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{{Short description|International border}}
[[File:Burma Thailand border.jpg|thumb|right|Map of the Myanmar-Thailand border]]
The '''Myanmar–Thailand border''' is the international border between the territory of [[Myanmar]] (formerly ''Burma'') and [[Thailand]]. The border is 2,416&nbsp;{{cvt|2416|km (1,501 m)|mi}} in length and runs from the [[tripoint]] with [[Laos]] in the north to the [[Andaman Sea]] coast in the south.<ref>{{cite web |title=Burma |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burma/ |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref>
 
==Description==
Line 8 ⟶ 9:
[[File:Saharat Thai Doem map.png|thumb|right|Map of the areas briefly annexed to Thailand during the [[Second World War]]]]
The border regions have historically been contested between the various Thai and Burmese states.<ref name="IBS">{{cite web |title=International Boundary Study No. 63 – Burma – Thailand Boundary |url=https://fall.law.fsu.edu/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS063.pdf|publisher=US Department of State |date=1 February 1966|access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref> [[Burmese–Siamese wars|Fighting]] between Burma and the Siamese [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]] over control of what is now Myanmar's [[Tanintharyi Region]] dominated the area in the 16th century, before Burma destroyed Ayutthaya and took control of the region in 1767.<ref name="IBS"/> Soon after, Siam extended suzerainty over the [[Lanna Kingdom]] (now [[Northern Thailand]]), which had previously been under Burmese control. Burmese expansion in the 19th century brought it into conflict with the British in [[India]], sparking a series of [[Anglo-Burmese Wars|conflicts]] which ended with Burma being occupied and [[British rule in Burma|incorporated]] into [[British India]].<ref name="IBS"/> With [[France]] occupying [[French Indochina]] in the same period, the two European states allowed the [[Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)|Kingdom of Siam]] (the old name for Thailand) to retains its independence as a [[buffer state]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = LAOS, From Buffer State to Crossroads|last = Pholsena|first = Vatthana|publisher = Silkworm Books|year = 2007|isbn = 978-9749480502}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Through the Buffer State : Travels in Borneo, Siam, Cambodia, Malaya and Burma|last = Macgregor|first = John|publisher = White Lotus Co Ltd; 2 edition|year = 1994|isbn = 978-9748496252}}</ref>
[[File:Transsalween1892.jpg|left|thumb|230x230px|{{font color|orange|Orange}} shows Trans-Salween territories relinquished by [[Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)|Siam]] to [[British rule in Burma|British Burma]] in 1892, defining northern portions of Myanmar-Thailand border.]]
 
In 1868 Britain and Siam signed a treaty delimiting the Burma-Thai border from the Salween south to the Andaman Sea.<ref name="IBS" /> Following some confusion as to the border's location, on the ground demarcation of the border commenced from 1889–921889 to 1892.<ref name="IBS" /> In 1892 the northern section of the border delimited and then demarcated on the ground from 1893–941893 to 1894, with a final boundary treaty with maps signed on 17 October 1894.<ref name="IBS" /> The northern terminus of the border was fixed in 1896 when the British and French agreed that the Mekong would serve as the Burma-Laos border.<ref name="IBS" /> Some minor boundary adjustments occurred in 1929 and 1934.<ref name="IBS" /> In 1941, following [[Japan]]'s [[Japanese invasion of Burma|invasion]] of Burma, parts of Burma were ceded to Siam as the [[Saharat Thai Doem]] territory, however these areas were returned to Burma in 1946 following Japan's defeat and since then the border has remained in place.<ref name="IBS" /><ref>Donald M. Seekins, ''Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar)'', p. 251</ref><ref>[https://docs.com/CEHX "A Forgotten Invasion: Thailand in Shan State, 1941–45"]</ref> In 1937 Burma was separated from India and became a separate colony, gaining full independence in 1948, at which point the border became an international frontier between two sovereign states.<ref name="IBS" />
 
At present there is an outstanding dispute over the ownership of some small islands in the Andaman Sea.<ref name=BP-20200113>{{cite news |last1=Sophal |first1=Sek |title=New subs sign of troubles to come? |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1834539/new-subs-sign-of-troubles-to-come- |access-date=13 January 2020 |work=Bangkok Post |date=13 January 2020 |format=Opinion}}</ref>
 
