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{{short description|German-Brazilian photographer (1827–1882)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Alberto Henschel
|image = Alberto Henschel.jpg
▲|caption = The photographers Alberto Henschel (right) and [[Constantino Barza]], in 1870
▲|birth_date = 6 January 1827
|birth_place = [[Berlin]], Germany
|death_date = {{death date and age|1882|06|30|1827|06|13|df=y}}
|death_place =
|nationality =
|occupation = Businessman
|title = ''Photographo da Casa Imperial'' (''Photographer of the
}}
<!--NB—THE DATES IN THIS ARTICLE ARE NON-AUTOFORMATTED-->'''Alberto Henschel''' (13 June 1827<ref name="ermakoff_174">[[#Ermakoff2004|Ermakoff 2004]], p. 174.</ref>
Henschel became known for making pictorial representations of Rio de Janeiro as a
| last = Muaze
| first = Mariana de Aguiar Ferreira
| year = 2006
| title = Os guardados da viscondessa: fotografia e memória na coleção Ribeiro de Avellar
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| issue = 2
| location = [[São Paulo (city)|São Paulo]]
| issn =
| language= Portuguese
| doi = 10.1590/S0101-47142006000200004
| pages = 73–105
}}</ref>
But his principal contribution to the history of Brazilian photography is his photographic record of the different social classes in Brazil in the 19th century: portraits, usually in the ''[[carte de visite]]'' format, taken of the nobility, of rich tradesmen, of the middle-class, and of [[black people]], either [[slavery|
==Antecedents==
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| volume = 1 }}, p. 74</ref></blockquote>
Certainly these narrations and illustrations were the principal attractions for those German photographers of the 19th century that moved to Brazil, such as [[Revert Henrique Klumb]], [[Augusto Stahl]], Karl
==Life==
===In Germany===
Alberto Henschel was born 13 June 1827 in Berlin to Moritz and Helene Henschel. Moritz and his brothers August, Friedrich, and Wilhelm, of [[Jew]]ish origin, had arrived in Berlin around 1806. They were recognized as engravers and signed their works as
It has been assumed that Alberto Henschel also met the photographer [[Franz Benque|Francisco Benque]] while still in Germany, with whom he had a successful, but short-lived, relationship in Brazil.<ref name="schauk01">{{cite web|url=http://www.donau-uni.ac.at/imperia/md/content/studium/kultur/zbw/eshph/symposien/photography_and_research_in_austria2001.pdf|title=Sebastianutti & Benque – Five Photographers. Four Generations. Three Continents|
===In Brazil===
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Henschel and his associate Karl Heinrich Gutzlaff disembarked in [[Recife]] in May 1866, intending to create a photographic studio on Imperador street, number 38.<ref name="ermakoff_174" /> Initially named ''Alberto Henschel & Cia'', the studio became ''Photographia Allemã'' (''German Photography''), next changing to a new address on the Matriz de Santo Antônio square, number 2.<ref name="VASQUEZ_109" /> Because he was able to build up his business quickly when he came, it is assumed that Henschel was already an experienced photographer and intended to build a promising business in photography in this new market that was still so little explored.<ref name="ermakoff_174" />
In 1867, Henschel separated from Gutzlaff and returned to Germany, where he updated his technique and acquired new equipment for his atelier of photography.<ref name="ermakoff_174" /> He returned to Brazil in the same year, opening another establishment with the same company name in the city of [[Salvador (Bahia)|Salvador]], on Piedade street, number 16.<ref name="VASQUEZ_109" /> By opening three establishments in only two years, Henschel was thought of as the most audacious and sagacious photographic businessman in 19th century Brazil.<ref name="VASQUEZ_110">[[#Vasquez2000|Vasquez 2000]], p. 110.</ref>
By the end of the 1860s, Henschel's houses of Recife and Salvador were already making portraits of people of African origin, slaves and free, differing from other photographers by portraying them freely and with dignity as people and not as objects.<ref name="itaucultural">{{cite web|
====1870s====
In 1870, Henschel opened another subsidiary of his atelier, this time in Rio de Janeiro, on Ourives street (nowadays Miguel Couto street, number 40).<ref name="VASQUEZ_109" /> It was in Rio, capital of the Empire, where he started his prosperous partnership with Francisco Benque. With the name of ''Henschel & Benque'', it specialized in the production and marketing of portraits, landscapes, and the photopaintings made by Karl
▲In 1870, Henschel opened another subsidiary of his atelier, this time in Rio de Janeiro, on Ourives street (nowadays Miguel Couto street, number 40).<ref name="VASQUEZ_109" /> It was in Rio, capital of the Empire, where he started his prosperous partnership with Francisco Benque. With the name of ''Henschel & Benque'', it specialized in the production and marketing of portraits, landscapes, and the photopaintings made by Karl Ernest Papf,<ref name="itaucultural"/> whose presence in Brazil was due to Henschel.<ref name="VASQUEZ_11"/> There are no records dating when the relationship with Benque crumbled; it is probable that their association remained until 1880.<ref name="VASQUEZ_109" />
[[Image:Alberto Henschel - Negra vendedora.jpg|thumb|left|Black saleswoman of fruits. Rio de Janeiro (1870)]]
Because of the quality of his work and his success in the Court, Henschel received the title of ''Photographo da Casa Imperial'' (''Photographer of the Royal House'') on 7 September 1874, together with Benque,<ref name="VASQUEZ_109" /> which would give his photographs increased recognition and raise their price.<ref name=muaze/> The historian photographer Gilberto Ferrez describes the quality and importance of Henschel as follows:
