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| name = Pan Am Flight 103
| image = Pan Am Flight 103. Crashed Lockerbie, Scotland, 21 December 1988.jpg
| image_upright = 1.15
| alt =
| caption = The remains of the forward section from ''Clipper Maid of the Seas'' on Tundergarth Hill
| date = {{start date|1988|12|21|df=y}}
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| total_fatalities = 270
| origin = [[Frankfurt Airport]], [[Frankfurt]], [[West Germany]]
| stopover =
| stopover0 = [[Heathrow Airport]], London, United Kingdom
| stopover1 = [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]], New York City, United States
| last_stopover =
| destination = [[Detroit Metropolitan Airport]], Michigan, United States
| aircraft_type = [[Boeing 747-100|Boeing 747-121]]
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| crew = 16
| fatalities = 259<!-- don't need to add "(all)", we already have survivors=0 -->
| injuries =
| missing =
| survivors = 0
| ground_fatalities = 11
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Some relatives of the dead, including Lockerbie campaigner [[Jim Swire]], believe the bomb was planted at [[Heathrow Airport]], and not sent via feeder flights from Malta, as per the US and UK governments. A sleeper cell belonging to the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command]] had been operating in [[West Germany]] in the months before the Pan Am bombing.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Connolly|first1=Kate|last2=Carrell|first2=Severin|date=20 March 2019|title=Lockerbie investigators 'question former Stasi agents'|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/mar/20/lockerbie-investigators-question-former-stasi-agents|access-date=13 June 2020|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=21 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421213126/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/mar/20/lockerbie-investigators-question-former-stasi-agents|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2020, US authorities indicted the [[Tunisia]] resident and Libyan national [[Abu Agila Masud]], who was 37 years old at the time of the incident,<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2020 |title=US unveils new charges against the suspect in 1988 Lockerbie bombing |url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/dec/21/lockerbie-bombing-new-charges-suspect-plane-attack-us |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=The Guardian |archive-date=21 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221155419/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/dec/21/lockerbie-bombing-new-charges-suspect-plane-attack-us |url-status=live }}</ref> for participating in the bombing. He was taken into custody in December 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2022 |title=Lockerbie bombing suspect in US custody |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-63933837.amp |access-date=11 December 2022 |website=BBC |archive-date=11 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211123341/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-63933837.amp |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Aircraft==
[[File:Boeing 747-121, Pan Am JP5894156.jpg|thumb|N739PA as ''Clipper Morning Light'' at [[San Francisco International Airport]] in 1978]]
[[File:Boeing 747-121, Pan American World Airways - Pan Am AN0076297 (Cropped).jpg|thumb|
The aircraft operating Pan Am Flight 103 was a [[Boeing 747-100|Boeing 747-121]], [[Serial number|MSN]] 19646, [[Aircraft registration|registered]] as {{Airreg|N|739PA}} and named ''Clipper Maid of the Seas.''<ref name="Mayday" /> Before 1979, it had been named ''Clipper Morning Light''.
==Flight==
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====Syracuse University students====
Thirty-five of the passengers were students from [[Syracuse University#1988 crash of Pan Am Flight 103|Syracuse University]], who participated in the university's Division of International Programs Abroad (abbreviated as "DIPA Program" and renamed to "Syracuse University Abroad" in 2006, while also known as "Syracuse Abroad" and "Study Abroad Program") and were returning home for Christmas following a semester in Syracuse's London and European campuses. Ten of these students were from other universities and colleges (including but not limited to [[Colgate University]] and [[University of Colorado]])
Many of their bodies were found at Rosebank Crescent, {{cvt|1/2|mi|1}} from Sherwood Crescent. The rear fuselage of the plane, where many of them sat, destroyed one of the houses of Rosebank Crescent, 71 Park Place, the home of Lockerbie resident Ella Ramsden, who survived. The bodies of two of these students were never recovered.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}
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====Notable passengers====
[[File:BerntCarlssonMemorial.jpg|thumb|Dryfesdale Cemetery memorial stone dedicated to [[Bernt Carlsson]]]]
Prominent among the passenger victims was the 50-year-old [[UN Commissioner for Namibia]] (then [[South West Africa]]), [[Bernt Carlsson]], who would have attended the signing ceremony of the [[New York Accords]] at the [[UN headquarters]] the following day.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/22/world/un-officer-on-flight-103.html |title=UN Officer on Flight 103 |date=22 December 1988 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=5 April 2009 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327092355/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/22/world/un-officer-on-flight-103.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[James Fuller (automobile executive)|James Fuller]],
{{cite book
| last = Talevski
