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{{Short description|Species of orchid}}
{{redirect|Norna|the Norse goddesses|Norns}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Calypso bulbosa
| image_caption= ''Calypso bulbosa'', in Anacortes, [[Washington (state)]]
| display_parents = 4
| genus = Calypso
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}}
'''''Calypso''''' is a [[genus]] of [[orchid]]s containing one species, '''''Calypso bulbosa''''', known as the '''calypso orchid''', '''fairy slipper''' or '''Venus's slipper'''. It is a [[Perennial plant|perennial]] member of the [[Orchidaceae|orchid family]] found in undisturbed northern and [[montane forest]]s. It has a small pink, purple, pinkish-purple, or red [[flower]] accented with a white lip, darker purple spottings, and yellow beard. The genus ''Calypso'' takes its name from the [[Greek language|Greek]] signifying concealment, as they tend to favor sheltered areas on conifer [[forest
==Description==
[[File:Calypso bulbosa 5496.JPG|thumb|left|''Calypso'' flower]]▼
''Calypso bulbosa'' is a deciduous, perennial, herbaceous tuberous geophyte with a round, egg-shaped tuber as a perennial organ. It is encased in dead leaf sheaths and has elongated roots. ''Calypso'' orchids are typically
==Varieties==▼
Plant blooms with a purple-pink hermaphroditic, zygomorphic and threefold flower. The protruding petals and sepals are pink to purple in color, about 10 to 12 millimeters long and about 2 to 4 millimeters wide. The lip (labellum) is white to pink with pink or yellow spots. It has a wide, shoe-shaped cavity in the back and is about 15 to 25 millimeters long. A spur is absent. They do not bloom until May and June usually after snow melt. Each bulb lives no more than five years.<ref name = Coleman/>
<gallery>
File:Calypso bulbosa - Flickr 005.jpg|Flowers
File:Calypso bulbosa 5499.JPG|Leaf Top
File:Calypso bulbosa 5500.JPG|Leaf underside
File:Calypso bulbosa var. occidentalis (3).jpg|White form of ''Calypso bulbosa'' var. ''occidentalis''
</gallery>
==Taxonomy and systematics==
The chromosome count is 2n = 28. Since the orchid seed does not provide any nutrient tissue, germination only takes place when infected by a mycorrhizal root fungus.
===Taxonomy===
The generic name ''Calypso'' {{small|[[Richard Anthony Salisbury|Salisb]]}}, which is still valid today, was described in 1806 by the English gardener Richard Anthony Salisbury (1761-1829) in the work "Paradisus Londinensis", published with the then-director of the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|Royal Botanic Gardens]] in London, [[William Jackson Hooker]] (1785-1865). [[Carl von Linné]] originally assigned ''Calypso bulbosa'' to the genus ''Cypripedium'' in 1753, but ''Calypso'' and ''Cypripedium'' now belong to two different subfamilies.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}
The following generic names have been published as synonyms:
* ''Cytherea'' {{small|Salisb.}} (1812)
* ''Orchidium'' {{small|Sw.}} (1814)
* ''Calypsodium'' {{small|Link}} (1829)
* ''Norna'' {{small|Wahlenb.}} (1833)
The valid botanical species name of the Calypso orchid is: ''Calypso bulbosa'' {{small|(L.) Oakes 1842}}.
The basionym ''Cypripedium bulbosum'' {{small|L. 1753}} was described by Linné in "Species Plantarum".
The species names listed here are used as synonyms:
{| border="0" cellpadding="05"
|
* ''Cytherea bulbosa'' {{small|(L.) House}} (1905)
* ''Cymbidium boreale'' {{small|Sw.}} (1799)
* ''Limodorum boreale'' {{small|(Sw.) Sw.}} (1805)
* ''Calypso borealis'' {{small|(Sw.) Salisb.}} (1806)
* ''Cytherea borealis'' {{small|(Sw.) Salisb.}} (1812)
|
* ''Orchidium arcticum'' {{small|Sw.}} (1814)
* ''Orchidium boreale'' {{small|(Sw.) Sw.}} (1816)
* ''Calypsodium boreale'' {{small|(Sw.) Link}} (1829)
* ''Norna borealis'' {{small|(Sw.) Wahlenb.}} (1833)
* ''Calypso occidentalis'' {{small|Holz.}} (1895)
|}
<gallery>
File:The paradisus londinensis (8318676110).jpg| ''C. bulbosa'' in "Paradisus Londinensis"
File:Flora Europaea inchoata (Pl. 7) (6032619343).jpg|Illustration of ''Calypso bulbosa'' as ''Cypripedium bulbosum'' by [[Johann Jacob Roemer]] in Flora Europaea inchoata (1797)
File:Calypso bulbosa (as Calypso borealis) - Curtis' 54 (N.S. 1) pl. 2763 (1827).jpg|Illustration of ''Calypso bulbos''a (as syn. Calypso borealis) in "[[Curtis's Botanical Magazine]]" vol.54 (N.S. 1) pl. 2763 (1827)
File:Abbildungen der in Deutschland und den angrenzenden gebieten vorkommenden grundformen der orchideenarten (Pl 60 Calypso bulbos) (6022132370).jpg|''Calypso bulbosa'' Rchb. F. by Kränzlin, Friedrich; Müller, Walter in Abbildungen der in Deutschland und den angrenzenden gebieten vorkommenden grundformen der orchideenarten (1904)
</gallery>
Four natural varieties and one nothovariety (variety of hybrid origin but established in the wild) are recognized:<ref name="WCSP"/>
{| class="wikitable "
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! Image !! Subspecies !! Distribution
|-
|[[File:
|-
|[[File:Calypso bulbosa Finland, Keminmaa 2014-05-23.jpg|120px]]||''Calypso bulbosa ''var''. bulbosa'' ||Sweden, Finland, Baltic States, much of Russia, Mongolia, Korea
