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{{Short description|Result from excessive strenuous exercise}}
'''Overtraining''' occurs when a person exceeds their body's ability to recover from strenuous [[exercise]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stretchcoach.com/articles/overtraining/|title=Overtraining - Learn how to identify Overtraining Syndrome|last=Walker|first=Brad|website=stretchcoach.com|date=17 March 2002|access-date=2016-05-17}}</ref> Overtraining can be described as a point where a person may have a decrease in performance and plateauing as a result of failure to consistently perform at a certain level or training load; a load which exceeds their recovery capacity.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title = Overtraining: A Review of the Signs, Symptoms and Possible Causes|last = Stone|first = M|date = 1991|journal = Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research|doi = 10.1519/00124278-199102000-00006|volume=5|pages=35–50|doi-access = free}}</ref> People who are overtrained cease making progress, and can even begin to lose [[Physical strength|strength]] and [[physical fitness|fitness]]. Overtraining is also known as chronic fatigue, burnout and overstress in athletes.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Peluso M., Andrade L. | year = 2005 | title = Physical activity and mental health: the association between exercise and mood | journal = Clinics | volume = 60 | issue = 1| pages = 61–70 | doi = 10.1590/s1807-59322005000100012 | pmid = 15838583 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Carfagno D. |author2=Hendrix J. | year = 2014 | title = Overtraining Syndrome in the Athlete
▲'''Overtraining''' occurs when a person exceeds their body's ability to recover from strenuous [[exercise]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stretchcoach.com/articles/overtraining/|title=Overtraining - Learn how to identify Overtraining Syndrome|last=Walker|first=Brad|website=stretchcoach.com|date=17 March 2002|access-date=2016-05-17}}</ref> Overtraining can be described as a point where a person may have a decrease in performance and plateauing as a result of failure to consistently perform at a certain level or training load; a load which exceeds their recovery capacity.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title = Overtraining: A Review of the Signs, Symptoms and Possible Causes|last = Stone|first = M|date = 1991|journal = Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research|doi = 10.1519/00124278-199102000-00006|volume=5|pages=35–50}}</ref> People who are overtrained cease making progress, and can even begin to lose [[Physical strength|strength]] and [[physical fitness|fitness]]. Overtraining is also known as chronic fatigue, burnout and overstress in athletes.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Peluso M., Andrade L. | year = 2005 | title = Physical activity and mental health: the association between exercise and mood | journal = Clinics | volume = 60 | issue = 1| pages = 61–70 | doi = 10.1590/s1807-59322005000100012 | pmid = 15838583 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Carfagno D. |author2=Hendrix J. | year = 2014 | title = Overtraining Syndrome in the Athlete | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a3940b4891a7926ee7252b88beff7140326b7394| journal = Current Sports Medicine Reports | volume = 13 | issue = 1| pages = 45–51 | doi = 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000027 |pmid=24412891 |s2cid=38361107 }}</ref> It is suggested that there are different variations of overtraining, firstly monotonous program over training suggest that repetition of the same movement such as certain weight lifting and baseball batting can cause performance plateau due to an adaption of the central nervous system which results from a lack of stimulation.<ref name=":0" /> A second example of overtraining is described as chronic overwork type training where the subject may be training with too high intensity or high volume and not allowing sufficient recovery time for the body.<ref name=":0" /> Up to 10% of elite endurance athletes and 10% of American college swimmers are affected by overtraining syndrome (unexplained underperformance for approximately 2 weeks even after having adequate resting time).<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title = ABC of sports and exercise medicine|last1 = Whyte|first1 = Gregory|publisher = Blackwell Publishing|year = 2005|isbn = 978-0-7279-1813-0|pages = 46–49|last2 = Harries|first2 = Mark|last3 = Williams|first3 = Clyde}}</ref>
== Signs and symptoms ==
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* [[depression (mood)|Depression]]
* [[Mental breakdown]]
* [[Burnout (psychology)|Burnout]]<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/119/6/1242.full|title = Overuse Injuries, Overtraining, and Burnout in Child and Adolescent Athletes|last = Brenner|first = Joel S|date = June 1, 2007|journal = Pediatrics|doi = 10.1542/peds.2007-0887|pmid = 17545398|access-date = 15 April 2015|volume=119|issue = 6|pages=1242–1245|doi-access =
It is important to note the difference between overtraining and over-reaching; over-reaching is when an athlete is undergoing hard training but with adequate recovery, overtraining however, is when an athlete is undergoing hard training without the adequate recovery. With over-reaching, the consequential drop in performance can be resolved in a few days or weeks.<ref name=ois>
| editor1=Kreider, R. B.