From 2010-12 to 2012 there were [[2010–2012 Myanmar border clashes|clashes]] along the border between the Myanmar army and the [[Karen National Liberation Army]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2010/11/2010118479326824.html|title=Thousands flee Myanmar clashes|date=8 November 2010|work=Al Jazeera|access-date=9 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2010/s3060800.htm|title=Civil war threatens following Burma's election|date=November 9, 2010|work=ABC News|access-date=9 November 2010}}</ref>
 
In 2021, the Myanmar military clashed with civilians in the border areas. Many of them fled and ended up in Thailand. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/24/myanmar-army-air-raids-send-hundreds-fleeing-into-thailand|title = Myanmar army air raids send hundreds fleeing into Thailand}}</ref>
 
In 2023 there were more clashes and the governments of both countries have decided to form a humanitarian task force. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Thailand trying to rescue 162 nationals as tens of thousands flee Myanmar fighting |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/thailand-tries-rescue-162-nationals-trapped-myanmar-fighting-2023-11-03/ |access-date=2024-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thailand, Myanmar to form aid task force as border unrest intensifies |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/thailand-myanmar-form-aid-task-force-border-unrest-intensifies-2023-12-08/ |access-date=2024-02-08}}</ref>
 
==Border crossings==
{{As of|2019}}, there were 6 permanent border crossings, 1 temporary border crossing, 13 checkpoints for [[border trade]] and 1 special checkpoint for border trade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ข้อมูลช่องทางผ่านแดนและความตกลงเรื่องการสัญจรข้ามแดน |url=http://www.fad.moi.go.th/index.php/%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99 |website=Foreign Affairs Division Office, Office of the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of the Interior}}</ref>
 
=== Permanent border crossings ===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |No
!Myanmar
! colspan="3" |Thailand
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
!Border post
!Road
!Border post
!Opening hours
|-
|1
| rowspan="2" |[[Tachileik]], [[Shan State]]
|1
|Mae Sai 1, [[Mae Sai District]], [[Chiang Rai province|Chiang Rai]]
|0630 - 2100
|The border crossing is via the First Bridge over the [[Sai River (Thailand)|Sai River]].
|-
|2
|1041
|Mae Sai 2, [[Mae Sai District]], [[Chiang Rai province|Chiang Rai]]
|0630 -1830
|The border crossing is via the Second Bridge over the [[Sai River (Thailand)|Sai River]].
|-
|3
| rowspan="2" |[[Myawaddy]], [[Kayin State]]
|12
|Mae Sot 1, [[Mae Sot District]], [[Tak province|Tak]]
|0530 - 2030
|The border crossing is via the [[Thai–Myanmar Friendship Bridge|First Thai-Myanmar Friendship Bridge]] over the [[Moei River]].
|-
|4
|130
|Mae Sot 2, [[Mae Sot District]], [[Tak province|Tak]]
|0630 - 1830
|The border crossing is via the Second Thai-Myanmar Friendship Bridge over the [[Moei River]].
|-
|5
|Htee Kee, [[Dawei]], [[Tanintharyi Region]]
|3229
|Ban [[Phu Nam Ron]], [[Mueang Kanchanaburi District]], [[Kanchanaburi province|Kanchanaburi]]
|0600 - 2000
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |6
| rowspan="4" |[[Kawthaung]], [[Tanintharyi Region]]
| rowspan="4" | -
|Bang Rin Fisheries Pier, [[Mueang Ranong district|Mueang Ranong District]], [[Ranong province|Ranong]]
| rowspan="4" |0630 - 0000
| rowspan="4" |'''Ferry Border Crossing.''' Consists of checkpoints located adjacent to 4 separate piers on the Thai side.
|-
|Pak Nam Ranong, [[Mueang Ranong district|Mueang Ranong District]], [[Ranong province|Ranong]]
|-
|Ranong Customs Pier, [[Mueang Ranong district|Mueang Ranong District]], [[Ranong province|Ranong]]
|-
|Andaman Club Pier, [[Mueang Ranong district|Mueang Ranong District]], [[Ranong province|Ranong]]
|}
[[File:Three Pagodas Pass Myanmar border sign.jpg|thumb|right|Myanmar welcome sign at the Three Pagodas Pass]]
 
