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The first commercial [[microcomputer]] to feature expansion slots was the [[Micral|Micral N]], in 1973. The first company to establish a [[de facto standard|''de facto'' standard]] was Altair with the [[Altair 8800]], developed 1974–1975, which later became a multi-manufacturer standard, the [[S-100 bus]]. Many of these computers were also passive backplane designs, where all elements of the computer, (processor, memory, and I/O) plugged into a card cage which passively distributed signals and power between the cards.
Proprietary [[bus (computing)|bus]] implementations for systems such as the [[
===IBM PC and descendants===
[[IBM]] introduced what would retroactively be called the [[Industry Standard Architecture]] (ISA) bus with the IBM PC in 1981. At that time, the technology was called the '''PC bus'''. The [[IBM Personal Computer XT|IBM XT]], introduced in 1983, used the same bus (with slight exception). The 8-bit PC and XT bus was extended with the introduction of the IBM AT in 1984. This used a second connector for extending the address and data bus over the XT, but was backward compatible; 8-bit cards were still usable in the AT 16-bit slots. Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) became the designation for the IBM AT bus after other types were developed. Users of the ISA bus had to have in-depth knowledge of the hardware they were adding to properly connect the devices, since memory addresses, I/O port addresses, and DMA channels had to be configured by switches or jumpers on the card to match the settings in driver software.
IBM's [[Micro Channel architecture|MCA]] bus, developed for the PS/2 in 1987, was a competitor to ISA, also their design, but fell out of favor due to the ISA's industry-wide acceptance and IBM's licensing of MCA. EISA, the 32-bit extended version of ISA championed by [[Compaq]], was used on some PC motherboards until 1997, when Microsoft declared it a "legacy" subsystem in the [[PC 97]] industry white-paper. Proprietary local buses (q.v. Compaq) and then the [[VESA Local Bus]] Standard, were late 1980s expansion buses that were tied but not exclusive to the 80386 and 80486 [[Central processing unit|CPU]] bus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artofhacking.com/th99/m/U-Z/32626.htm |title=MB-54VP |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130516025559/http://www.artofhacking.com/th99/m/U-Z/32626.htm|website= ArtOfHacking.com |access-date=|archive-date = 16 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artofhacking.com/th99/m/A-B/34897.htm |title=NX586 |website=ArtOfHacking.com |access-date=|archive-date = 16 May 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130516063438/https://artofhacking.com/th99/m/A-B/34897.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artofhacking.com/th99/m/A-B/32775.htm |title=LEOPARD 486SLC2 REV. B |website=ArtOfHacking.com |access-date=2012-11-17 |archive-date=2014-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017222554/http://artofhacking.com/th99/m/A-B/32775.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[PC/104]] bus is an [[wikt:embedded|embedded]] bus that copies the ISA bus.
Intel launched their [[PCI bus]] chipsets along with the [[Pentium (original)|P5]]-based [[Pentium]] CPUs in 1993. The [[Peripheral Component Interconnect|PCI]] bus was introduced in 1991 as a replacement for ISA. The standard (now at version 3.0) is found on PC motherboards to this day. The PCI standard supports bus bridging: as many as ten daisy
[[Intel]] introduced the [[Accelerated Graphics Port|AGP]] bus in 1997 as a dedicated video acceleration solution. AGP devices are logically attached to the PCI bus over a PCI-to-PCI bridge. Though termed a bus, AGP usually supports only a single card at a time ([[Legacy system|Legacy]] [[BIOS]] support issues). From 2005 [[PCI Express]] has been replacing both PCI and AGP. This standard, approved{{
For their [[Tandy 1000|1000 EX]] and [[Tandy 1000|1000 HX]] models, Tandy Computer designed the PLUS expansion interface, an adaptation of the XT-bus supporting cards of a smaller form factor. Because it is electrically compatible with the XT bus (a.k.a. 8-bit ISA or XT-ISA), a passive adapter can be made to connect XT cards to a PLUS expansion connector. Another feature of PLUS cards is that they are stackable. Another bus that offered stackable expansion modules was the "sidecar" bus used by the IBM [[IBM PCjr|PCjr]]. This may have been electrically comparable to the XT bus; it most certainly had some similarities since both essentially exposed the 8088 CPU's address and data buses, with some buffering and latching, the addition of [[interrupt]]s and [[Direct memory access|DMA]] provided by Intel add-on chips, and a few system [[fault (technology)|fault]] detection lines (Power Good, Memory Check, I/O Channel Check). Again, PCjr sidecars are not technically expansion cards, but expansion modules, with the only difference being that the sidecar is an expansion card enclosed in a plastic box (with holes exposing the connectors).
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===Other families===
Most other computer lines, including those from [[Apple Inc.]]
