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{{Short description|French historian and curator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox person
[[File:René Grousset.jpg|thumb|right|260px|René Grousset]]
| name = René Grousset
 
| image = René Grousset.jpg
'''René Grousset''' (5 September 1885 – 12 September 1952) was a [[France|French]] [[historian]], curator of both the [[Cernuschi Museum|Cernuschi]] and [[Guimet Museum]]s in Paris, and a member of the prestigious [[Académie française]]. He wrote several major works on [[Asian people|Asiatic]] and [[Oriental]] civilizations, with his two most important works being ''History of the [[Crusades]]'' (1934-1936) and ''The Empire of the Steppes, a History of [[Central Asia]]'' (1939), both of which were considered standard references on the subject.
| birth_date = 5 September 1885
| birth_place = [[Aubais]], [[Gard]]
| death_date = {{death-date and age|12 September 1952|5 September 1885}}
| death_place = [[Paris]], France
| nationality = [[France|French]]
| occupation = [[historian]] and curator
}}
'''René Grousset''' (5 September 1885 – 12 September 1952) was a French [[historian]] who was curator of both the [[Cernuschi Museum]] and the [[Guimet Museum]] in [[Paris]] and a member of the prestigious [[Académie française]]. He wrote several major works on [[Asian people|Asiatic]] and [[Oriental]] civilizations, with his two most important works being ''Histoire des croisades et du royaume franc de Jérusalem'' (1934–1936) and ''[[The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia]]'' (1939), both of which were considered standard references on the subject.
 
==Biography==
Grousset was born in [[Aubais]], [[Gard]], in 1885.<ref>[http://www.academie-francaise.fr/immortels/base/academiciens/fiche.asp?param=587 René Grousset biography on Académie française website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024085554/http://academie-francaise.fr/immortels/base/academiciens/fiche.asp?param=587 |date=24 October 2010 icon}} {{in lang|fr}}</ref> Having graduated from the [[University of Montpellier]] with a degree in history, he soon began his distinguished career soon afterward. He served in the [[French army]]Army during [[World War I]]. In 1925, Grousset was appointed adjunct conservator of the [[Musée Guimet]] in [[Paris]] and secretary of the ''[[Journal asiatique]]''. By 1930 he had published five major works on Asiatic and Oriental [[civilizations]]. In 1933 he was appointed [[Technical director|director]] of the [[Cernuschi Museum]] in Paris and [[curator]] of its Asiatic [[art]] collections. He wrote a major work on the Chinese [[buddhist]] medieval pilgrim [[Xuanzang]], particularly emphasising the importance of his visit to the northern Indian Buddhist university of [[Nalanda]].<ref>Rene Grousset. ''In the Footsteps of the Buddha''. J. A. Underwood (trans) Orion Press. New York. 1971</ref>
 
By 1930, he had published five major works on Asiatic and Oriental [[civilizations]]. In 1933, he was appointed director of the [[Cernuschi Museum]] in Paris and curator of its Asiatic art collections. He wrote a major work on the Chinese Buddhist medieval pilgrim [[Xuanzang]], particularly emphasising the importance of his visit to the northern Indian Buddhist university of [[Nalanda]].<ref>Rene Grousset. ''In the Footsteps of the Buddha''. J. A. Underwood (trans) Orion Press. New York. 1971</ref>
Before the outbreak of [[World War II]], Grousset had published his two most important works, ''[[Histoire des Croisades]] ''(1934-1936) and ''[[L'Empire des Steppes]]'' (1939). Dismissed from his museum posts by the [[Vichy government]], he continued his research privately and published three volumes on [[China]] and the [[Mongols]] during the war. Following the liberation of [[France]], he resumed his curatorship of the Cernuschi Museum and in addition was appointed curator of the [[Guimet Museum]]. In 1946, Grousset was made a member of the [[Académie française]]. Between 1946 and 1949, he published four final works, concentrating on [[Asia Minor]] and the [[Near East]].
 
