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Line 6: \|display_parents = 2 \|taxon = Calotropis \|authority = [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)\|R.Br.]]<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web \|url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?1933 \|title=''Calotropis'' R. Br \|website=Germplasm Resources Information Network \|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture \|date=2003-03-13 \|~~accessdate~~access-date=2010-06-26 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006194458/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?1933 \|archive-date=2012-10-06 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> }} Line 15: ==Botanical description== [[Image:Algodon de seda (Calotropis procera) 2.jpg\|thumb\|right\|''[[Calotropis procera]]'']] ''Calotropis gigantea'' and ''C. procera'' are the two most common species in the genus. ~~''Calotropis~~Both ~~gigantea''~~plants ~~grows~~can toattain an aaverage height of {{convert\|8\|to\|10\|ft\|m\|abbr=on}} ~~while~~although ~~''C.~~they ~~procera''~~can ~~grows~~occasionally tobecome as tall ~~about~~as {{convert\|314\|to\|616\|ft\|m\|abbr=on}}. The leaves are sessile and sub-sessile, opposite, ovate, cordate at the base. The flowers are about {{convert\|1.5\|to\|2\|in\|cm\|abbr=on}} in size, with umbellate lateral cymes and are colored white to pink and are fragrant in case of ''C. procera'' while the flowers of ''C. gigantea'' are without any fragrance and are white to purple colored, but in rarer cases are also light green-yellow or white. The seeds are compressed, broadly ovoid, with a tufted micropylar coma of long silky hair.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/CropFactSheets/calotropis.html \| title = Calotropis gigantea: Useful Weed \| website = NewCROP \| publisher = Purdue University}}</ref> [[Pollination]] is performed by bees ([[entomophily]]) by the following mechanism: Line 30: ==Toxicity== {{~~refimprove~~more citations needed section\|date=June 2014}} The milky sap of Calotropis plants is a toxic substance that can cause irritation when it comes into contact with the skin or eyes.<ref name="Pandey Sahu 2015">{{cite journal \|last1=Pandey \|first1=Dr. Nidhi \|last2=Sahu \|first2=Dr. Vijaya \|title=Calotropis procera induced ocular toxicity, manifestations and management – an observational study \|journal=International Journal of Medical Research and Review \|date=30 September 2015 \|volume=3 \|issue=8 \|pages=805–809 \|doi=10.17511/ijmrr.2015.i8.151 \|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Kaur \|first1=Amarpreet \|last2=Batish \|first2=Daizy R. \|last3=Kaur \|first3=Shalinder \|last4=Chauhan \|first4=Bhagirath S. \|date=2021 \|title=An Overview of the Characteristics and Potential of Calotropis procera From Botanical, Ecological, and Economic Perspectives \|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science \|volume=12 \|page=690806 \|doi=10.3389/fpls.2021.690806 \|pmc=8248367 \|pmid=34220914 \|doi-access=free }}</ref> The sap can be collected from various parts of the plant, including the flowers, stem, and leaves.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Bhatti \|first1=Muhammad Ali \|last2=Tahira \|first2=Aneela \|last3=Hullio \|first3=Ahmed Ali \|last4=Aftab \|first4=Umair \|last5=Nafady \|first5=Ayman \|last6=Vigolo \|first6=Brigitte \|last7=Ibupoto \|first7=Zafar Hussain \|title=Oxygenated terminals of milky sap of Calotropis procera transformed 1D ZnO structure to 0D nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of malachite green and methylene blue \|journal=Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics \|date=April 2023 \|volume=34 \|issue=10 \|doi=10.1007/s10854-023-10290-4 \|s2cid=258052532 }}</ref> The sap is extremely bitter and turns into a gluey coating that is resistant to soap, therefore it has to be treated immediately once it has fallen into the eye.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Giant Milkweed (Calotropis procera) \|url=https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/120917-Calotropis-procera \|access-date=2023-08-17 \|website=iNaturalist \|language=en}}</ref> The milky exudation from the plant is a corrosive poison.{{citation needed\|date=June 2014}} ''Calotropis'' species are poisonous plants; [[calotropin]], a compound in the latex, is more toxic than [[strychnine]].