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Per WP:NOTNEWS. Also, this section doesn't actually contain criticisms of tithing per se. |
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[[File:Tithe Pig Group of Derby Porcelain c 1770.jpg|thumb|''The Tithe Pig'', group in [[Derby Porcelain]], c. 1770]]
[[File:Paneum_-_Porzellanfigur_2_Priester.jpg|thumb|[[Porcelain]] figure of a priest collecting the tithe ([[Austria]])]]
A '''tithe''' ({{IPAc-en|t|aɪ|ð}}; from [[Old English]]: ''teogoþa'' "tenth") is a one-tenth part of something, paid as a contribution to a religious organization or compulsory [[tax]] to government.<ref name=burg>{{cite book |title=A World History of Tax Rebellions |author=David F. Burg |year=2004 |page=viii |publisher=Taylor & Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T91k6HAODzAC&pg=PP1 |isbn=9780203500897}}</ref>
Many Christian denominations hold [[Jesus in Christianity|Jesus]] taught that tithing must be done in conjunction with a deep concern for "justice, mercy and faithfulness" (cf. Matthew 23:23).<ref name="SmithEmerson2008"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Five Views on Law and Gospel |author1=Greg L. Bahnsen |author2=Walter C. Kaiser, Jr. |author3=Douglas J. Moo |author4=Wayne G. Strickland |author5=Willem A. VanGemeren |publisher=[[Zondervan]] |date=21 September 2010 |page=354}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Empire in the New Testament |author1=Stanley E. Porter |author2=Cynthia Long Westfall |publisher=Wipf and Stock |date=Jan 2011 |page=116}}</ref> Tithing was taught at early Christian [[Church Council|church councils]], including the [[Council of Tours 567|Council of Tours in 567]], as well as the [[Third Council of Mâcon]] in 585. Tithing remains an important doctrine in many [[Christian denomination]]s, such as the [[Congregational church]]es, [[Methodist Church]]es and [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]].<ref name="SmithEmerson2008"/> Some Christian Churches, such as those in the Methodist tradition, teach the concept of ''Storehouse Tithing'', which emphasizes that tithes must be prioritized and given to the local church, before offerings can be made to apostolates or charities.<ref name="Black1960">{{cite book |last1=Black |first1=E. W. |title=The Storehouse Plan |date=1960 |publisher=[[Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection]] |location=West Asheville, North Carolina}}</ref><ref name="CON2019">{{cite web |title=Recognizing the importance of storehouse tithing |url=https://www.nazarene.org/article/recognizing-importance-storehouse-tithing |publisher=[[Church of the Nazarene]] |access-date=18 July 2019 |language=en |date=18 April 2019}}</ref>
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===The ''esretu'' – "ešretū" the Ugarit and Babylonian one-tenth tax===
:[Referring to a ten percent tax levied on garments by the local ruler:] "the palace has taken eight garments as your tithe (on 85 garments)"
:"...eleven garments as tithe (on 112 garments)"..