At the outbreak of [[World War II]], Grousset had published his two most important works, ''Histoire des Croisades ''(1934-1936)<ref>Grousset, R. (193436). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000630923/Home Histoire des croisades et du royaume franc de Jérusalem]. Paris: Plon.</ref> and ''[[The Empire of the Steppes|L'Empire des Steppes]]'' (1939).<ref>Grousset, R. (1967). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006024180/Home L'Épopée des croisades]. [Paris]: le Club français du livre.</ref><ref>Grousset, R. (1970). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000630921/Home The epic of the Crusades]. New York: Orion Press.</ref>
 
Dismissed from his museum posts by the [[Vichy government]], he continued his research privately and published three volumes on [[China]] and the [[Mongols]] during the war. After the [[liberation of France]], he resumed his curatorship of the Cernuschi Museum and was also appointed curator of the [[Guimet Museum]]. In 1946, Grousset was made a member of the [[French Academy]]. Between 1946 and 1949, he published four final works, concentrating on [[Asia Minor]] and the [[Near East]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bibliothèque nationale de France {BnF Data}|title=René Grousset (1885-1952)|url=https://data.bnf.fr/en/11906042/rene_grousset/}}</ref>
 
In 1952, Grousset died at the age of 67 in Paris.
 
== Judgments ==
The British historian [[Christopher Tyerman]] points out that upon publication, Grousset's ''History of the Crusades'' came under criticism, on the one hand for not analyzing the political system of what Grousset considered to be a French state in the Levant and on the other hand for exaggerating or misrepresenting the cultural sympathy between overseas communities. The American historians Frederic Duncalf and John Life La Monte were particularly severe.<ref>Christopher Tyerman, ''The Debate on the Crusades, 1099-2010'', Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 156-157.</ref>
 
In 1981, the German historian [[Hans Eberhard Mayer]] estimated that Grousset's "History of the Crusades" was, among the general works on this subject, "the one in which chauvinism in crusade research raised its ugly head for a last time".<ref>Hans Eberhard Mayer, "America and the Crusades", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol 125, n° 1 (1981), pp 38-45, this passage p. 41. Quoted by the historian William Purkis in a notice on Grousset, [http://www.crusaderstudies.org.uk/resources/historians/profiles/grousset/index.html online].</ref>
 
More recently, Grousset's successors have noted that his outlook was shaped by his ideas about France's colonial role. In 2001, [[:fr:Joël Gourdon]] wrote: "René Grousset produced a work entirely dedicated to France's colonial role. He sees in the colonial adventure the admirable synthesis of the most sacred values for him: Christianity, the fatherland and the State, even republican. He projects this ideal into the Middle Ages and sees in the Crusades the first expression of this 'civilizing mission' which is that of eternal France."<ref>Joël Gourdon, ''Le Cygne et l'éléphant : Renaud de Châtillon, prince d'Antioche, seigneur d'Outre-Jourdain'', ed. Le Manuscrit, 2001, p. 238, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2GRwgsEeEyAC&pg=PA238 online].</ref>
 
In 2007, the French medieval historian [[Pierre Aubé]] expressed himself on Grousset in the following manner: "This historian, who knew how to rely on the best of the greatest orientalists of his time, whose erudition is of a rare solidity when it comes to establishing facts, is very oriented when it comes to interpreting them. His angle of vision is very marked by the colonialist utopia that prevailed in the 1920s and 1930s when he built his ''opus magnum''."<ref>Pierre Aubé, ''Un croisé contre Saladin, Renaud de Châtillon'', Fayard, 2007, p. 82, n. 1.</ref>
 
For [[:fr:Vadime Elisseeff]], who succeeded him as director of the Cernuschi Museum, Grousset is "the last of the great classics, those for whom the “sense of history” was more a matter of psychology of beings than of the material conditions of existence, whose physical and moral impact on the lives of individuals had not yet been emphasized by the sciences. His works are valuable by the intelligence of the views and by facts presented in a clear and easily readable style.<ref>Vadime Elisseeff, art. René Grousset in [[Encyclopædia Universalis]], [https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedia/rene-grousset/ online].</ref>
 
