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{{Short description|President of Peru from 1899 to 1903}}
{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
{{more citations needed|date=August 2020}}
|+<font size="+1">'''Eduardo López de Romaña'''</font>
{{family name hatnote|López de Romaña|Alvizuri|lang=Spanish}}
|-
{{Infobox officeholder
| style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan="2" | <!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:Lopez_de_Romaña.jpg|180px|Eduardo De Romaña]] -->
|name = Eduardo López de Romaña
|-
|image = Eduardo López de Romaña photograph.jpg
| '''Full Title:''' || ''Constitutional President of Peru''
|order = 32nd [[President of Peru]]
|-
|term_start '''Term in= Office:''' || [[September 8]], [[1899]] &ndash; [[September 3]], [[1903]]
|term_end = September 8, 1903
|-
|primeminister=[[Manuel María Gálvez Egúsquiza]]<br>[[Enrique de la Riva-Agüero y Looz Corswaren]]<br>[[Domingo M. Almenara Butler]]<br>[[Cesáreo Chacaltana Reyes]]<br>[[Cesáreo Octavio Deustua Escarza]]<br>[[Eugenio Larrabure y Unanue]]
| '''Predecessor:''' || [[Nicolás de Piérola]]
|vicepresident = [[Isaac Alzamora]]<br/>[[Federico Bresani]]
|-
|predecessor = [[Nicolás de Piérola]]
| '''Successor:''' || [[Manuel Candamo]]
|successor = [[Manuel Candamo]]
|-
|order2 = [[Ministry of Development (Peru)|Minister of Public Works]]
| '''Date of Birth:''' || [[1847]]
|term_start2 = 25 January 1896
|-
|term_end2 = 8 August 1896
| '''Date of Death:''' || [[1912]]
|president2 = [[Nicolás de Piérola]]
|-
|predecessor2 = Office created
| '''[[List of political parties in Peru|Political party]]:''' || ''[[Civilista Party]]''
|successor2 = [[Manuel J. Cuadros]]
|-
|order3 = 1st Vice President of the Chamber of Deputies
| '''Profession:''' || ''[[Engineer]]''
|term_start3 = 1895
|}
|term_end3 = 1896
|birth_name = José Gabriel Eduardo Octavio López de Romaña y Alvizuri
|birth_date = 19 March 1847
|birth_place = [[Arequipa]], [[Peru]]
|death_date = 26 May 1912 (age 65)
|death_place = {{ill|Yura, Arequipa|lt=Yura|es|Yura (Arequipa)}}, [[Peru]]
|resting_place =
|alma_mater = [[King's College London]]
|parents = Juan Manuel López de Romaña y Fernández Pascua <br> María Josefa Alvizuri y Bustamante
|spouse = María Josefa de Castresana y García de la Arena <br> Julia de Castresana y García de la Arena
|children = Eduardo, Carlos, Hortencia, Juan, Luis, Catalina, Julia, Fernando and Francisco
}}
'''Eduardo López de Romaña y Alvizuri''' (19 March 1847 &ndash; 26 May 1912) served as the 32nd [[List of Presidents of Peru|President of Peru]] from September 1899 to September 1903.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDROAAAAMAAJ&q=Eduardo+L%C3%B3pez+de+Roma%C3%B1a++8+de+septiembre+de+1899+1903|title=El Constitucionalismo en las postrimerías del siglo XX.: Constitucionalismo|date=1989|publisher=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas|isbn=978-968-837-547-1|language=es}}</ref>
 
'''Eduardo López de Romaña''' (1847-1912) was [[List of Presidents of Peru|President of Peru]] from 1899 to 1903. A respected member of the Peruvianlandowning Elite and [[López de Romaña Family]]elite, he was the first ''Engineer''engineer to become President of the Republic, and one of several Presidents from the [[Civilistaera Party]] duringof the '''so-called Aristocratic Republic'''.
 
