling slightly changed in European languages: Latin ''palatinus'', plural ''palatini'' was still an office in [[Merovingian]] times, today referred to as the [[Count Palatine]]. The word became in French ''palaisin'', and with the [[Norman dynasty]] entered the English language as ''palatine''. The word [[paladin]], referring to one of the legendary Twelve Peers of [[Charlemagne]] in the [[Matter of France]], is also related.<ref>[http://dictionary.oed.com.dax.lib.unf.edu/cgi/entry/50169459?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=paladin&first=1&max_to_show=10 "Paladin"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429210212/http://dictionary.oed.com.dax.lib.unf.edu/cgi/entry/50169459?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=paladin&first=1&max_to_show=10 |date=2021-04-29 }}. From the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''. Retrieved November 19, 2008.</ref>

[[File:Apex (hat).gif|thumb|200px|Official and ceremonial hat of the [[Salii (priests)|Salii]] and [[Flamen|Flamines]].]]

The members of the Imperial Guard were named after [[Palatine Hill]], the mythical founding place of Rome. On the same hill lived the members of the older of two schools of the ancient [[Salii (priests)|Salii]] brotherhood of God of War [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]], which had some symbolism in common with that of the imperial palace.<ref>Frank, R.I., Scholae Palatinae. The Palace Guards of the Later Roman Empire Rome, 1969</ref> Military training schools were the [[scholae]], and the Imperial Guard was called [[Scholae Palatinae]]. It was a personal army that the emperor was allowed to use personally on campaigns.<ref>[[Jochen Bleicken|Bleicken]], [[Werner Dahlheim|Dahlheim]] etc, Roman History, {{ISBN |3-506-73927-1}}</ref>

In the 9th century Carolingian rule came to an end and the title of Holy Roman emperor with it. About a century later the title was resurrected by [[Otto I the Great|Otto I]] though the new empire was now centered inon Germany rather than [[France]]. Under the German kings of the [[Saxony|Saxon]] and [[Salian]] dynasties (10th to 12th century), the function of the counts palatine corresponded to those of the ''[[missi dominici]]'' at the Carolingian Court. They had various tasks: representatives of the king in the provinces, they were responsible for the administration of the royal domain and for the protecting and guiding the legal system in certain duchies, such as [[Saxony]] and [[Bavaria]], and, in particular, [[Lotharingia]]. Later other palatine rights were absorbed by ducal dynasties, by local families, or, in Italy, by bishops. Increasingly, the count palatine of Lotharingia, whose office had been attached to the royal palace at [[Aachen]] from the 10th century onward, became the ''real successor to the Carolingian count palatine''. From his office grew the Countship Palatine of the Rhine, or simply the [[Electoral Palatinate|Palatinate]], which became a great territorial power from the time of the emperor [[Frederick I (Barbarossa)]] (d. 1190) on. The term ''palatine'' reoccurs under Charles IV, but they had only voluntary jurisdiction and some honorific functions.

===CatholicPapal ChurchStates: ''judices palatini''===

In Early Modern Britain, the term ''palatinate'', or [[county palatine]], was also applied to counties of lords who could exercise powers normally reserved to the crown.<ref>Palatine, ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.</ref> Likewise, there were palatine provinces among the English colonies in North America: [[Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore]], was granted palatine rights in [[Maryland]] in 1632, as were the proprietors of [[the Carolinas]] in 1663.<ref>John Krugler, ''English and Catholic, the Lords Baltimore in the seventeenth century'', Baltimore 2004.</ref> And although with tongue in cheek, legal historian John Phillip Reid once asked if the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] jurisdiction of "[[Rupert's Land]] can be analogized to a county palatine".<ref>JP Reid, "The Layers of Western Legal History", in McLaren, Foster and Ortloff, ''Law for the Elephant, Law for the Beaver'', 1992.</ref> His question is yet to receive serious scholarly attention.

In 19th-century [[Germany]], ''Paladin'' was an official rank and considered an honorary title for a man in the service of his emperor. It was a [[knight]] with additional honors, they were entitled to exercise powers normally reserved to the crown.<ref>Brockhaus, ''ibidem''.</ref> In [[Nazi Germany]], [[Hermann Göring]] was also given the title "Paladin", referring to the tradition of a title that made the bearer second to the monarch.<ref>Stefan Marthens, ''Erster Paladin des Führers und Zweiter Mann im Reich'', Paderborn 1985, {{ISBN |3-506-77474-3}}.</ref><ref>Wolfgang Paul, ''Hermann Goering: Hitler's Paladin or Puppet?'', London 1998, {{ISBN |1-85409-429-7}}.</ref>

* [[PalpatineUpper Palatinate]]