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On 5 December 1988 (16 days prior to the attack), the US [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA) issued a security bulletin saying that, on that day, a man with an [[Arabic]] accent had telephoned the [[Embassy of the United States, Helsinki|US Embassy in Helsinki]], Finland, and told them that a Pan Am flight from Frankfurt to the United States would be blown up within the next two weeks by someone associated with the [[Abu Nidal Organization]]; he said a Finnish woman would carry the bomb on board as an unwitting courier.<ref>{{cite web |author=President's Commission on Aviation Safety and Terrorism |title=Report of the President's Commission on Aviation Safety and Terrorism |work=Executive Order 12686 |publisher=US Government Printing Office |date=15 May 1990 |page=8 |url=http://www.policyfutures.com/PCAST/PCASTreport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040722031807/http://policyfutures.com/PCAST/PCASTreport.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 July 2004 |access-date=15 May 2014 }}</ref>
The anonymous warning was taken seriously by the US government and the [[State Department]] cabled the bulletin to dozens of embassies. The FAA sent it to all US carriers, including Pan Am, which had charged each of the passengers a $5 security surcharge, promising a "program that will screen passengers, employees, airport facilities, baggage, and aircraft with unrelenting thoroughness";<ref>''The Independent'', 29 March 1990</ref> the security team in Frankfurt found the warning under a pile of papers on a desk the day after the bombing.<ref name="CoxandFoster"/> One of the Frankfurt security screeners, whose job was to spot explosive devices under X-ray, told [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] that she had first learned what [[Semtex]] (a plastic explosive) was during her ABC interview 11 months after the bombing.<ref>''Prime Time Live'', November 1989</ref>
On 13 December, the warning was posted on bulletin boards in the [[Embassy of the United States, Moscow|US Embassy in Moscow]] and eventually distributed to the entire American community there, including journalists and businessmen.<ref>Arkedis, Jim: [https://www.progressivepolicy.org/issues/explaining-the-europe-terror-alert/ Explaining the Europe Terror Alert] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427112314/https://www.progressivepolicy.org/issues/explaining-the-europe-terror-alert/ |date=27 April 2019 }}, ''[[Progressive Policy Institute]]'', 10 May 2010</ref>
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According to a CIA analysis dated 22 December 1988, several groups were quick to claim responsibility in telephone calls in the United States and Europe:
* A male caller claimed that a group called the "Guardians of the Islamic Revolution" had destroyed the plane in retaliation for [[Iran Air Flight 655]] being shot down by US forces in the Persian Gulf the previous July.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=L. A. Times |date=8 January 1989 |title=The World - News from Jan. 8, 1989 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-01-08-mn-221-story.html |access-date=27 May 2024 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |
* A caller claiming to represent the [[Islamic Jihad Organization]] told [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] in New York that the group had planted the bomb to commemorate [[Christmas]].<ref name="CIA document" />
* Another caller claimed the plane had been downed by Mossad, the Israeli intelligence service.<ref name="CIA document">{{cite web|url=http://www.foia.cia.gov/docs/DOC_0000427163/0000427163_0002.gif |title=CIA document |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060201124253/http://www.foia.cia.gov/docs/DOC_0000427163/0000427163_0002.gif |archive-date=1 February 2006 }}</ref><ref name="foia.cia.gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.foia.cia.gov/docs/DOC_0000427163/0000427163_0003.gif |title=CIA document |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015140104/http://www.foia.cia.gov/docs/DOC_0000427163/0000427163_0003.gif |archive-date=15 October 2012 }}</ref>
The list's author noted, "We consider the claims from the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution as the most credible one received so far," but the analysis concluded, "We cannot assign responsibility for this tragedy to any terrorist group at this time. We anticipate that, as often happens, many groups will seek to claim credit."<ref name="CIA document"/><ref name="foia.cia.gov"/>
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Until 2002, Libya had never formally admitted to carrying out the 1988 Lockerbie bombing. On 16 August 2003, Libya formally admitted responsibility for Pan Am Flight 103 in a letter presented to the president of the [[United Nations Security Council]]. Felicity Barringer of ''[[The New York Times]]'' said that the letter had "general language that lacked any expression of remorse" for the people killed in the bombing.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Barringer|first=Felicity|date=16 August 2003|title=Libya Admits Culpability In Crash of Pan Am Plane|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/16/world/libya-admits-culpability-in-crash-of-pan-am-plane.html|access-date=10 September 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=21 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221192727/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/16/world/libya-admits-culpability-in-crash-of-pan-am-plane.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The letter stated that it "accepted responsibility for the actions of its officials".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2003/sc7868.doc.htm |title=Security Council lifts sanctions imposed on Libya after terrorist bombings of Pan Am 103 and UTA 772 |access-date=29 June 2017 |archive-date=24 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224103702/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2003/sc7868.doc.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