===Early years===
López de Romaña was born in [[Arequipa]] to a family representing, the regional aristocracyson of [[Peru]].Juan HeManuel leftLópez tode studyRomaña iny [[Europe]]Fernández Pascua and workedMaría asJosefa anAlvizuri engineery thereBustamante. UponHis hisfather returnwas toa Peruwealthy in[[landowner]] 1874,of he[[Spaniards|Spanish]] worked[[ancestry]] inowner theof fledglinglarge agricultural development''[[haciendas]]'' and engineering''[[fincas]]'' circles ofin the country.[[Southern Peru]].
 
He was educated at the San Jerónimo Seminary, Arequipa, and [[Stonyhurst College]], [[Lancashire]]. Romaña received his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] from [[King's College London]] in [[1868]] and was appointed a member of the [[Institute of Civil Engineers]] of [[London]] in [[1872]]. He went to [[India]] and worked in the construction of the Ravi Bridge for the [[Punjab Northern State Railway]] and then to [[Brazil]] where he was employed by the Public Works Construction Company in the construction of the railroad line from the [[Madeira River]] to the [[Mamoré River]]. The climate of the [[Brazilian Amazon]] was so unhealthful that of thirty engineers engaged in the work twenty-one died before it was completed.
He later came into contact with members of the [[Civilista Party]], which he eventually joined. Although belonging to such party, he took power in 1899 with the support of the [[Civilista Party|National Coalition Party]], a new alliance between the civilist and democratic party that took place on November 24, 1898. Surprisingly, the support of both parties was initially offered to his brother, Alejandro López de Romaña, but he declined it in favor of Eduardo.
 
Upon his return to Peru in [[1874]], he devoted himself to the management of one of the family [[plantations]] in the [[Tambo Valley]] and worked in the fledgling agricultural development and engineering circles of the country. When the [[War of the Pacific|war with Chile]] broke out in [[1879]], he was appointed [[commanding general]] of the civic division of Tambo which operated in the coast of Arequipa. Having under his command three battalions, he took an active part in the expedition which stopped the [[Chilean Army]] from entering Arequipa city and compelled it to reembark at [[Mollendo]]. When the Chilean counter-attacked in [[1882]], they initially defeated them once again but then the city surrendered to the southern army after the provisional government was deposed.
===President of the Republic (1899 &ndash; 1903)===
During these years, Carlos de Piérola, brother of former president [[Nicolás de Piérola]], was the majority leader of the [[Chamber of Deputies]], while [[Manuel Candamo]], a civilista party leader, presided over the [[Upper house|Senate]]. This division allowed for the prevalence of the democrats in the Chamber of Deputies, and for the ''civilistas'' in the Senate.
 
Residing in Arequipa after the war, he was elected President of the Liberal Club and served three terms as Director of the Public Charity of the city. After [[Nicolás de Piérola]] and the [[National Coalition]] between ''[[Civilista Party|Civilistas]]'' and [[Democratic Party (Peru)|Democrats]] triumphed in the Civil War of 1894, Romaña was elected Deputy for Arequipa in the 1895 general election and was designated First Vice-President of his chamber by the [[Congress of peru|Congress]]. When President Piérola created the Ministry of Public Works in January [[1896]], he was appointed for this portfolio but his ministry lasted less than seven months because the Barinaga Cabinet fell in August of the same year. The following year he was elected Mayor of Arequipa but was compelled to resign due to a conflict of interest with the city's infrastructure projects.
These differences, however, rapidly turned into the democrats leading the opposition. De Romaña reshuffled his cabinet almost exclusively with ''civilistas'', a move which led the majority democrats of the chamber of deputies to continuously censure. The result were various parliamentary discords that took place concerning their obligation in not dismissing censured ministers.
 
In 1898 he was elected [[Senator]] for [[Ayacucho]]. By July 1899, when Piérola's administration called general election, the National Coalition offered the presidential candidacy to his brother Alejandro (former Prime Minister) but he declined in favor of Eduardo, an independent.{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
The [[Agricultural history of Peru|development in agriculture]] also continued during López de Romaña's term, as well as that in the mining and other related industries. The code of mining was promulgated in 1901, as well as the Code of Trade and the Code of Waters in 1902. He also created the ''Nueva Compañia'' ("New Company") for the collection of the taxes of the state.
 
