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{{Short description|American custody case}}
{{for -multi|the pseudonym of an Australian girl|Baby M (Australia)|the Japanese pop singer|Baby M (singer)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2022}}
'''Baby M''' (born March 27, 1986) was the [[pseudonym]] used in the case ''In re Baby M'', 537 A.2d 1227, 109 N.J. 396 (N.J. 1988) for the infant whose legal parentage was in question.
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==Origins==
''In re Baby M'' was a [[child custody|custody]] case that became the first American court ruling on the validity of [[surrogacy]]. William Stern entered into a surrogacy agreement with Mary Beth Whitehead, arranged by the Infertility Center of New York ("ICNY"), opened in 1981 by a Michigan attorney, Noel Keane.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sanger|first=Carol|date=2007|title=Developing Markets in Baby-Making: In the Matter of Baby M|url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2112&context=faculty_scholarship|journal=Harv. J. L. & Gender|volume=30|pages=37–97}}</ref> According to the agreement, Mary Beth Whitehead would be inseminated with William Stern's sperm (making her a [[Surrogacy#Traditional surrogacy|traditional]], as opposed to [[Surrogacy#Gestational surrogacy|gestational]], surrogate), bring the pregnancy to term, and relinquish her parental rights in favor of William's wife, Elizabeth. Mary Beth initially relinquished the child to the Sterns per the contract, but returned the next day, threatening to kill herself if she could not see the infant. The Sterns, not wanting to risk Mary Beth's life, agreed to let her see the baby for an additional day or two. Instead of returning to the Sterns, Mary Beth and her husband Richard kidnapped Baby M for 87 days.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Baby M: Unusual Beginnings Will Follow Her Throughout Life With AM-Surrogate Mother Bjt|url=https://apnews.com/article/1c805222ac20ac320975f3db47d76cb8|access-date=2022-01-25|website=AP NEWS|language=en}}</ref> The Sterns turned to the courts, who issued an ''ex parte'' order for the child to be returned to New Jersey, where the matter would be discussed in court, and temporary custody was awarded to the Sterns.<ref>{{Cite web|title=First Surrogacy Case - In re Baby M, 537 A.2d 1227, 109 N.J. 396 (N.J. 02/03/1988)|url=https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/cases/cloning/baby_m.htm|access-date=2022-01-25|website=biotech.law.lsu.edu}}</ref>
 
==Aftermath==
Judge Harvey Sorkow of the New Jersey Superior Court, Chancery Division, Family Part, awarded permanent custody of Baby M to the father. Judge Sorkow enforced the contract signed by both parties before the child was conceived and terminated the parental rights of the birth mother. He based the custody decision on the best interests of the child, taking into account testimony on the stability of Whitehead and Stern and their respective family situations, and also found that the surrogate parenting agreement was valid and enforceable.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=New Jersey. Superior Court, Chancery Division, Family Part, Bergen County|date=1987-03-31|title=In re Baby M|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11648146/|journal=Atlantic Reporter|volume=525|pages=1128–1176|issn=8750-2631|pmid=11648146}}</ref>
 
Whitehead appealed the decision to the New Jersey Supreme Court. It upheld the awarding of custody to Mr. Stern as in the child's best interest, but held the contract to be unenforceable and restored Whitehead's parental rights, leaving the terms of her visitation rights as noncustodial parent to be established by the trial court.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=New Jersey. Supreme Court|date=1988-02-03|title=In re Baby M|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11648559/|journal=Atlantic Reporter|volume=537|pages=1227–1273|issn=8750-2631|pmid=11648559}}</ref>
 