Generally speaking, most PCI expansion cards will function on any [[Central processing unit|CPU]] platform which incorporates PCI bus hardware provided there is a software driver for that type. PCI video cards and any other cards that contain their own [[BIOS]] or other ROM are problematic, although video cards conforming to VESA Standards may be used for secondary monitors. DEC Alpha, IBM PowerPC, and NEC MIPS workstations used PCI bus connectors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artofhacking.com/th99/index.htm#1|title=Motherboards |publisher= Artofhacking.com|access-date=|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130516040936/https://artofhacking.com/th99/index.htm#1|archive-date = 16 May 2013}}</ref> Both Zorro II and NuBus were [[plug and play]], requiring no hardware configuration by the user.
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Depending on the [[Form factor (design)|form factor]] of the motherboard and [[computer case|case]], around one to seven expansion cards can be added to a computer system. 19 or more expansion cards can be installed in backplane systems. When many expansion cards are added to a system, total power consumption and heat dissipation become limiting factors. Some expansion cards take up more than one slot space. For example, many [[video card|graphics card]]s on the market as of 2010 are dual slot graphics cards, using the second slot as a place to put an active [[heat sink]] with a fan.
Some cards are "low-profile" cards, meaning that they are shorter than standard cards and will fit in a lower height computer chassis such as [[HTPC]] and [[Small form factor (desktop and motherboard)|SFF]]. (There is a "low profile PCI card" standard<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.pcisig.com/specifications/conventional/conventional_pci/lowp_ecn.pdf |title=PCI Mechanical Working Group ECN: Low Profile PCI Card |publisher=Pcisig.com |access-date=2012-11-17}}</ref> that specifies a much smaller bracket and board area). The group of expansion cards that are used for external connectivity, such as [[network card|network]], [[Storage area network|SAN]] or [[modem]] cards, are commonly referred to as [[input/output]] cards (or I/O cards).
==Daughterboard==
[[Image:Roland SCB-55 on Diamond MX300.jpg|thumb|A sound card with a MIDI daughterboard attached]]<!-- This section name is used as for the redirects [[Daughterboard]] and [[Daughter board]] -->[[Image:Inventec daughterboard LSI 1078.jpg|thumb|A daughterboard for [[Inventec]] server platform that acts as a RAID controller based on [[LSI Corporation|LSI]] 1078 chipset]]
A '''daughterboard''', '''daughtercard''', '''mezzanine board''' or '''piggyback board''' is an expansion card that attaches to a system directly.<ref>'' IEEE Std. 100 Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms, Seventh Edition'', IEEE, 2000,{{ISBN|0-7381-2601-2}}, page 284</ref> Daughterboards often have plugs, sockets, pins or other attachments for other boards. Daughterboards often have only internal connections within a computer or other electronic devices, and usually access the motherboard directly rather than through a [[computer bus]]. Such boards are used to either improve various memory capacities of a computer, enable the computer to connect to certain kinds of networks that it previously could not connect to, or to allow for users to customize their computers for various purposes such as gaming. <ref>M.J. Memon, What Is A Daughterboard. Easy Tech Junkie. Sep. 24, 2011. https://www.easytechjunkie.com/what-is-a-daughterboard.htm. Accessed Oct. 15, 2021</ref>
Daughterboards are sometimes used in computers in order to allow for expansion cards to fit parallel to the motherboard, usually to maintain a small [[Computer form factor|form factor]]. This form are also called [[riser card]]s, or risers. Daughterboards are also sometimes used to expand the basic functionality of an electronic device, such as when a certain model has features added to it and is released as a new or separate model. Rather than redesigning the first model completely, a daughterboard may be added to a special connector on the main board. These usually fit on top of and parallel to the board, separated by [[Spacers and standoffs|spacers or standoffs]], and are sometimes called '''mezzanine cards''' due to being stacked like the [[mezzanine]] of a [[theatre]]. [[Table-lookup synthesis|Wavetable]] cards ([[sample-based synthesis]] cards) are often [[wikt:mount|mounted]] on [[sound card]]s in this manner.
[[Image:Raspberry Pi 4B DVB TV μHat (angle).jpg|thumb|right|[[Raspberry
Some mezzanine card interface standards include
the 400 pin [[FPGA Mezzanine Card]] (FMC);
the 172 pin High
Jens Kröger.
[https://www.psi.ch/mu3e/ThesesEN/BachelorKroeger.pdf "Data Transmission at High Rates via Kapton Flexprints for the Mu3e Experiment"].
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* [[Compatibility card]]
* [[Host adapter]]
* [[i-RAM]]
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* [[POST card]]
* [[Riser card]]
▲* [[Sound card]]
* [[TV tuner card]]
* [[Video card]]
* [[CRUVI FPGA Card|CRUVI FPGA daughtercard standard]]
* [[Board-to-board connector]] (BTB)
==References==
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