==President of the [[Peru|Republic of Peru]] (1899 &ndash; 1903)==
In 1901, the creation of [[Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina]] took place under his sponsorship and that of a [[Belgian]] mission. López de Romaña faced various [[coups]] in favor of the former president [[Andrés Avelino Cáceres]], but he successfully completed his presidency in 1903.
During these years, Carlos de Piérola, a democrat and brother of former president [[Nicolás de Piérola]], was the majority leader of the [[Chamber of Deputies]], while [[Manuel Candamo]], a civilista party leader, presided over the [[Upper house|Senate]]. This division allowed for the prevalence of the democrats in the Chamber of Deputies, and for the ''civilistas'' in the Senate. These differences, however, rapidly led to the democrats leading the opposition. López de Romaña reshuffled his cabinet almost exclusively with ''civilistas'', a move which resulted in the majority democrats of the Chamber of Deputies to continuously censure. {{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
 
As a result, there were various parliamentary discords concerning the non-dismissal of censured ministers. The [[Agricultural history of Peru|development in agriculture]] also continued during López de Romaña's term, as well as that in the mining and other related industries. The code of mining was promulgated in 1901, as well as the Code of Trade and the Code of Waters in 1902. He also created the ''Nueva Compañia'' ("New Company") for the collection of the taxes of the state. In 1901, the creation of [[Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina]] took place under his sponsorship and that of a [[Belgium|Belgian]] mission. López de Romaña faced various [[coup]] attempts whose goals were to restore former president [[Andrés Avelino Cáceres]] to the presidency, but he successfully completed his presidency in 1903. It was under his term that Peruvians coined the term "Aristocratic Republic" which continued until the second government of [[Augusto B. Leguía]] and the hegemony of the Civil Party in the government of the country. {{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
It was under his term that Peruvians coined the term "''Aristocratic Republic''" which continued until the second government of [[Augusto B. Leguía]] and the hegemony of the Civil Party in the government of the country.
 
==Death==
He died in Lima in 1912.
Eduardo Lopez de Romaña died at the Yura mineral springs near Arequipa on May 26, 1912.
 
== Family ==
{{PeruPresidents}}
López de Romaña married María Josefa de Castresana y García de la Arena on 20 March 1877.<ref name=cp>{{cite encyclopedia |last= Castro Peña |first= Jenny |editor= |encyclopedia= Grandes Forjadores del Perú |entry=López de Romaña y Alvizuri, Eduardo |year= 2000 |publisher=Lexus Editores |location=Lima |isbn=9972625508 |pages=242–243 }}</ref> The couple had three children.<ref name=cp/> His wife died after the war with Chile and he remarried his former sister-in-law Julia de Castresana.<ref name=cp/> They had six children.<ref name=cp/>
 
==See also==
* [[Politics of Peru]]
* [[List of Presidentspresidents of Peru]]
 
== References ==
[[Category:Presidents of Peru|Lopez de Romana, Eduardo]]
{{reflist}}
[[Category:1847 births|Lopez de Romana, Eduardo]]
[[Category:1912 deaths|Lopez de Romana, Eduardo]]
 
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{{succession box |before=[[Nicolás de Piérola]] |title=[[President of Peru]] |years=1899-1903 |after=[[Manuel Candamo]]}}
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{{Presidents of Peru}}
 
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<!--Categories-->
[[Category:1847 births]]
[[Category:1912 deaths]]
[[Category:Bustamante family]]
[[Category:Peruvian people of Spanish descent]]
[[Category:People from Arequipa]]
[[Category:People educated at Stonyhurst College]]
[[Category:Peruvian engineers]]
[[Category:Civilista Party politicians]]
[[Category:Presidents of Peru]]
[[Category:Diez Canseco family]]
[[Category:Ministers of development and public works of Peru]]
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