Calypso bulbosa: Difference between revisions

| image = Calypso bulbosa, Fairy Slipper5493.jpegJPG

| image_caption= ''Calypso bulbosa'', in Francis King ParkAnacortes, [[VancouverWashington Island(state)]], B.C., Canada

'''''Calypso''''' is a [[genus]] of [[orchid]]s containing one species, '''''Calypso bulbosa''''', known as the '''calypso orchid''', '''fairy slipper''' or '''Venus's slipper'''. It is a [[Perennial plant|perennial]] member of the [[Orchidaceae|orchid family]] found in undisturbed northern and [[montane forest]]s. It has a small pink, purple, pinkish-purple, or red [[flower]] accented with a white lip, darker purple spottings, and yellow beard. The genus ''Calypso'' takes its name from the [[Greek language|Greek]] signifying concealment, as they tend to favor sheltered areas on conifer [[forest floorsfloor]]s. The specific epithet, ''bulbosa'', refers to the [[bulb]]-like [[corm]]s.<ref name = Coleman>{{Citation | last = Coleman | first = Ronald A. | year = 2002 | title = The Wild Orchids of Arizona and New Mexico | publisher = Nature | pages = 21&ndash;26 | isbn = 0-8014-3950-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HVzo0Il8_okC&pg=RA1-PA21 | accessdate = 2009-06-27 | postscript = <!--none-->}}</ref>

''Calypso bulbosa'' is a deciduous, perennial, perennial, herbaceous tuberous geophyte with a round, egg-shaped tuber as a perennial organ. It is encased in dead leaf sheaths and has elongated roots. ''Calypso'' orchids are typically 8 to 20&nbsp;cm in height.<ref name = Coleman/> At the bottom there is only a single leaf, which is stalked up to about 7 &nbsp;cm long. The leaves are whole eliptical lanceolate to egg-shaped blade is up to 6 &nbsp;cm long and up to 5 &nbsp;cm wide.

Plant blooms with a purple-pink hermaphroditic, zygomorphic and threefold flower. The protruding petals and sepals are pink to purple in color, about 10 to 12 millimeters long and about 2 to 4 millimeters wide. The lip (labellum) is white to pink with pink or yellow spots. It has a wide, shoe-shaped cavity in the back and is about 15 to 25 millimeters long. A spur is absent. They do not bloom until May and June usually after snow melt. Each bulb livelives no more than five years.<ref name = Coleman/>

==Taxonomy &and Systematicssystematics==

The chromosomeschromosome count is 2n = 28. Since the orchid seed does not provide any nutrient tissue, germination only takes place when infected by a Mycorrhizalmycorrhizal root fungus.

The generic name ''Calypso'' {{small|[[Richard Anthony Salisbury|Salisb]]}}, which is still valid today., was described in 1806 by the English gardener Richard Anthony Salisbury (1761-1829) in the work "Paradisus Londinensis", which Salisburypublished with the then -director of the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|Royal Botanic Gardens]] in London, [[William Jackson Hooker]] (1785-1865), published. [[Carl von Linné]] originally assigned the ''Calypso bulbosa'' to the genus ''Cypripedium'' in 1753., Butbut ''Calypso'' and ''Cypripedium'' now belong to two different subfamilies.{{citation in the botanical systematics.needed|date=September 2021}}

The Basionymbasionym ''Cypripedium bulbosum'' {{small|L. 1753}} was described by Linné in "Species Plantarum".

|[[File:CalypsobulbosaKamloops…McQueen Lk "O" map…Calypso bulbosa in all it's splendor (8883583432).jpg|120px]]||''Calypso bulbosa ''var''. americana'' <small>(R.Br.) Luer</small> ||most of Canada, western and northern United States

|[[File:Kamloops…McQueen Lk "O" map…Calypso bulbosa in all it's splendor (8883583432)Calypsobulbosa.jpg|120px]]||''Calypso bulbosa ''var''. occidentalis'' <small>(Holz.) Cockerell</small> ||from Alaska and British Columbia south through the Cascades, Rockies, and Sierra Nevada to California

|[[File:Calypso bulbosa, Japan 1.JPG|120px]]||''Calypso bulbosa ''var''. speciosa'' <small>(Schltr.) Makino</small> || Japan, China (Gansu, Jilin, Nei Mongol, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan)<ref>[{{Cite web|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=250092640|title=''Calypso bulbosa'' var. ''speciosa'' in Flora of China - v 25 p 252, 布袋兰 bu dai lan, ''Calypso bulbosa'' var|website=www. ''speciosa'']efloras.org}}</ref>

==Distribution &and Ecologyecology==

This species' range is [[Arctic Circle|circumpolar]],<ref>C.Michael Hogan, ed. 2010. [http://www.eol.org/pages/1092011 ''Calypso bulbosa''. Encyclopedia of Life.]</ref> and includes California, the Rocky Mountain states and most of the most northerly states of the [[United States]]; most of [[Canada]]; [[Scandinavia]] much of European and Asiatic [[Russia]]; [[China]], Mongolia, Korea and [[Japan]]&mdash;see external links for map.<ref name="WCSP">[{{Cite web|url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=32239 |title=Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]}}</ref><ref name=Boyden>{{Citation | last = Boyden | first = Thomas C. | year = 1982 | title = The pollination biology of ''Calypso bulbosa'' var. ''Americana'' (Orchidaceae): Initial deception of bumblebee visitors | journal = Oecologia | volume=55 | issue= 2 | pages = 178–184 | doi=10.1007/bf00384485| pmid = 28311231 | bibcode = 1982Oecol..55..178B | s2cid = 12587703 }}</ref> It is found in subarctic swamps and marshes as well as shady places subarctic coniferous forests.

Although the calypso orchid's distribution is wide, it is very susceptible to disturbance, and is therefore classified as threatened or [[endangered]] in several U. S. states and in Sweden and Finland. It does not transplant well<ref name=Coleman/> owing to its [[mycorrhiza]]l dependence on specific soil fungi. The corms have been used as a food source by [[North America]]n [[Native Americans in the United States|native]] peoples. The [[Nlaka'pamux|Thompson River Indians]] of [[British Columbia]] used it as a treatment for mild [[epilepsy]].<ref>{{Citation |last1=Moerman |first1=Daniel E. |title=Native American ethnobotany |year= 1998 |publisher=[[Timber Press]] |isbn=0-88192-453-9 |page=133 |postscript=<!--none-->}}</ref>

At least near [[Banff, Alberta]], the calypso orchid is [[pollination|pollinated]] by bumble bees (''[[Bombus]] (Pyrobombus)'' and ''B. [[Psithyrus]]''). It relies on "pollination by deception", as it attracts insects to [[anther]]-like yellow hairs at the entrance to the pouch and forked nectary-like structures at the end of the pouch but produces no [[nectar]] that would nourish them. Insects quickly learn not to revisit it. Avoiding such recognition may account for some of the small variation in the flower's appearance.<ref name=Boyden/><ref>{{Citation | last = Mosquin | first = T. | year = 1970 | title = The Reproductive Biology of ''Calypso bulbosa'' (Orchidaceae) | journal = Can. Field-Nat. | issuevolume = 84 | issue = 3 | pages = 291&ndash;296 | doi = 10.5962/p.342973 | s2cid = 267444858 | postscript = <!--none-->| doi-access = free }} Summarized by Coleman and by Boyden</ref>

* {{Commons-inline|Calypso bulbosa|Calypso Orchid (''Calypso bulbosa'')}}