The motive that is generally attributed to Libya can be traced back to a series of military confrontations with the [[US Navy]] that took place in the 1980s in the [[Gulf of Sidra]], the whole of which Libya claimed as its territorial waters. First, there was the [[Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)]] when two Libyan fighter aircraft were shot down by two US Navy [[F-14 Tomcat]] fighters. Then, [[Radio North Sea International#Destination Libya|two Libyan radio ships]] were sunk in the Gulf of Sidra. Later, on 23 March 1986, a Libyan Navy patrol boat was sunk in the Gulf of Sidra,<ref>Speakes, Larry M. (24 March 1986). [http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1986/32486b.htm Statement by Principal Deputy Press Secretary Speakes on the Gulf of Sidra Incident] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709000828/http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1986/32486b.htm |date=9 July 2008 }}. [[White House]].</ref> followed by the sinking of another Libyan vessel on 25 March 1986.<ref>
The US [[National Security Agency]]'s (NSA) alleged interception of an incriminatory message from Libya to its embassy in East Berlin provided US President [[Ronald Reagan]] with the justification for [[Operation El Dorado Canyon]] on 15 April 1986, with [[US Navy]] and [[US Marine Corps]] warplanes launching from three aircraft carriers in the Gulf of Sidra and [[US Air Force]] warplanes launching from two British bases<ref>{{cite book |last1=Watson |first1=Robert W. |title=White House Studies Compendium |date=2007 |publisher=Nova Publishers |isbn=978-1-60021-542-1 |pages=137−138 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_0cTQo8t7oC |access-date=27 August 2023 |language=en |archive-date=27 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827003616/https://books.google.com/books?id=I_0cTQo8t7oC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/15/newsid_3975000/3975455.stm US launches air strikes on Libya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720121141/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/15/newsid_3975000/3975455.stm |date=20 July 2011 }}. [[BBC News]]. 15 April 1986.</ref>—the first US military strikes from Britain since World War II—against [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] and [[Benghazi]] in Libya. The Libyan government claimed the air strikes killed [[Hana Gaddafi]], a daughter Gaddafi claimed he adopted (her reported age has varied between 15 months and seven years).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aim.org/aim-column/nbc%E2%80%99s-mitchell-regurgitates-gaddafi-lies/ |title=NBC's Mitchell Regurgitates Gaddafi Lies |publisher=Aim.org |access-date=4 June 2011 |archive-date=12 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812005501/https://www.aim.org/aim-column/nbc%E2%80%99s-mitchell-regurgitates-gaddafi-lies/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> To avenge his daughter's supposed death (Hana or Hanna's actual fate remains disputed), Gaddafi is said to have sponsored the September 1986 hijacking of [[Pan Am Flight 73]] in Karachi, Pakistan.<ref>Swain, Jon (28 March 2004). [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article1052614.ece Revealed: Gaddafi's air massacre plot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523234457/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article1052614.ece |date=23 May 2011 }}. ''[[The Times]]''.</ref>
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}}</ref>
Another theory suggests that it was in direct response to [[Iran Air Flight 655]], the Arab world viewing how the U.S responded as showing a clear lack of regret or expression of responsibility.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |
Relations between Iranian and Palestinian groups were not close at the time; in addition, [[Hezbollah]] and the Iranian government loudly opposed attacks on unarmed civilians. The connections between Iran, Palestine, and the Lockerbie bombing "went cold", and no charges or official accusations were filed.<ref name=":03" />
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===From Libya===
On 29 May 2002, Libya offered up to US$2.7 billion to settle claims by the families of the 270 killed in the Lockerbie bombing, representing US$10 million per family. The Libyan offer was that 40% of the money would be released when United Nations sanctions, suspended in 1999, were canceled; another 40% when US trade sanctions were lifted; and the final 20% when the US State Department removed Libya from its [[State Sponsors of Terrorism|list of states sponsoring terrorism]].<ref name="CNN20020529">{{Cite news |url=
Jim Kreindler of the New York law firm [[Kreindler & Kreindler]], which orchestrated the settlement, said: "These are uncharted waters. It is the first time that any of the states designated as sponsors of terrorism have offered compensation to families of terror victims." The US State Department maintained that it was not directly involved. "Some families want cash, others say it is blood money", said a State Department official.<ref name="CNN20020529"/>
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===From Pan Am===
In 1992, a US federal court found Pan Am guilty of willful misconduct due to lax security screening caused by
==Memorials and tributes==
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[[File:Syracuse University Flight 103 Memorial.jpg|thumb|left|[[Syracuse University]]'s memorial in [[Syracuse, New York]].]]