<ref>{{cite journal \|author1=S. Morris Kupchan \|author2=John R. Knox \|author3=John E. Kelsey \|author4=J. A. Saenz Renauld \| title = Calotropin, a Cytotoxic Principle Isolated from Asclepias curassavica L \| journal = Science \| date = 25 December 1964\|pmid=14224519 \| volume=146 \| issue=3652 \| pages=1685–6 \| doi=10.1126/science.146.3652.1685}}</ref> Calotropin is similar in structure to two cardiac glycosides which are responsible for the cytotoxicity of ''[[Apocynum cannabinum]]''. Extracts from the flowers of ''Calotropis procera'' have shown strong [[cytotoxic]] activity. The extracts are also harmful to the eyes.▼ ▲~~The milky exudation from the plant is a corrosive poison.{{citation needed\|date=June 2014}}~~ ''Calotropis'' species are ~~poisonous~~toxic plants; [[calotropin]], a compound in the latex, is more toxic than [[strychnine]].<ref>{{cite journal \|author1=S. Morris Kupchan \|author2=John R. Knox \|author3=John E. Kelsey \|author4=J. A. Saenz Renauld \| title = Calotropin, a Cytotoxic Principle Isolated from Asclepias curassavica L \| journal = Science \| date = 25 December 1964\|pmid=14224519 \| volume=146 \| issue=3652 \| pages=1685–6 \| doi=10.1126/science.146.3652.1685\|bibcode=1964Sci...146.1685K \|s2cid=31489685 }}</ref> Calotropin is similar in structure to two cardiac glycosides which are responsible for the cytotoxicity of ''[[Apocynum cannabinum]]''. Extracts from the flowers of ''Calotropis procera'' have shown strong [[cytotoxic]] activity~~. The extracts are also harmful to the eyes~~. Cattle often stay away from the plants because of their unpleasant taste and their content of [[cardiac glycoside]]s. The toxic ingredients of Calotropis plants, including Calotropis procera, can be preserved in liquid form, and they naturally disintegrate over time.<ref name="Pandey Sahu 2015"/> Calotropis leaves are used as fodder for animals once they are dried.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Calotropis (Calotropis procera) {{!}} Feedipedia \|url=https://www.feedipedia.org/node/588 \|access-date=2023-08-17 \|website=www.feedipedia.org \|language=en}}</ref><ref name="From Botanical 2021">{{Cite journal \|title=An Overview of the Characteristics and Potential of Calotropis procera From Botanical, Ecological, and Economic Perspectives \|date=2021 \|pmc=8248367 \|last1=Kaur \|first1=A. \|last2=Batish \|first2=D. R. \|last3=Kaur \|first3=S. \|last4=Chauhan \|first4=B. S. \|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science \|volume=12 \|page=690806 \|doi=10.3389/fpls.2021.690806 \|pmid=34220914 \|doi-access=free }}</ref> == Medicinal properties == Calotropis, a genus of plants that includes species such as [[Calotropis gigantea]] and [[Calotropis procera]], has been traditionally used for its medicinal properties in various cultures. The following are some of the reported medicinal uses of Calotropis: # Anti-inflammatory: Calotropis extracts have been used traditionally to alleviate inflammation. The latex of the plant contains compounds that possess anti-inflammatory properties.<ref>{{Cite journal \|title=Antiinflammatory Efficacy of Extracts of Latex of Calotropis procera Against Different Mediators of Inflammation \|date=2005 \|pmc=1526483 \|last1=Arya \|first1=S. \|last2=Kumar \|first2=V. L. \|journal=Mediators of Inflammation \|volume=2005 \|issue=4 \|pages=228–232 \|doi=10.1155/MI.2005.228 \|pmid=16192673 \|doi-access=free }}</ref> Traditional uses of Calotropis include treating skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and other inflammatory skin disorders. Its anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties may contribute to these potential benefits.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal \|last1=Kadiyala \|first1=Madhuri \|last2=Ponnusankar \|first2=S. \|last3=Elango \|first3=Kannan \|title=Calotropis gigantiea (L.) R. Br (Apocynaceae): A phytochemical and pharmacological review \|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology \|date=October 2013 \|volume=150 \|issue=1 \|pages=32–50 \|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.045 \|pmid=24012528 }}</ref> # Antimicrobial: Certain parts of Calotropis, especially the latex, have shown antimicrobial activity against various bacterial and fungal pathogens. This property has been utilized in traditional medicine to treat skin infections and wounds.