==Works==
{{plainlist}}
:1922 - ''Histoire de l'Asie'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=JS0BAAAAMAAJ&q=L%27empire+des+steppes,+Attila,+Genghis-Khan,+Tamerlan&dq=L%27empire+des+steppes,+Attila,+Genghis-Khan,+Tamerlan&lr=&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_similarbooks_r&cad=3_1&pgis=1], 4 vol., Paris: G. Crès & cie. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4594662 OCLC 4594662]
* 1922 – {{lang|fr|Histoire de l'Asie}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=JS0BAAAAMAAJ&q=L%27empire+des+steppes,+Attila,+Genghis-Khan,+Tamerlan], 4 vol., Paris: G. Crès & cie. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4594662 OCLC 4594662]
:1923 - ''Histoire de la philosophie orientale''
* 1923 – {{lang|fr|Histoire de la philosophie orientale}}
:1924 - ''Le réveil de l'Asie''
* 1924 – {{lang|fr|Le réveil de l'Asie}}
:1926 - ''L'épopée des Croisades''
* 1926 – {{lang|fr|L'épopée des Croisades}}
:1928 - ''La Grèce et l'Orient, des guerres médiques à la conquête romaine''
* 1928 – {{lang|fr|La Grèce et l'Orient, des guerres médiques à la conquête romaine}}
:1929 - ''Histoire de l'Extrême-Orient''
* 1929 – {{lang|fr|Histoire de l'Extrême-Orient}}
:1929 - ''Sur les traces de Bouddha, tableau du VIIe siècle bouddhique''
* 1929 – {{lang|fr|Sur les traces de Bouddha, tableau du VIIe siècle bouddhique}}
:{{en icon}} ''In the Footsteps of the Buddha''. JA Underwood (trans) Orion Press. New York (1971)
* {{in lang|en}} ''In the Footsteps of the Buddha''. JA Underwood (trans) Orion Press. New York (1971)
:1929-1930 - ''Les civilisations de l'Orient'', 4 vol.
* 1929–1930 – {{lang|fr|Les civilisations de l'Orient}}, 4 vol.
:1931 - ''Les philosophies indiennes''
* 1931 – {{lang|fr|Les philosophies indiennes}}
:1934-1936 - ''Histoire des Croisades et du royaume franc de Jérusalem'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=EA9eNQAACAAJ&dq=Histoire+des+croisades+et+du+royaume+franc+de+J%C3%A9rusalem&lr=&client=firefox-a], 3 vol. Paris: Plon. {{OCLC|37267632}}
* 1934–1936 – {{lang|fr|Histoire des Croisades et du royaume franc de Jérusalem}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=EA9eNQAACAAJ&q=Histoire+des+croisades+et+du+royaume+franc+de+J%C3%A9rusalem], 3 vol. Paris: Plon. {{OCLC|37267632}}
:1936 - ''L'art de l'Extrême Orient : paysages, fleurs, animaux''
* 1936 – {{lang|fr|L'art de l'Extrême Orient : paysages, fleurs, animaux}}
:1937 - ''De Venise à Pékin au XIVe siècle : Odoric de Pordenone'' (with H. Demoulin-Bernard)
* 1937 – {{lang|fr|De Venise à Pékin au XIVe siècle : Odoric de Pordenone}} (with H. Demoulin-Bernard)
:1939 - ''Les sculptures des Indes et de la Chine''
* 1939 – {{lang|fr|Les sculptures des Indes et de la Chine}}
:1939 - ''L'empire des steppes : Attila, Gengis-Khan, Tamerlan'' [http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/grousset_rene/empire_des_steppes/grousset_steppes.pdf] Paris: Editions Payot. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/220712631?referer=di&ht=edition OCLC 220712631]
* 1939 – {{lang|fr|L'empire des steppes : Attila, Gengis-Khan, Tamerlan}} [http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/grousset_rene/empire_des_steppes/grousset_steppes.pdf] Paris: Editions Payot. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/220712631?referer=di&ht=edition OCLC 220712631]