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Tithing is mentioned several times in the [[Book of Nehemiah]], which chronicles events in the latter half of the 5th century BC. {{bibleverse|Nehemiah|10|HE}} outlines the customs regarding tithing. The Levites were to receive one tenth (the tithe) "in all our farming communities" and a tithe of the tithe were to be brought by them to the temple for storage.<ref name="Quiggle2009">{{cite book|author=James D. Quiggle|title=Why Christians Should Not Tithe: A History of Tithing and a Biblical Paradigm for Christian Giving|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0ZMAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52|date=1 August 2009|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=978-1-60608-926-2|pages=52–3}}</ref> {{bibleverse|Nehemiah|13:4-19|HE}} recounts how [[Eliashib (High Priest)|Eliashib]] gave [[Tobiah (Ammonite)|Tobiah]] office space in the temple in a room that had previously been used to store tithes while Nehemaiah was away.<ref name="Quiggle2009"/> When Nehemiah returned he called it an evil thing, threw out all Tobiah's household items and had his rooms purified so that they could once more be used for tithes.<ref name="Seminary1985">{{cite book|author=Dallas Theological Seminary|title=The Bible Knowledge Commentary: An Exposition of the Scriptures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tSJWE-sR5HkC&pg=PA695|year=1985|publisher=David C Cook|isbn=978-0-88207-813-7|pages=695–}}</ref>
The [[Book of Malachi]] has one of the most quoted Biblical passages about tithing. God (according to Malachi) promises that
==Deuterocanonical==
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==Judaism==
{{Main|Tithes in Judaism}}
[[Orthodox Jews]] continue to follow the biblical laws of tithes (see [[Tithe#Hebrew Bible|above]]) to a limited extent. As understood by the rabbis, these laws never applied and do not apply outside the [[Land of Israel]]. For produce grown in
The [[Mishnah]] and [[Talmud]] contain analysis of the [[Maaser Rishon|first tithe]], [[Maaser Sheni|second tithe]] and [[Maaser Ani|poor tithe]].<ref>See {{Cite Jewish Encyclopedia |noicon=1|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10232-ma-aserot |title=MA'ASEROT}}</ref>
Animals are not tithed in the
==Christianity==
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Many churches practiced tithing, as it was taught by the [[Second Council of Tours|Council of Tours in 567]], and in the [[Third Council of Mâcon]] in AD 585, a penalty of [[excommunication]] was prescribed for those who did not adhere to this ecclesiastical law.<ref name="Babbs1912">{{cite book |last=Babbs |first=Arthur Vergil |title=The Law of the Tithe as Set Forth in the Old Testament |url=https://archive.org/details/lawoftitheassetf00babb |year=1912 |publisher=Fleming H. Revell Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/lawoftitheassetf00babb/page/140 140] |quote=Tithes were recommended by the Second Council of Tours, AD 567; and excommunication was added to the command to observe the tithing law, by the Third Council of Mâcon, which met in 585.}}</ref> Tithes can be given to the Church at once (as is the custom in many Christian countries with a [[church tax]]), or distributed throughout the year; during the part of [[Western Christian]] liturgies known as the [[offertory]], people often place a portion of their tithes (sometimes along with additional offerings) in the collection plate.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/2009/march/passing-plate.html |title=Passing the Plate |last=Rogers |first=Mark |year=2009 |magazine=[[Christianity Today]] |access-date=20 April 2018 |quote=After America ended state support of churches in the early 19th century, the collection of "tithes and offerings" became a standard feature of Sunday morning worship.}}</ref>
{{bibleverse |2Corinthians |9:7||2 Corinthians 9:7}} talks about giving cheerfully, {{bibleverse |2Corinthians |8:12||2 Corinthians 8:12}} encourages giving what
According to a 2018 study by LifeWay Research that interviewed 1,010 Americans, 86% of people with [[Evangelical]] beliefs say that tithe is still a biblical commandment
===Denominational positions===
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====Anabaptist Churches====
The [[Mennonite Church USA|Mennonite Church]] teaches that "tithing as a minimum baseline is one of the principles on which financial giving in this '[[first fruits]]' system is based":<ref name="SmithEmerson2008"/>
{{blockquote|We depend on God's gracious gifts for food and clothing, for our salvation, and for life itself. We do not need to hold on tightly to money and possessions, but can share what God has given us. The practice of mutual aid is a part of sharing God's gifts so that no one in the family of faith will be without the necessities of life. Whether through community of goods or other forms of financial sharing, mutual aid continues the practice of Israel in giving special care to widows, orphans, aliens, and others in economic need (Deut. 24:17–22). Tithes and first-fruit offerings were also a part of this economic sharing (Deut. 26; compare Matt. 23:23).<ref name="SmithEmerson2008"/>}}
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====Catholic Church====
The [[Council of Trent]], which was held after the [[Reformation]], taught that "tithes are due to God or to religion, and that it is sacrilegious to withhold them",<ref name="Croly1834">{{cite book |last=Croly |first=David O. |title=An Essay Religious and Political on Ecclesiastical Finance, as regards the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland, etc |year=1834 |publisher=John Bolster |language=en |page=72 |quote=The Council of Trent – the last general Council – declares that "tithes are due to God or to religion, and that it is sacrilegious to withold them." And one of the six precepts of the Church commands the faithful "to pay tithes to their pastors."}}</ref> but the Catholic Church no longer requires anyone to give ten percent of income.<ref name=":0" /> The Church
====Lutheran Churches====
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{{Main|Tithing in Mormonism}}
[[File:Tithing_forms_and_envelopes.jpg|thumb|Tithing forms and envelopes in an LDS meetinghouse.]]