==Background details==
In March 1984, Mary Beth Whitehead responded to an ad placed by the Infertility Center of New York in the ''[[Asbury Park Press]]'' seeking women willing to help infertile couples have children. She was a high school drop-out who had married Richard Whitehead, a truck driver with whom she had two children, Ryan and Tuesday. At roughly the time of her pregnancy with Baby M, Richard was in an accident. He failed to notice that a trailer carrying a full-sized bulldozer had detached from the large dump truck he was driving, as he passed through South Jersey's largest traffic circle.<ref>Mary Beth Whitehead, ''A Mother’s Story'' (with Lotetta Schwartz-Noel)</ref><ref name="New Jersey Monthly">{{cite web|year=2007|title=Now It's Melissa's Time|url=http://www.njmonthly.com/issues/2007/03-Mar/babym.htm|work=[[New Jersey Monthly]]|quote=Twenty years ago, Melissa was known as Baby M. She was the subject of an infamous custody battle between the Sterns and Mary Beth Gould (then Mary Beth Whitehead, of Bricktown). Whitehead had responded to an ad in the Asbury Park Press seeking women willing to help infertile couples have children. The Infertility Center of New York, which had placed the ad, matched her with William and Elizabeth Stern of Tenafly. Whitehead signed a surrogacy contract, agreeing to be inseminated with William Stern’s sperm, carry the baby, and then give it up.|accessdateaccess-date=March 6, 2007|archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526004403/http://www.njmonthly.com/issues/2007/03-Mar/babym.htm|archivedatearchive-date=May 26, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1999-03-21|title=SHE'S COME A LONG WAY, BABY M!: GIFTED CHILD BORN AMID A TWO-FAMILY UPROAR THRIVES|url=https://nypost.com/1999/03/21/shes-come-a-long-way-baby-m-gifted-child-born-amid-a-two-family-uproar-thrives/|access-date=2023-01-13|language=en-US}}</ref>
 
Elizabeth Stern was not infertile, but had [[multiple sclerosis]] and she and her husband William Stern were worried about the potential health implications of pregnancy, including temporary paralysis.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Steinbock |first=Bonnie |author-link=Bonnie Steinbock |date=Spring–Summer 1988 |title=Surrogate Motherhood as Prenatal Adoption |journal=Law, Medicine & Health Care |volume=16 |issue=1–2 | pages=44–50 |pmid=3205040 |doi=10.1111/j.1748-720X.1988.tb01049.x|s2cid=38689494 }}</ref> While in vitro fertilization of harvested eggs, followed by implantation of a blastula/embryo, was an available technology, Elizabeth Stern feared the then-totally-unknown genetic risk factors, the choice repeatedly subject of the Court's questions to Stern and his counsel. In court, Bill Stern testified that having a child who was related to him by blood was of particular importance because he is the last survivor of a family wiped out by [[the Holocaust]] in Nazi Germany.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mehren|first=Elizabeth|date=1987-02-12|title=New Jersey's Baby M Trial--The View From the Bleachers|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-02-12-vw-2738-story.html|access-date=2022-01-25|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref>
 
The Sterns and Mary Beth Whitehead entered into a "surrogacy contract", according to which Whitehead would be artificially inseminated with Stern's sperm, and relinquish her parental rights in favor of the Sterns, in return for $10,000, and possibly expenses.
 
On March 27, 1986, Whitehead gave birth to a daughter. She managed, initially, to get a birth certificate, naming the infant Sara Elizabeth Whitehead.<ref>photo, first page of plates following p92 of Whitehead‘s book,1st ed HC St Martin’s Press 1st ed, 1st printing released Mar. 14, 1989.</ref> Three days after the birth, the infant was handed to the Sterns, who namedrenamed her Melissa Elizabeth Stern. The very next day, Whitehead went back to the Sterns and demanded that the baby be given back to her. She told them that she could not live without her baby, that she must have her, even if only for one week, that thereafter she would surrender her child. The Sterns, concerned that Mrs. Whitehead might indeed kill herself, not wanting under any circumstances to risk that, and in any event believing that Mrs. Whitehead would keep her word, turned the child over to her.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Matter of Baby M, 109 N.J. 396 {{!}} Casetext Search + Citator|url=https://casetext.com/case/matter-of-baby-m-2|access-date=2022-01-25|website=casetext.com}}</ref>
 
The Whiteheads claimed that Mary Beth was suffering a debilitating post-partum bladder infection at the time, but in fact they kidnapped Baby M and fled from New Jersey for Florida. The Sterns’ counsel applied for, and the county prosecutor issued, warrants for their arrest.
 