On 3 November 1995, then-U.S. President [[Bill Clinton]] dedicated a Memorial Cairn to the victims at [[Arlington National Cemetery]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Nguyen|first=Lan|title=Remembering Flight 103; 2,000 Attend Unveiling of Monument in Arlington|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=4 November 1995|page=B3}}</ref> and there are similar memorials at [[Syracuse University]]; [[Dryfesdale, Dumfries and Galloway|Dryfesdale]] Cemetery, near Lockerbie; and in Sherwood Crescent, Lockerbie.<ref>[http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/world/08/20/09/night-fire-and-victims-rained-lockerbie The night fire and victims rained on Lockerbie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828082731/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/world/08/20/09/night-fire-and-victims-rained-lockerbie |date=28 August 2009 }}. [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]. 20 August 2009.</ref>
[[Syracuse University]] holds a memorial week every year called "Remembrance Week" to commemorate its 35 lost students. Every 21 December, a service is held in the university's chapel at 14:03 (19:03 UTC), marking the moment the bomb on board the aircraft was detonated.<ref>"University remembers Flight 103. 25 of 35 students were from Syracuse." ''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]''. 18 December 1998.</ref> The university also awards university tuition fees to two students from Lockerbie Academy each year, in the form of its Lockerbie scholarship. In addition, the university annually awards 35 scholarships to seniors to honor each of the 35 students killed.<ref>"35 scholarships honor Lockerbie crash victims". ''[[Orlando Sentinel]]''. 5 December 1990.</ref><ref>[http://remembrance.syr.edu/ Remembrance Scholarships] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716174702/http://remembrance.syr.edu/ |date=16 July 2015 }} at [[Syracuse University]].</ref> The "Remembrance Scholarships" are among the highest honors a Syracuse undergraduate can receive. [[SUNY Oswego]] also gives out scholarships in memorial of Colleen Brunner to a student who is studying abroad.<ref>[http://www.aie.org/Scholarships/detail.cfm?id=10008 Colleen Brunner Memorial Scholarship] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828074928/http://www.aie.org/Scholarships/detail.cfm?id=10008 |date=28 August 2009 }}. Adventures in Education.</ref> A memorial plaque and garden in memory of its two students lost in the bombing is set in the [[University of Rochester]]'s Eastman Quadrangle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rochester.edu/pr/Review/V76N2/0502_lockerbie.html|title=Lessons of Lockerbie|website=rochester.edu|publisher=University of Rochester|last=Hauser|first=Scott|access-date=21 December 2020|archive-date=21 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221195532/https://www.rochester.edu/pr/Review/V76N2/0502_lockerbie.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
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The Air Accidents Investigation Branch reassembled a large part of the fuselage to aid with the investigation; this has been retained as evidence and stored in a hangar at [[Farnborough Airport]] since the bombing.
It was announced in April 2013 that part of the wreckage was transferred to a secure location in [[Dumfries]], Scotland, and that it remains evidence in the ongoing criminal investigation.<ref name="BBC-April-2013">{{cite news | title = Lockerbie wreckage parts returned to Scotland | date = 25 April 2013 | publisher = BBC | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-22290443 | work = BBC News | access-date = 25 April 2013 | archive-date = 25 April 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130425204232/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-22290443 | url-status = live }}</ref>
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{{Netherlands–United States relations}}
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[[Category:United Kingdom–United States relations]]
[[Category:Muammar Gaddafi]]
[[Category:Premiership of Margaret Thatcher]]
[[Category:Presidency of Ronald Reagan]]
[[Category:Anti-Americanism]]
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