:{{en icon}} ''The Empire of the Steppes.'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=CHzGvqRbV_IC&client=firefox-a] (tr., Naomi Walford). New Brunswick: [[Rutgers University Press]]. (1970) ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1; {{OCLC|90972}}.
* {{in lang|en}} ''[[The Empire of the Steppes]]''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CHzGvqRbV_IC] (tr., Naomi Walford). New Brunswick: [[Rutgers University Press]]. (1970) {{ISBN|978-0-8135-1304-1}}; {{OCLC|90972}}.
:1941 - ''L'empire mongol''
* 1941 – {{lang|fr|L'empire mongol}}
:1941 - ''L'Asie orientale, des origines au XVe siècle'' (with J. Auboyer et J. Buhot)
* 1941 – {{lang|fr|L'Asie orientale, des origines au XVe siècle}} (with J. Auboyer et J. Buhot)
:1942 - ''Histoire de Chine''
* 1942 – {{lang|fr|Histoire de Chine}}
:1944 - ''Le conquérant du monde : vie de Gengis-Khan''
* 1944 – {{lang|fr|Le conquérant du monde : vie de Gengis-Khan}}
:1945 - ''L'Europe orientale de 1081 à 1453'' (with C. DIehl, R. Guilland et L. Oeconomos)
* 1945 – {{lang|fr|L'Europe orientale de 1081 à 1453}} (with C. DIehl, R. Guilland et L. Oeconomos)
:1946 - ''L'empire du Levant : histoire de la question d'Orient''
:* 1946 -– {{lang|fr|L''Bilanempire dedu Levant : l'histoire'' de la question d'Orient}}
* 1946 – {{lang|fr|Bilan de l'histoire}}
:1947 - ''Histoire de l'Arménie des origines à 1071'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=CYgNAAAAIAAJ&q=Histoire+des+Histoire+de+l%27Arm%C3%A9nie:+des+origines+%C3%A0+1071&dq=Histoire+des+Histoire+de+l%27Arm%C3%A9nie:+des+origines+%C3%A0+1071&lr=&client=firefox-a&pgis=1] Paris: Payot. {{OCLC|3084562}}
* 1947 – {{lang|fr|Histoire de l'Arménie des origines à 1071}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=CYgNAAAAIAAJ&q=Histoire+des+Histoire+de+l%27Arm%C3%A9nie:+des+origines+%C3%A0+1071] Paris: Payot. {{OCLC|3084562}}
:1948 - ''De la Grèce à la Chine''
* 1948 – {{lang|fr|De la Grèce à la Chine}}
:1949 - ''Figures de proue''
* 1949 – {{lang|fr|Figures de proue}}
:1950 - ''Les premières civilisations'' (collective work)
* 1950 – {{lang|fr|Les premières civilisations}} (collective work)
:1950 - ''De l'Inde au Cambodge et à Java'' (with J. Auboyer)
* 1950 – {{lang|fr|De l'Inde au Cambodge et à Java}} (with J. Auboyer)
:1951 - ''De la Chine au Japon''
* 1951 – {{lang|fr|De la Chine au Japon}}
{{endplainlist}}
 
==See also==
Line 46 ⟶ 72:
 
== References ==
{{reflistReflist}}
 
{{Clear}}
{{Académie française Seat 36}}
{{French sinologists}}
 
{{Authority control}}
 
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME = Grousset, Rene
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = French historian
| DATE OF BIRTH = September 5, 1885
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = September 12, 1952
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Grousset, Rene}}
[[Category:1885 births]]
[[Category:1952 deaths]]
[[Category:People from AubaisGard]]
[[Category:FrenchMembers historiansof the Académie Française]]
[[Category:Members of the Académie française]]
[[Category:Central Asian studies]]
[[Category:Turkologists]]
[[Category:Historians of Central Asia]]
[[Category:Historians of the Crusades]]
[[Category:French sinologists]]
[[Category:French male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century French historians]]
[[Category:20th-century French male writers]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Grousset"