[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church) bases its tithing on the
{{blockquote|And this shall be the beginning of the tithing of my people. And after that, those who have thus been tithed shall pay one-tenth of all their interest annually; and this shall be a standing law unto them forever, for my holy priesthood, saith the Lord.|[[Doctrine and Covenants]] {{LDS| |dc |119 |3 |4}} (see also {{LDS |Doctrine and Covenants |dc |64 |23 |24}})}}
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[[Image:tithe redemption map.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Tithe map for the property]]
[[File:Elmsett tithe memorial, Suffolk.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Elmsett]] tithe memorial in Suffolk, England, opposite the parish church, protesting against a tithe seizure]]
Tithing is
{{cite web |url= http://www.lds.org/topics/tithing/what-the-church-teaches |title=Gospel Topics – What the Church Teaches about Tithing |work=lds.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224051325/https://www.lds.org/topics/tithing/what-the-church-teaches |archive-date=24 February 2015 |df= dmy-all}}
</ref> Every [[Latter-day Saint]] has an opportunity once a year to meet with their [[bishop (Latter Day Saints)|bishop]] for [[tithing declaration]]. The payment of tithes is mandatory for members to receive the [[priesthood (LDS Church)|priesthood]] or obtain a temple recommend for admission to [[temple (LDS Church)|temples]].
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====End of the tithing system====
The system gradually ended with the [[Tithe Commutation Act 1836]], whose long-lasting Tithe Commission replaced them with a commutation payment, land award and/or rentcharges to those paying the commutation payment and took the opportunity to map out (apportion) residual [[chancel repair liability]] where the rectory had been appropriated during the medieval period by a religious house or college. Its records
This commutation reduced problems to the ultimate payers by effectively folding tithes in with rents however, it could cause transitional money supply problems by raising the transaction demand for money. Later the decline of large landowners led [[leasehold estate|tenants]] to become [[freehold (English law)|freeholders]] and again have to pay directly; this also led to renewed objections of principle by non-[[Anglican]]s.<ref>One account of the objections in the 1920s and 1930s appears in the book ''The Tithe War'' by [[Doreen Wallace]] (London: Gollancz, 1934).</ref> It also kept intact a system of chancel repair liability affecting the minority of parishes where the rectory had been lay-appropriated. The precise land affected in such places hinged on the content of documents such as the content of deeds of merger and apportionment maps.<ref name=na/>
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}}
Rent charges in lieu of abolished English tithes paid by landowners were converted by a public outlay of money under the '''Tithe Act 1936''' ([[26 Geo. 5. & 1 Edw. 8]]. c. 43) into [[annuity (financial contracts)|annuities]] paid to the state through the Tithe Redemption Commission. Such payments were transferred in 1960 to the Board of [[Inland Revenue]], and those remaining were terminated by the [[Finance Act 1977]].
The '''Tithe Act 1951''' ([[14 & 15 Geo. 6]]. c. 62) established the compulsory redemption of English tithes by landowners where the annual amounts payable were less than £1, so abolishing the bureaucracy and costs of collecting small sums of money.