WhilstWhile on the run, Whitehead made contact with the Sterns via telephone. William Stern, on the advice of counsel, recorded these conversations. Tapes were later introduced as evidence during court proceedings. In one 45-minute -long conversation, Mrs Whitehead threatens to kill Baby M multiple times: "I gave her life. I can take her life away," and "Forget it, Bill. I’ll tell you right now, I’d rather see me and her dead before you get her."<ref>{{Cite web|last=UNITED PRESS INTERNATIONAL|date=1987-02-04|title=Death Threat by Baby M's Mother Taped : Raised Idea of Killing Herself, Child in Phone Call to Father|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-02-04-mn-573-story.html|access-date=2022-01-25|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref>
 
==Trial and appeal==
==Trials==
On March 31, 1987, [[New Jersey Superior Court]] Judge Harvey R. Sorkow formally validated the surrogacy contract and awarded custody of Melissa to the Sterns under a "[[best interests|best interest of the child analysis]]". Judge Sorkow enforced the contract (signed by both parties before the child was conceived) and terminated the parental rights of the birth mother. He based the custody decision on the best interests of the child, taking into account testimony on the stability of Whitehead and Stern and their respective family situations, and also found that the surrogate parenting agreement was valid and enforceable.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=New Jersey. Superior Court, Chancery Division, Family Part, Bergen County|date=1987-03-31|title=In re Baby M|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11648146/|journal=Atlantic Reporter|volume=525|pages=1128–1176|issn=8750-2631|pmid=11648146}}</ref> Whitehead's parental rights were terminated and Elizabeth Stern was taken into chambers immediately after the ruling was read to formaliseformalize the adoption.<ref>{{Cite news|lastagency=Associated Press|date=April 14, 1987|title=Baby M's Mom Says They Had 'Great' Reunion|work=Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-04-14-mn-328-story.html|access-date=January 25, 2022}}</ref>
 
Whitehead appealed the rulingdecision. TheWhile on appeal, the Supreme Court of New Jersey continued the visitation schedule as it was during the initial trial while they considered their ruling. Whitehead took several actions either to claim the child, or incite the Sterns, including returning her wearing a hand-lettered shirt saying "I have a brother and sister."<ref>{{cite news|first=Iver |last=Peterson |title=Baby M's Future |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/05/weekinreview/baby-m-s-future.html |quote=Last week, in a decision that created law in the legislative vacuum surrounding surrogate motherhood, Judge Harvey R. Sorkow of New Jersey Superior Court awarded custody of one-year-old Baby M to William Stern, the child's natural father, and his wife, Elizabeth. He stripped Mary Beth Whitehead, the surrogate mother, of all parental rights, and ruled that the contract she had signed with the Sterns - and reneged on - was legal. |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 5, 1987 |accessdateaccess-date=March 18, 2019}}</ref>
 
On February 3, 1988, the [[Supreme Court of New Jersey]], led by [[Chief Justice]] [[Robert Wilentz]], invalidated surrogacy contracts as against public policy but ''[[dictum|in dicta]]'' affirmed the trial court's use of a "best interest of the child" analysis and remanded the case to [[family court]]. OnThe remand,Court held the lower court awarded custodycontract to thebe Sternsunenforceable and restored Whitehead was given visitation rights.<ref>{{cite news|title=Justice for All in the Baby M Case |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/04/opinion/justice-for-all-in-the-baby-m-case.html |quote=At a stroke, New Jersey's Supremeparental Court brought clarity and justice to the Baby M caserights, which so tormentedleaving the nationterms lastof spring:her Mary Beth Whitehead-Gould retains hervisitation rights as anoncustodial parent. Williamto Sternbe andestablished his wife retainby the righttrial to raise his childcourt.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=New Jersey acquires a convincing judgment that a 'surrogate parent' contract for money amounts to an illegal bill of sale for a baby. |work=The New York TimesSupreme Court|date=February 4, 1988 |accessdate=March 18, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Family Law">{{cite web |year=2007 -02-03|title=In the Case ofre Baby M|work=Kylewood.com |url=httphttps://wwwpubmed.ncbi.nlm.kylewoodnih.comgov/familylaw11648559/babym.htm |access-datejournal=March 18, 2019Atlantic Reporter|archiveurlvolume=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411171137/http://www.kylewood.com/familylaw/babym.htm 537|archivedatepages=11 April 2008 1227–1273| urlissn=8750-status2631|pmid=live11648559}}</ref>
 