[[Image:Alberto Henschel - Dom Pedro II.jpg|thumb|right|Photo of Dom Pedro II. Rio de Janeiro (1875)]]
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====1880s====
On 1 February 1882,{{ref label|b|b|none}} Henschel inaugurated another establishment, this time in the capital of the province of São Paulo.<ref name="VASQUEZ_110" /> He gave it the name ''Photographia Imperial'' (''Imperial Photography'') because the name ''Photographia Allemã'' had already been used since 1875 by the atelier of the photographer
Henschel died in [[Rio de Janeiro]] that same year,{{ref label|a|a|none}} only some months after establishing himself in São Paulo. However, his companies, under the command of other businessmen, continued to strategically use his name for many years, taking advantage of the great prestige that the mark "Henschel" had acquired.<ref name="itaucultural"/>
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==Technique==
[[Image:Alberto Henschel - Castro Alves.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Portrait of [[Castro Alves]] (1870)]]
Henschel was considered the hardest-working photographer and businessman in 19th-century Brazil.<ref name="VASQUEZ_11"/> He always remained up-to-date with the latest techniques on the photography market.<ref name="itaucultural"/> By the time the aesthetic format of photography ''carte de visite'' became popular, Henschel was already dominating this technique which he used frequently in his establishments.<ref name="itaucultural"/>
His studios possessed the latest equipment appropriate for the instantaneous portraits of children who, never still, were the headaches of the photographers.<ref name="itaucultural"/> In his announcement in the ''Novo Almanach de São Paulo para o Anno de 1883'' (''New Almanac of São Paulo for the Year of 1883''), Henschel advertised:
<blockquote>This establishment just received from Europe the negatives for the new process of instantaneous photographies that have so much success there. Through these chichets one can obtain a more perfect portrait of a moving child, of nervous people... The public is invited to come examine in the establishment some portraits obtained by the new process.<ref name="VASQUEZ_111"/></blockquote>
The new process referred to in the announcement was the use of dry slabs of transparent gelatin, used as an adhesive layer for the fixation of the silver salts over the paper.<ref name="VASQUEZ_194">[[#Vasquez2000|Vasquez 2000]], p. 194.</ref>
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==Footnotes==
*{{note label|a|a|none}} Some biographies state that he died in [[São Paulo]].
==References==
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;Bibliographic References
{{refbegin}}
*
| last = Ermakoff
| first = George
| title = O negro na fotografia brasileira do Século XIX
| location = [[Rio de Janeiro]]
| publisher = George Ermakoff Casa Editorial (George Ermakoff Publishing House)
| year = 2004
| isbn = 85-98815-01-2|ref=Ermakoff2004}}
*{{cite book
| last = Vasquez
| first = Pedro Karp
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| publisher = Metalivros
| year = 2000
| isbn = 85-85371-28-5|ref=Vasquez2000}}
▲*<cite id=Ferrez1953>{{cite journal
| last = Ferrez
| first = Gilberto
| year = 1953
| title = A fotografia no Brasil
| location = Rio de Janeiro
| journal = Revista do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional
| issue = 10|ref=Ferrez1953}}
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book
| last = Chiarelli
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| last = Ferrez
| first = Gilberto
| title = A Fotografia no Brasil:
| location = Rio de Janeiro
| publisher = Funarte
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| last = Ferrez
| first = Gilberto
|
| title = Pioneer photographers of Brazil:
| location = New York
| publisher = The Center for Inter-American Relations
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| last = Freyre
| first = Gilberto
|
| title = O retrato brasileiro: Fotografias da Coleção Francisco Rodrigues,
| location = Rio de Janeiro
| publisher = Funarte. Fundação Joaquim Nabuco
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| last = Kossoy
| first = Boris
| title = Dicionário histórico-fotográfico brasileiro: Fotógrafos e ofício da fotografia no Brasil (
| location = São Paulo
| publisher = Instituto Moreira Salles
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| last = Kossoy
| first = Boris
|
| title = O Olhar europeu: o negro na iconografia brasileira do século XIX
| location = São Paulo
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| last = Lemos
| first = Carlos Alberto Cerqueira
|
| title = Retratos quase inocentes
| location = São Paulo
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| publisher = Arquivo Nacional
| year = 2005}}
*
| last = Turazzi
| first = Maria Inez
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| location = Rio de Janeiro
| publisher = Funarte
| year = 1995}}
*{{cite book
| last = Vasquez
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| location = Rio de Janeiro
| publisher = Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil
| year = 1995}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{
* {{
* {{
* {{
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Henschel, Alberto}}
[[Category:1827 births]]▼
[[Category:Brazilian people of German descent]]▼
[[Category:German Jews]]▼
[[Category:Brazilian photographers]]
▲[[Category:1827 births]]
[[Category:1882 deaths]]
[[Category:Artists from Berlin]]▼
[[Category:Emigrants from the Kingdom of Prussia]]
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