| editor2= Fry, A. C.
| editor3= O'Toole, M. L. | year= 1998 | title=Overtraining in sport | series= Human Kinetics
|url=http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1997-36577-000}}</ref>
=== Performance ===
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* Delayed recovery
Overtraining can affect the athlete's athletic ability and other areas of life, such as performance in studies or the work force. An overtrained athlete who is suffering from physical and or psychological symptoms could also have trouble socialising with friends and family, studying for an exam or preparing for work.<ref
==Cause==
▲ “Like pharmacological drugs, physical exercise may be chemically [[Behavioral addiction|addictive]]. It is theorized that this addiction is due to natural [[endorphin]]s and [[dopamine]] generated and regulated by the exercise.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/15438629809512532 |title=Exercise dependence: A review of its manifestation, theory and measurement |year=1998 |last1=Adams |first1=Jeremy |last2=Kirkby |first2=Robert |journal=Research in Sports Medicine |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=265–76}}</ref> Whether strictly due to this chemical by-product or not, some people can be said to become addicted to or fixated on psychological/physical effects of physical exercise and fitness.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.3810/psm.2005.06.101 |title=The Obligatory Exerciser: Assessing an Overcommitment to Exercise |year=2005 |last1=Draeger |first1=John |last2=Yates |first2=Alayne |last3=Crowell |first3=Douglas |journal=The Physician and Sportsmedicine |volume=33 |issue=6 |pmid=20086364 |pages=13–23|s2cid=37636507 }}</ref> This may lead to over exercise, resulting in the "overtraining" syndrome.<ref>{{cite book |title=Exercise Motivational Triggers |first=Dave R. |last=Baldwin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YnoEdRqG_nQC&pg=PA53 |page=53 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-0-595-21603-1 |date=2002-03-27}}</ref> “
==Mechanism==
A number of possible mechanisms for overtraining have been proposed. One stipulates that [[
== Treatment ==
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=== CrossFit and rhabdomyolysis ===
As [[CrossFit]] has become more and more prevalent and popular, this has led to speculation that spikes in rhabdomyolysis cases are related to CrossFit. According to a study performed in the ''[[Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research]]'', unless performed incorrectly and in harmful environments, CrossFit presents no serious physical threat to the human body, and research into whether rhabdomyolysis cases and CrossFit are correlated is inconclusive.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Hak | first1=Paul Taro | last2=Hodzovic | first2=Emil | last3=Hickey | first3=Ben | title=The nature and prevalence of injury during CrossFit training | journal=[[Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research]] | date=2013 | doi=10.1519/jsc.0000000000000318 | pmid=24276294| s2cid=43006518 }}</ref>
== Prevention ==
Passive recovery, instead of active recovery, is a form of rest that is recommended to be performed by athletes in between rigorous, intermittent exercise. With active recovery, time to exhaustion is much shorter because the muscles are deoxygenated at a much quicker rate than with passive recovery. Thus, if avoiding overtraining means preventing exhaustion, passive recovery or "static rest" is safest. If active recovery is performed during intense exercise, an athlete may find themselves in a state of being overtrained.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Dupont Grégory | display-authors = etal | year = 2004 | title = Passive versus active recovery during high-intensity intermittent exercises | journal = Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise | volume = 36 | issue = 2| pages = 302–308 | doi = 10.1249/01.mss.0000113477.11431.59 | pmid = 14767255| doi-access = free }}</ref> The gradual variation of intensity and volume of training is also an effective way to prevent overtraining.
==References==
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