On remand, the lower court awarded custody to the Sterns and Whitehead was given visitation rights.<ref>{{cite news|title=Justice for All in the Baby M Case |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/04/opinion/justice-for-all-in-the-baby-m-case.html |work=The New York Times |date=February 4, 1988 |access-date=March 18, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Family Law">{{cite web |year=2007 |title=In the Case of Baby M|work=Kylewood.com |url=http://www.kylewood.com/familylaw/babym.htm |access-date=March 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411171137/http://www.kylewood.com/familylaw/babym.htm |archive-date=11 April 2008 | url-status=live}}</ref>
 
==Legal significance==
The case attracted much attention as it demonstrated that the possibilities of [[third party reproduction]] raise novel legal and social questions about the meaning of parenthood and the possibility of contracting around issues of pregnancy and childbirth. Among other points of contention, feminists argued about whether a woman's basic human right to make decisions about her own body implied the ability to contract away parental rights to a child born to her, or whether recognizing such a right would entail too great risks of exploitation.<ref>Levine, Judith, "Whose Baby is It? Surrogate Motherhood on Trial," Village Voice, Nov. 25, 1986; Levine, Judith, "Motherhood is Powerless," Village Voice, Apr. 14, 1987;{{Cite web|last=Mehren|first=Elizabeth|date=1987-07-31|title=Feminists Fight Court Ruling in Baby M Decision : Steinem, Friedan, Chesler, French Among Supporters|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-07-31-vw-147-story.html|access-date=2023-01-13|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}; </ref>
 
The New Jersey court's finding that no contract can alter the legal position of a woman who bears a child as that child's mother seemed to settle the question of the status of surrogacy contracts in America, at least until technological advances permitting gestational surrogacy—in which a woman can bear and give birth to a child to whom she has no genetic relation—reopened the question in many jurisdictions.
 
At least in New Jersey, however, the Baby M. ruling continues as precedent. In 2009, New Jersey Superior Court ruled that ''In re Baby M'' applies to gestational surrogacy as well as traditional surrogacy cases, in ''[[A.G.R. v. D.R.H & S.H.]]''. The intended parents were a homosexual male couple. They created an [[embryo]] using an anonymous donor ovum and the sperm of one of the husbands. The sister of the other husband carried the embryo to term and originally delivered the child to her brother and his husband, but a year later asserted her own parental rights even though she was not geneticallya genetic relatedparent to the child. Judge Francis Schultz relied on ''In re Baby M'' to recognize the gestational mother as the child's legal mother. However, a later ruling in 2011 awarded full custody to the biological father.<ref>{{Cite web|last=NJ.comnews|first=Ted |last=Sherman &#124; NJ Advance Media for|date=2011-12-20 |title=N.J. gay couple fight for custody of twin 5-year-old girls |url=https://www.nj.com/news/2011/12/nj_gay_couple_fight_for_custod.html |access-date=2023-01-13 |websitework=nj[[The Star-Ledger]] |language=en}}</ref>
 
==Aftermath==
The Whiteheads divorced and Mary Beth married Dean Gould. The couple had two children, Austin and Morgan.<ref name="New Jersey Monthly" />
 
Mary Beth and her ex-husband Richard sued ICNY and its founder, Noel Keane, claiming they committed fraud in the Baby M contract. The suit questioned whether Mrs. Whitehead Gould was properly counseled before becoming a surrogate mother. The parties settled out of court and the agreement, signed by Judge Pierre N. Leval of the Federal District Court, dismissed the case without costs or lawyers' fees but does not reveal terms of the settlement. It has been reported Keene and ICNY agreed to pay the couple $30,000 to $40,000.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Associated Press|date=1988-03-02|title=Judge Accepts Settlement in a Baby M Suit|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/02/nyregion/judge-accepts-settlement-in-a-baby-m-suit.html|access-date=2022-01-25|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
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The Sterns continued to shun media attention. After reaching the age of maturity in March 2004, Melissa Stern legally terminated Mary Beth's parental rights and formalized Elizabeth's maternity through adoption proceedings. "I love my family very much and am very happy to be with them," Melissa told a reporter for the ''[[New Jersey Monthly]]'' in 2007, referring to the Sterns. "I'm very happy I ended up with them. I love them, they're my best friends in the whole world, and that's all I have to say about it."<ref name="New Jersey Monthly" />
 
