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{{Short description|Earthquake in Turkey}}
{{Infobox earthquake
| name = 1971 Bingöl earthquake
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| local-time = 18:44:02
| duration =
| magnitude = {{M|w|6.
| depth = {{convert|3-10|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="usgs"/><ref name=ISC-GEM/>
| location = {{coord|38.93|40.65|region:TR_type:event|display=inline,title}}
| fault = [[East Anatolian Fault]]
| type = Left Lateral [[Fault (geology)#Strike-slip faults|Strike-slip]]{{sfn|Ambraseys|1988|p=61}}
| affected = [[Bingöl]], [[Turkey]]
| damages = $US 5
| intensity =
| pga = <!-- NN''[[Peak ground acceleration|g]]'' -->
| tsunami =
| landslide =
| foreshocks = Yes{{sfn|Ambraseys|1988|p=60}}
| aftershocks = Yes{{sfn|Ambraseys|1988|p=61}}
| casualties = 755–1,000 killed, 1,200-1500 injured
}}
The '''1971 Bingöl earthquake''' was a {{M|w|6.6–6.7|link=y}} earthquake that occurred at {{tooltip|18:44:02 local time|16:44:02 UTC}} on 22 May. It had a
==Tectonic
[[File:Anatolian Plate Vectoral.svg|lang=en|thumb|Map of the [[Anatolian Plate]], featuring the [[East Anatolian Fault]].]]
Most of Turkey lies on the [[Anatolian Plate]]. Movement of the plate is accommodated through four main faults: the Aegean extensional system (AES), the [[Cyprus Arc]], the [[North Anatolian Fault]] (NAF), the [[East Anatolian Fault]] (EAF). The AES accommodates [[Extensional tectonics|extensional forces]] between the Anatolian and [[Aegean Sea Plate]]s, and the Cyprus Arc accommodates convergence in the south between the [[African Plate]] and the Anatolian Plate.{{sfn|Taymaz|Yilmaz|Dilek|2007|p=6}} In the north, the NAF accommodates the faulting between the [[Eurasian Plate]] and the Anatolian plate and has produced prolific earthquakes such as the [[1939 Erzincan earthquake]].{{sfn|Gürsoy|Tatar|Akpınar|Polat|2013|p=259}} In the east, the [[Arabian Plate]] and the [[Eurasian Plate]] grind past each other, forming the EAF, the fault responsible for this earthquake. The EAF is a left-lateral strike slip fault which extends for {{cvt|700|km|abbr=on}} and slips at a decreasing rate from east to west of {{cvt|1-10|mm|abbr=on}} per year.{{sfn|Güvercin|Karabulut|Konca|Doğan|2022|p=1}}
The earthquake struck near the city of [[Bingöl]], [[Turkey]] at 18:44:02 local time. It was assigned a maximum [[Modified Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of IX.<ref name="usgs"/>{{sfn|Utkucu|Pinar|Alptekin|2003}}{{sfn|Ambraseys|1988|p=60}} Various seismic observatories reported different focal depths but it is agreed to be very shallow. The estimates are between {{convert|3|km|abbr=on}} and {{convert|10|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name="NGDC"/><ref name="usgs"/> The focal mechanism showed left lateral strike-slip faulting, consistent with faulting along the East Anatolian Fault.{{sfn|Ambraseys|1988|p=61}} Small foreshocks were strongly felt locally, and two magnitude 5.1 aftershocks were felt on the day of the mainshock.{{sfn|Ambraseys|1988|p=60}}<ref name="usgs"/> Aftershocks continued to be felt for a couple months after the mainshock.{{sfn|Ambraseys|1988|p=61}} The mainshock ruptured along a {{cvt|35|km|abbr=on}} × {{cvt|12|km|abbr=on}} area of the East Anatolian Fault. A second rupture area measuring {{cvt|20|km|abbr=on}} × {{cvt|12|km|abbr=on}} was detected to the northeast. The two rupture areas produced maximum slips of {{cvt|60|cm}} and {{cvt|40|cm}}, respectively.{{sfn|Utkucu|Pinar|Alptekin|2003}} Minimal vertical displacement of {{cvt|5-10|cm|abbr=on}} was also found in parts of the southwestern portion of the rupture.{{sfn|Ambraseys|1988|p=61}} Surface faulting was visible from [[Ormanardı, Bingöl|Ormanardı]] in the southwest to [[Çobantaşı, Bingöl|Çobantaşı]] in the northeast over a distance of {{cvt|38|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Ambraseys|1988|p=60-61}}
==Impact==
The earthquake killed at least 755 people and injured another 1,200–1500.<ref name="PAGER-CAT"/>{{sfn|Ellul|D'Ayala|Calayir|2004}} [[Rubble masonry]] and [[reinforced concrete]] houses alike were severely damaged in the Bingöl plain.{{sfn|Ambraseys|1988|p=61}} In Bingöl, 90 percent of buildings were destroyed, including the prison and hospital.<ref name="NYTimes"/> Bridges crossing the Göynük and [[Murat River|Murat]] rivers were closed to traffic due to damage caused by surficial effects of the earthquake.{{sfn|Ambraseys|1988|p=60}} The total cost of damage was estimated at US$5 million.<ref name="NGDC"/> [[Sand boil]]s formed at some ground cracks, and [[landslides]] and [[rockfall]]s were also observed.{{sfn|Aydan|Ulusay|Miyajima|2003|p=22}} At least two people were killed in [[Palu, Elazığ|Palu]], a town some {{cvt|32.4|km}} west of Bingöl.<ref>{{cite news |title=600 Killed by Quake In Eastern Turkey |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/05/23/archives/600-killed-by-quake-in-eastern-turkey-quake-kills-600-in-east.html |access-date=8 July 2024 |work=The New York Times |date=23 May 1971}}</ref> About half of the 800 reported deaths came from villages outside Bingöl.<ref name="NYTimes" />