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Amini \|first1=Mohammad Humayoon \|last2=Ashraf \|first2=Kamran \|last3=Salim \|first3=Fatimah \|last4=Meng Lim \|first4=Siong \|last5=Ramasamy \|first5=Kalavathy \|last6=Manshoor \|first6=Nurhuda \|last7=Sultan \|first7=Sadia \|last8=Ahmad \|first8=Wasim \|title=Important insights from the antimicrobial activity of Calotropis procera \|journal=Arabian Journal of Chemistry \|date=July 2021 \|volume=14 \|issue=7 \|pages=103181 \|doi=10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103181 \|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal \|last1=Batool \|first1=Hina \|last2=Hussain \|first2=Mumtaz \|last3=Hameed \|first3=Mansoor \|last4=Ahmad \|first4=Rashid \|title=A Review on Calotropis Procera ITS Phytochemistry and Traditional Uses \|journal=Big Data in Agriculture \|date=1 January 2020 \|volume=2 \|issue=2 \|pages=56–58 \|doi=10.26480/bda.02.2020.56.58 \|s2cid=226664706 \|doi-access=free }}</ref> The antimicrobial activity of Calotropis plants has been attributed to the presence of various bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids.<ref name=":1" /> A study found that the latex of Calotropis procera has significant antimicrobial activity against various bacterial and fungal pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans <ref name=":1" /> # Wound Healing: The latex of Calotropis has been used topically to promote wound healing. It is believed to help in the formation of granulation tissue and facilitate the healing process.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web \|title=calotropis procera produces: Topics by Science.gov \|url=https://www.science.gov/topicpages/c/calotropis+procera+produces \|access-date=2023-08-19 \|website=www.science.gov}}</ref> # Analgesic (Pain Relief): Some traditional practices involve using Calotropis preparations to relieve pain and discomfort.<ref>{{Cite journal \|title=Tribal Formulations for Treatment of Pain: A Study of the Bede Community Traditional Medicinal Practitioners of Porabari Village in Dhaka District, Bangladesh \|date=2012 \|pmc=3746354 \|last1=Seraj \|first1=S. \|last2=Jahan \|first2=F. I. \|last3=Chowdhury \|first3=A. R. \|last4=Monjur-Ekhuda \|first4=M. \|last5=Khan \|first5=M. S. \|last6=Aporna \|first6=S. A. \|last7=Jahan \|first7=R. \|last8=Samarrai \|first8=W. \|last9=Islam \|first9=F. \|last10=Khatun \|first10=Z. \|last11=Rahmatullah \|first11=M. \|journal= African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines\|volume=10 \|issue=1 \|pages=26–34 \|doi=10.4314/ajtcam.v10i1.5 \|pmid=24082322 }}</ref><ref name="From Botanical 2021"/> # Gastrointestinal Disorders: Some traditional medicinal practices use Calotropis to alleviate gastrointestinal issues such as constipation and dysentery. However, its laxative effects are strong and can lead to adverse effects.<ref name=":1" /> # Anti-parasitic: Calotropis extracts have been used in traditional medicine to treat parasitic infections. Some compounds in the plant have demonstrated activity against certain parasites.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Dogara \|first1=Abdulrahman Mahmoud \|title=A systematic review on the biological evaluation of Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand \|journal=Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences \|date=24 February 2023 \|volume=9 \|issue=1 \|doi=10.1186/s43094-023-00467-3 \|doi-access=free }}</ref> Calotropis contains toxic compounds, particularly in its latex and other plant parts. Using Calotropis for its potential medicinal properties, it's best to consult a qualified healthcare professional who can provide guidance based on your specific health needs and conditions. ==Cultural significance== The flowers of the plant are offered to the Hindu deities [[Shiva]], [[Ganesha]], Shani Dev and Hanuman.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=AstroVed \|title=Favorite Flowers of Lord Ganesha \|url=https://www.astroved.com/articles/favorite-flowers-of-lord-ganesha \|access-date=2022-09-13 \|website=www.astroved.com \|language=en}}</ref> ==Gallery== Line 52 ⟶ 68: ==References== {{commons category}}▼ {{Wikispecies}}▼ {{Reflist}} ==External links== ▲{{~~commons~~Commons category}} ▲{{Wikispecies}} * [http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=CALOT USDA classification for ''Calotropis''] * [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CAPR ''Calotropis procera''] Line 62 ⟶ 78: {{Taxonbar\|from=Q310216}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Asclepiadoideae]] [[Category:Apocynaceae genera]] [[Category:~~Poisonous~~Taxa ~~plants~~named by Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)]]