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| website = [https://grailmessage.com/abd-ru-shin/ Abd-ru-shin]}}
'''Oskar Ernst Bernhardt''', also known as '''
<!--Abd-ru-shin means "Son of Light" in the [[Persian language]].<ref>{{cite book|author-first=Massimo|author-last=Introvigne|author-link=Massimo Introvigne|editor-link=Wouter Hanegraaff|editor-last=Hanegraaff|editor-first=Wouter J.|editor-last2=Faivre | editor-first2=Antoine | editor-last3=van den Broek | editor-first3=Roelof | editor-last4=Brach | editor-first4=Jean-Pierre |year=2006|title=Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionarygnosis00hane|url-access=limited|chapter=Grail Traditions in Western Esotericism|place=Leiden / Boston|publisher=Brill|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionarygnosis00hane/page/n466 436]–438, 1183}}</ref>-->▼
==Life, publishing, legacy==▼
Bernhardt was born in [[Bischofswerda]], in the [[Kingdom of Saxony]], part of the [[German Empire]], in 1875. He trained in business, and successfully established himself in Dresden. He traveled and wrote travel books, stories, and plays. He resided in New York and London. He was in London when World War I broke out and in 1915 he was interned by the British Government on the [[Isle of Man]] due to the outbreak of the First World War. He was released in the spring of 1919 and returned to Germany. He likely first began to forumulate his religious ideas during his internment. On Good Friday 1923, Bernhardt proclaimed that Jesus "came down to the Earth in order to transfer his task of the Mediator between God and mankind to the [[Son of man|Son of Man]]." He began to write the religious writings of what ultimately become ''[[In the Light of Truth: The Grail Message]]'' beginning in 1923 and completed it in 1931. From 1924 he used the pen name "Abd-ru-shin" (originally "Abdruschin") of allegedly Persian-Arabic origin, which Bernhardt originally interpreted as meaning “The Son of the Holy Spirit”, but which many later authors have translated as "Son of Light".{{sfn|Vojtisek|2006}} Bernhardt claimed to be the [[Messiah]] or [[Son of man (Christianity)|Son of Man]],<ref name="Wilson1975">Sources for 'Messiah', 'true Christ', 'Son of Man', or 'biblical Immanuel':{{Bulleted list|{{cite book▼
|last1=Wilson |first1=Bryan R.|author-link1=Bryan R. Wilson
|year=1975
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as were borne by the Son of God.
Awaken, oh man! For your spirit is asleep!|Abdruschin|In the Light of Truth. GRAIL MESSAGE. GREAT EDITION 1931}}|{{cite book | last=Janson | first=Marloes | title=Crossing Religious Boundaries: Islam, Christianity and 'Yoruba Religion' in Lagos, Nigeria | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | series=The International African Library | year=2021 | isbn=978-1-108-83891-7 | chapter=6. Beyond Religion. The Grail Movement and Eckankar | chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/crossing-religious-boundaries/beyond-religion/FF5C16A811F1FF57E7A7B6D8DB2AF909 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eVctEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA154 | access-date=2024-07-06 | page=154 | quote=The Grail Movement was founded by the self-proclaimed Messiah Oskar Ernst Bernhardt... | doi=10.1017/9781108979160.007 | lccn=2020055275}}|{{cite book | last=King | first=Jamie | title=Cults: Coercion and Control: The World's Most Notorious Cults (And the People Who Escaped Them) | publisher=Summersdale | year=2024 | isbn=978-1-83799-281-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QzaEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT122 | access-date=2024-07-06 | page=unpaginated | quote=Newspapers described how Bernhardt now called himself the Messiah of the Tyrol, and the Prophet of Vomperberg.}}}}</ref>
▲<!--Abd-ru-shin means "Son of Light" in the [[Persian language]].<ref>{{cite book|author-first=Massimo|author-last=Introvigne|author-link=Massimo Introvigne|editor-link=Wouter Hanegraaff|editor-last=Hanegraaff|editor-first=Wouter J.|editor-last2=Faivre | editor-first2=Antoine | editor-last3=van den Broek | editor-first3=Roelof | editor-last4=Brach | editor-first4=Jean-Pierre |year=2006|title=Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionarygnosis00hane|url-access=limited|chapter=Grail Traditions in Western Esotericism|place=Leiden / Boston|publisher=Brill|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionarygnosis00hane/page/n466 436]–438, 1183}}</ref>-->
▲==Life, publishing, legacy==
▲Bernhardt was born in [[Bischofswerda]], in the [[Kingdom of Saxony]], part of the [[German Empire]], in 1875. He trained in business, and successfully established himself in Dresden. He traveled and wrote travel books, stories, and plays. He resided in New York and London. He was in London when World War I broke out and in 1915 he was interned by the British Government on the [[Isle of Man]] due to the outbreak of the First World War. He was released in the spring of 1919 and returned to Germany. He likely first began to forumulate his religious ideas during his internment. On Good Friday 1923, Bernhardt proclaimed that Jesus "came down to the Earth in order to transfer his task of the Mediator between God and mankind to the [[Son of man|Son of Man]]." He began to write the religious writings of what ultimately become ''[[In the Light of Truth: The Grail Message]]'' beginning in 1923 and completed it in 1931. From 1924 he used the pen name "Abd-ru-shin" (originally "Abdruschin") of allegedly Persian-Arabic origin, which Bernhardt originally interpreted as meaning “The Son of the Holy Spirit”, but which many later authors have translated as "Son of Light".{{sfn|Vojtisek|2006}}
In 1928, he settled in an estate at Vomperberg, [[state of Tyrol|Tyrol]]. By the end of the 1920s Bernhardt had managed to attract a following of several thousand people, primarily Germans, Austrians, Swiss and Czechs. At Vomperberg, Berhardt developed a settlement for his followers.{{sfn|Vojtisek|2006}} In 1936, Abd-ru-shin was arrested "because of infractions of currency laws".{{sfn|Vojtisek|2006}} The [[Nazi Party|Nazis]] arrested Abd-ru-shin in 1936 on the grounds of illegal foreign exchange from Germany to Austria. It turns out that
He was described in newspapers as the Messiah of the Tyrol and the Prophet of Vomperberg.{{sfn|King|2024}} He admitted in the Grail Message that the "leading newspapers" did describe him so.<ref name="Abd-ru-shin1995">{{cite book |author=Abd-ru-shin |title=In the Light of Truth: The Grail Message |date=1 June 1995 |publisher=Grail Foundation Press |isbn=978-1-57461-006-2 |volume=III |page=754 |chapter=Chapter 7: The Distorted Tool |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2NfdoX_rYk0C&pg=PA754}}</ref> Certain strands of the Grail Movement consider Abd-ru-shin's wife Maria and her daughter divine as well.{{sfn|Vojtisek|2006}}{{sfn|Calvache|Junior|2021}}
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