====Greece====
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Germany levies a [[church tax]], on all persons declaring themselves to be Christians, of roughly 8–9% of their income tax, which is effectively (very much depending on the social and financial situation) typically between 0.2% and 1.5% of the total income. The proceeds are shared among Catholic, Lutheran, and other Protestant Churches.<ref name=times/>
The church tax (''[[Kirchensteuer]]'') traces its roots back as far as the ''[[Reichsdeputationshauptschluss]]'' of 1803. It was reaffirmed in the [[Reichskonkordat|Concordat of 1933]] between Nazi Germany and the Catholic Church.
Church tax (''Kirchensteuer'') is compulsory in Germany for those confessing members of a particular religious group. It is deducted at the [[PAYE]] level. The duty to pay this tax theoretically starts on the day one is christened. Anyone who wants to stop paying it has to declare in writing, at their local court of law (''Amtsgericht'') or registry office, that they are leaving the Church. They are then crossed off the Church registers and can no longer receive the sacraments, confession and certain services; a Roman Catholic church may deny such a person a burial plot.<ref name=times>{{cite news |url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/faith/article3544885.ece |newspaper=The Times |title=Excommunication for German Catholics who refuse church tax |date=21 September 2012}}</ref> In addition to the government, the taxpayer also must notify his employer of his religious affiliation (or lack thereof) in order to ensure proper tax withholding.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-19699581 |title=BBC News ''German Catholics lose church rights for unpaid tax'' 2012-09-24 |newspaper=BBC News|date=24 September 2012 }}</ref>
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==Islam==
{{main|Zakāt}}
[[Zakāt]] ({{lang-ar|زكاة}} {{IPA
Zakat is payable on three kinds of assets: wealth, production, and animals. The more well-known zakat on wealth is 2.5 per cent of accumulated wealth, beyond one's personal needs. Production (agricultural, industrial, renting, etc.), is subject to a 10 per cent or 5 per cent zakat (also known as Ushur (عُشر), or "one-tenth"), using the rule that if both labor and capital are involved, 5% rate is applied, if only one of the two are used for production, then the rate is 10 per cent. For any earnings
Muslims fulfill this religious obligation by giving a fixed percentage of their surplus wealth. Zakat has been paired with such a high sense of righteousness that it is often placed on the same level of importance as performing the five-daily repetitive ritualised prayer ([[salat]]).<ref name=zysow>{{citation |last= Zysow |first= A. Zakāt |title= Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition= Second |editor1= P. Bearman |editor2= Th. Bianquis |editor3= C.E. Bosworth |editor4= E. van Donzel |editor5= W.P. Heinrichs |publisher= Brill |year= 2009}}.{{page needed|date=October 2014}} Available from [http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_COM-1377 Brill Online] (subscription).</ref> Muslims see this process also as a way of purifying themselves from their greed and selfishness and also safeguarding future business.<ref name=zysow/> In addition, Zakat purifies the person who receives it because it saves him from the humiliation of begging and prevents him from envying the rich.<ref>Robinson, Neal. Islam; A Concise Introduction. Richmond; Curzon Press. 1999</ref> Because it holds such a high level of importance the "punishment" for not paying when able is very severe. In the 2nd edition of the ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'' it states, "...the prayers of those who do not pay zakat will not be accepted".<ref name=zysow/> This is because without Zakat a tremendous hardship is placed on the poor which otherwise would not be there. Besides the fear of their prayers not getting heard, those who are able should be practicing this third pillar of Islam because the Quran states that this is what believers should do.<ref>Chapter 2 verse 155, "be sure we shall test you with something of fear and hunger, some loss on goods, lives, and fruits. But give glad tidings to those who patiently persevere."</ref>
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{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.tithing-russkelly.com/ Theologian Russell Kelly on tithing]
*[
*{{Curlie|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Christianity/Bible/Bible_Study/By_Topic/Tithing|Tithing}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100820101335/http://prayershack.freeservers.com/tithing/rek_tithingFAQ.html Q & A On Tithing By Russ Kelly]
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