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|||''Calypso bulbosa ''nothovar''. kostiukiae'' <small>Catling</small> ||Alberta ''(C. bulbosa var. americana × C. bulbosa var. occidentalis)''
|-
|[[File:
|-
|[[File:Calypso bulbosa, Japan 1.JPG|120px]]||''Calypso bulbosa ''var''. speciosa'' <small>(Schltr.) Makino</small> || Japan, China (Gansu, Jilin, Nei Mongol, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan)<ref>
|-
|}
==Distribution & Ecology==▼
This species' range is [[Arctic Circle|circumpolar]],<ref>C.Michael Hogan, ed. 2010. [http://www.eol.org/pages/1092011 ''Calypso bulbosa''. Encyclopedia of Life.]</ref> and includes California, the Rocky Mountain states and most of the most northerly states of the [[United States]]; most of [[Canada]]; [[Scandinavia]] much of European and Asiatic [[Russia]]; [[China]], Mongolia, Korea and [[Japan]]—see external links for map.<ref name="WCSP">[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=32239 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref><ref name=Boyden>{{Citation | last = Boyden | first = Thomas C. | year = 1982 | title = The pollination biology of ''Calypso bulbosa'' var. ''Americana'' (Orchidaceae): Initial deception of bumblebee visitors | journal = Oecologia | volume=55 | issue= 2 | pages = 178–184 | doi=10.1007/bf00384485| pmid = 28311231 | bibcode = 1982Oecol..55..178B | s2cid = 12587703 }}</ref>▼
Although the calypso orchid's distribution is wide, it is very susceptible to disturbance, and is therefore classified as threatened or [[endangered]] in several U. S. states and in Sweden and Finland. It does not transplant well<ref name=Coleman/> owing to its [[mycorrhiza]]l dependence on specific soil fungi. The corms have been used as a food source by [[North America]]n [[Native Americans in the United States|native]] peoples. The [[Nlaka'pamux|Thompson River Indians]] of [[British Columbia]] used it as a treatment for mild [[epilepsy]].<ref>{{Citation |last1=Moerman |first1=Daniel E. |title=Native American ethnobotany |year= 1998 |publisher=[[Timber Press]] |isbn=0-88192-453-9 |page=133 |postscript=<!--none-->}}</ref>▼
At least near [[Banff, Alberta]], the calypso orchid is [[pollination|pollinated]] by bumble bees (''[[Bombus]] (Pyrobombus)'' and ''B. [[Psithyrus]]''). It relies on "pollination by deception", as it attracts insects to [[anther]]-like yellow hairs at the entrance to the pouch and forked nectary-like structures at the end of the pouch but produces no [[nectar]] that would nourish them. Insects quickly learn not to revisit it. Avoiding such recognition may account for some of the small variation in the flower's appearance.<ref name=Boyden/><ref>{{Citation | last = Mosquin | first = T. | year = 1970 | title = The Reproductive Biology of ''Calypso bulbosa'' (Orchidaceae) | journal = Can. Field-Nat. | issue = 84 | pages = 291–296 | postscript = <!--none-->}} Summarized by Coleman and by Boyden</ref>▼
▲[[File:Calypso bulbosa
[[File:Calypso bulbosa clump1.jpg|thumb|left|''Calypso bulbosa'' in Calypso bulbosa var, americana, in bloom, Winsor Trail, [[Santa Fe County, New Mexico]].]]
▲This species' range is [[Arctic Circle|circumpolar]],<ref>C.Michael Hogan, ed. 2010. [http://www.eol.org/pages/1092011 ''Calypso bulbosa''. Encyclopedia of Life.]</ref> and includes California, the Rocky Mountain states and most of the most northerly states of the [[United States]]; most of [[Canada]]; [[Scandinavia]] much of European and Asiatic [[Russia]]; [[China]], Mongolia, Korea and [[Japan]]—see external links for map.<ref name="WCSP">
▲Although the calypso orchid's distribution is wide, it is very susceptible to disturbance, and is therefore classified as threatened or [[endangered]] in several U. S. states and in Sweden and Finland. It does not transplant well<ref name=Coleman/> owing to its [[mycorrhiza]]l dependence on specific soil fungi. The corms have been used as a food source by [[North America]]n [[Native Americans in the United States|native]] peoples. The [[Nlaka'pamux
▲At least near [[Banff, Alberta]], the calypso orchid is [[pollination|pollinated]] by bumble bees (''[[Bombus]] (Pyrobombus)'' and ''B. [[Psithyrus]]''). It relies on "pollination by deception", as it attracts insects to [[anther]]-like yellow hairs at the entrance to the pouch and forked nectary-like structures at the end of the pouch but produces no [[nectar]] that would nourish them. Insects quickly learn not to revisit it. Avoiding such recognition may account for some of the small variation in the flower's appearance.<ref name=Boyden/><ref>{{Citation | last = Mosquin | first = T. | year = 1970 | title = The Reproductive Biology of ''Calypso bulbosa'' (Orchidaceae) | journal = Can. Field-Nat. |
==References==
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==External links==
* {{Commons-inline
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Calypso bulbosa|Calypso Orchid (''Calypso bulbosa'')}}
* [http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/mono/orchida/calyp/calybulv.jpg Map of distribution]
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[[Category:Plants used in Native American cuisine]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine]]
[[Category:Flora without expected TNC conservation status]]
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