There are several border crossings:<ref>[http://www.pattayamail.com/news/dan-singkhon-border-crossing-upgrade-under-way-42477 Pattaya Mail - Dan Sing Khon border crossing upgrade under way]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ARRIVING AND DEPARTING OVER LAND |url=https://www.go-myanmar.com/arriving-and-departing-over-land |website=GoMyanmar |access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=How to Cross the Border Between Myanmar and Thailand |url=https://www.worldnomads.com/travel-safety/southeast-asia/myanmar/logistics-and-complications-when-crossing-borders-between-thailand-and-myanmar#:~:text=The%20Tachileik%20land%20crossing%20is,Thailand%20on%20the%20same%20day. |website=World Nomads |access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref>
=== Temporary border crossings ===
* [[Mae Sot]] - [[Myawaddy]]
These border crossings are open for foreigners for travel purposes only.
* [[Mae Sai]] - [[Tachilek]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[Ban Sop Ruak]] - [[Chiang Saen District|Chiang Saen]]
! rowspan="2" |No
* [[Ranong]] - [[Kawthaung]]
!Myanmar
* [[Phu Nam Ron]] - [[Htee Kee]]
! colspan="3" |Thailand
* [[Singkhon Pass]] - [[Maw Daung]] (the [[Singkhon Pass]])
! rowspan="2" |Notes
* [[Sangkhla Buri District|Sangkhla Buri]] - [[Payathonzu]] (the [[Three Pagodas Pass]])
|-
* [[Bong Ti]] - [[Sinbyudaing]]
!Border post
* [[Nong Uk]] - [[Namaklwe]]
!Road
!Border post
!Opening hours
|-
|1
|[[Payathonzu]], [[Kayin State]]
|323
|[[Three Pagodas Pass|Dan Phra Chedi Sam Ong (Three Pagodas Pass)]], [[Sangkhla Buri district|Sangkhla Buri District]], [[Kanchanaburi province|Kanchanaburi]]
|0830 - 1800
|
|}
 
=== Checkpoints for border trade ===
These border crossings are open for cross-border local trade only. There are 13 checkpoints for border trade officially recognized by the Ministry of Interior, located in [[Chiang Rai province|Chiang Rai]], [[Chiang Mai province|Chiang Mai]], [[Mae Hong Son province|Mae Hong Son]] and [[Ranong province|Ranong]] provinces. Entering the opposite country beyond these checkpoints and their associated markets is illegal.
 
=== Special checkpoint for border trade ===
One special checkpoint for border trade is planned as a future permanent crossing. Entering the opposite country beyond these checkpoints and their associated markets is currently{{Current event inline|date=November 2023|hide=y}} illegal.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |No
!Myanmar
! colspan="3" |Thailand
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
!Border post
!Road
!Border post
!Opening hours
|-
|1
|[[Mawdaung]], [[Tanintharyi Region]]
|1039
|[[Singkhon Pass|Dan Singkhon (Singkhon Pass)]], [[Mueang Prachuap Khiri Khan District]], [[Prachuap Khiri Khan province|Prachuap Khiri Khan]]
|0630 - 1800
|}
 
==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Doi Chang Moob army outpost Thailand - Myanmar Border จุดชมวิวฐานปฏิบัติการดอยช้างมูบ เชียงราย - img 03.jpg|A scenic viewpoint of the border along the [[Daen Lao Range]] from Thailand's [[Mae Sai District]]
File:Kawthaung entrance, Myanmar.jpg|Border bridge at Kawthaung
File:Kawthaung entrance, Myanmar.jpg|Pier at Kawthaung
File:Moei River.jpg|The border along the Moei river, with Myanmar on the opposite bank
File:Myanmar-Thailand bridge in Mae Sai 6.jpg|Border gate at Mae Sai
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