In response to the disaster, officials deployed a field hospital and 10 medical personnel from Elazig. In Erzurum, 1,500 tents were sent to the affected area. On 23 May, the governor of Elazig said the Eighth Army Corps mobilised doctors and a convoy to Bingöl. Officials brought mobile kitchens, tents, food and water. The [[Turkish Red Crescent]] said it received offer for assistance from the League of Red Cross Societies and Iran to which they said was not needed. Prime minister [[Nihat Erim]], who visited Bingöl with the health, construction and interior ministers, said most people in the area lived in sun-dried brick homes, incapable of withstanding earthquakes.<ref name="NYTimes" />
==See also==
* [[List of earthquakes in 1971]]
* [[List of earthquakes in Turkey]]
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{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=ISC-GEM>{{citation|title=ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2013)|url=http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php|author=ISC|year=2017|publisher=[[International Seismological Centre]]|series=Version 4.0}}</ref>
<ref name=NGDC>{{citation|title=Significant Earthquake Database|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/
<ref name="NYTimes">{{cite news |title=Earthquake Toll Now 800 In Ravaged Turkish Area |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/05/24/archives/earthquake-toll-now-800-in-ravaged-turkish-area-casualty-figures.html |work=The New York Times |date=24 May 1971 |access-date=24 July 2022}}</ref>
<ref name=PAGER-CAT>{{citation|title=PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/static/lfs/data/pager/catalogs/|author=USGS|date=September 4, 2009|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|series=Version 2008_06.1 }}</ref>
<ref name=usgs>{{cite web|title=M 6.6 -|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem784837/executive|author=USGS|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]}}</ref>
}}
==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ambraseys |first1=Nicholas Neocles |title=Engineering seismology: Part II |journal=Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics |date=December 1988 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=51–105 |doi=10.1002/eqe.4290170102 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eqe.4290170102 |access-date=7 July 2024}}
* {{cite report |last1=Aydan |first1=Ö |last2=Ulusay |first2=R. |last3=Miyajima |first3=M. |title=THE BİNGÖL EARTHQUAKE OF MAY 1, 2003 |publisher=Japan Society of Civil Engineers |date=July 2003 |pages=1–94 |url=https://www.jsce.or.jp/library/eq_repo/Vol2/02/report/report200307.pdf |access-date=8 July 2024}}
* {{cite conference |url=https://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/13_888.pdf |title=THE 1ST OF MAY 2003, BINGOL, TURKEY, EARTHQUAKE, A STUDY OF THE PERFORMANCE OF THE BUILDING STOCK |last1=Ellul |first1=Frederick |last2=D'Ayala |first2=Dina |last3=Calayir |first3=Yusuf |date=1 August 2004 |location=Vancouver, B.C., Canada |conference=13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering |access-date=8 July 2024}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gürsoy |first1=Halil |last2=Tatar |first2=Orhan |last3=Akpınar |first3=Zafer |last4=Polat |first4=Ali |last5=Mesci |first5=Levent |last6=Tunçer |first6=Doğan |title=New observations on the 1939 Erzincan Earthquake surface rupture on the Kelkit Valley segment of the North Anatolian Fault Zone, Turkey |journal=Journal of Geodynamics |date=April 2013 |volume=65 |pages=259–271 |doi=10.1016/j.jog.2012.06.002 |bibcode=2013JGeo...65..259G |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264370712000981 |access-date=8 July 2024}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Güvercin |first1=Sezim Ezgi |last2=Karabulut |first2=Hayrullah |last3=Konca |first3=A Özgün |last4=Doğan |first4=Uğur |last5=Ergintav |first5=Semih |title=Active seismotectonics of the East Anatolian Fault |journal=Geophysical Journal International |date=July 2022 |volume=230 |issue=1 |pages=50–69 |doi=10.1093/gji/ggac045 |doi-access=free |url=https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/230/1/50/6522179 |access-date=8 July 2024}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Taymaz |first1=T. |last2=Yilmaz |first2=Y. |last3=Dilek |first3=Y. |title=The geodynamics of the Aegean and Anatolia: introduction |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |date=2007 |volume=291 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1144/SP291.1 |url=https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/full/10.1144/SP291.1 |access-date=8 July 2024}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Utkucu |first1=Murat |last2=Pinar |first2=Ali |last3=Alptekin |first3=Ömer |year=2003 |title=Investigation of rupture history of the May 22, 1971, Bingöl earthquake obtained from the finite-fault inversion of the teleseismic P waveforms |journal=Bull. Earth Sci. Appl. Res. Centre of Hacettepe University |volume=28 |pages=65–79}}
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
*Seymen, İ. & Aydın, A. (1972). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220726232411/https://dergi.mta.gov.tr/dosyalar/images/mtadergi/makaleler/eng/20151007101937_716_2277e67f.pdf The Bingöl earthquake fault and its relation to the North Anatolian Fault Zone]. ''Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration'', 79 (79), 1–12.
==External links==
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[[Category:1971 in Turkey]]
[[Category:History of Bingöl Province]]
[[Category:May 1971 events in
[[Category:1971 disasters in Turkey]]
▲{{Earthquake-stub}}
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