Melissa is a graduate of [[George Washington University]] with a degree in religion.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Cahalan|first=Susannah|date=April 13, 2008|title=TUG O' LOVE BABY M ALL GROWN UP|work=New York Post|url=https://nypost.com/2008/04/13/tug-o-love-baby-m-all-grown-up/|access-date=January 25, 2022}}</ref> She completed her master's degree at [[King's College London]], authoring a dissertation entitled 'Reviving Solomon: Modern Day Questions Regarding the Long-term Implications for the Children of Surrogacy Arrangements'.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stern|first=Melissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HpNZMwEACAAJ|title=Reviving Solomon: Modern Day Questions Regarding the Long-term Implications for the Children of Surrogacy Arrangements|date=2010|publisher=University of London, King's College London|language=en}}</ref>
 
Melissa married Jake Clements in 2011.<ref>[https://registry.theknot.com/melissa-stern-jake-clements-october-2011-nj/678855 Melissa Stern & Jake Clements]</ref> The couple currently reside in London and have a daughter named Henrietta, born in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Clements - Births Announcements - Telegraph Announcements|url=https://announcements.telegraph.co.uk/births/223258/clements|access-date=2022-01-24|website=announcements.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref>
 
==In popular culture==
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In 1989, Mary Beth Whitehead published her own book about her experiences, ''A Mother's Story: The Truth About the Baby M Case''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Whitehead|first=Mary Beth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuErAAAACAAJ&q=a+mothers+story+baby+m|title=A Mother's Story: The Truth about the Baby M Case|date=1990|publisher=Arrow|isbn=978-0-09-970430-0|language=en}}</ref>
 
In 1988, artist [[Martha Rosler]] made the video "Born to be Sold: Martha Rosler Reads the Strange Case of Baby M".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vdb.org/titles/born-be-sold-martha-rosler-reads-strange-case-baby-m|title=Born to be Sold: Martha Rosler Reads the Strange Case of Baby M - Video Data Bank|accessdateaccess-date=14 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055036/http://www.vdb.org/titles/born-be-sold-martha-rosler-reads-strange-case-baby-m|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
Mary Beth Whitehead is referenced in the ''[[Seinfeld]]'' episode "[[The Bottle Deposit]]", when Jerry's mechanic (played by [[Brad Garrett]]) steals Jerry's car after he feels that Jerry is not caring for it properly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seinfeldscripts.com/TheBottleDeposit2.html/ |title=''The Bottle Deposit'' |date=2 May 2006 |work=Seinfeld Scripts |accessdateaccess-date=12 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915032642/http://www.seinfeldscripts.com/TheBottleDeposit2.html |archivedatearchive-date=15 September 2015 }}</ref>
 
The case is mentioned in the 2018 film ''[[Private Life (2018 film)|Private Life]]''.
 
==See also==
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==Further reading==
* Chesler, Phyllis. ''Sacred bond: The legacy of Baby M.'' (Vintage, 1989)
* McDonald, Christie. "Changing the Facts of Life: The Case of Baby M." ''[SubStance'' (1991): 31–48. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3684881 in JSTOR]
* Levine, Judith. "Whose Baby is It? Surrogate Motherhood on Trial," Village Voice, Nov. 25, 1986; "Motherhood is Powerless," Village Voice, Apr. 14, 1987.
* Sanger, Carol. "Developing markets in baby-making: in the matter of baby M." ''Harvard. Journal of Law & Gender'' 30 (2007): 67+ [http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/jlg/vol301/sanger.pdf online]
* Whitehead, Mary Beth, and Loretta Schwartz-Nobel. ''A mother's story: the truth about the Baby M Case'' (St. Martin's Press, 1989), Memoir by the mother
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==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130113185500/http://www.gale.cengage.com/free_resources/whm/trials/babym.htm Summary of the Baby M case]
*{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0094696/|title=''Baby M'' (1988) (TV)|date=22 May 1988|work=IMDb|accessdateaccess-date=14 September 2014}}
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[[Category:Pseudonymous children|M]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Donor conceived people]]
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