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{{Redirect-multi|3|Nature Magazine|Nature (magazine)|Nature News|the American magazine published 1923–1959|American Nature Association|the French scientific magazine|La Nature{{!}}''La Nature''|the fake news site|Natural News}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use British English Oxford spelling|date=November 2017}}
 
{{Infobox journal
| title = Nature
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| language =
| editor = [[Magdalena Skipper]]
| discipline = [[Natural sciencesscience]]s
| caption = Cover of a 2016 issue of ''Nature'' featuring artistic representation of [[Proxima Centauri]] and its planet [[Proxima Centauri b]]
| former_name =
| abbreviation = Nature
| publisher = [[Nature ResearchPortfolio]] ([[subsidiary]] of [[Springer Nature]])
| country = [[United Kingdom]]
| frequency = Weekly
| history = 4 November 1869 – present
| openaccess = Hybrid
| license =
| impact = 6450.85
| impact-year = 20222023
| website = https://www.nature.com/
| link1 = https://www.nature.com/nature/current-issue
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}}
 
'''''Nature''''' is a British weekly [[scientific journal]] founded and based in [[London|London]], England]]. As a multidisciplinary publication, ''Nature'' features [[Peer review|peer-reviewed]] research from a variety of academic disciplines, mainly in science and technology. It has core editorial offices across the United States, continental Europe, and Asia under the international scientific publishing company [[Springer Nature]]. ''Nature'' was one of the world's most cited scientific journals by the Science Edition of the 2022 ''[[Journal Citation Reports]]'' (with an ascribed [[impact factor]] of 6450.85),<ref name="WoS">{{cite book|title=20222023 Journal Citation Reports|title-link=Journal Citation Reports|publisher=[[Clarivate Analytics]]|year=20222024|edition=Science|series=[[Web of Science]]|chapter=Nature}}</ref> making it one of the world's most-read and most prestigious [[academic journals]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huxley |first1=T. H. |title=Nature: Aphorisms by Goethe |journal=Nature |date=November 1869 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=9–11 |doi=10.1038/001009a0 |bibcode=1869Natur...1....9H |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fersht |first1=Alan |title=The most influential journals: Impact Factor and Eigenfactor |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=28 April 2009 |volume=106 |issue=17 |pages=6883–6884 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0903307106 |pmid=19380731 |pmc=2678438 |bibcode=2009PNAS..106.6883F |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scholar Metrics: Top Publications |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=top_venues|publisher=Google Scholar}}</ref> {{As of|2012}}, it claimed an online readership of about three million unique readers per month.<ref name=":2" />
 
Founded in autumn 1869, ''Nature'' was first circulated by [[Norman Lockyer]] and [[Alexander Macmillan (publisher)|Alexander Macmillan]] as a public forum for scientific innovations. The mid-20th century facilitated an editorial expansion for the journal; ''Nature'' redoubled its efforts in explanatory and [[scientific journalism]]. The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the creation of a network of editorial offices outside of Britain and the establishment of ten new supplementary, speciality publications (e.g. ''[[Nature Materials]]''). Since the late 2000s, dedicated editorial and current affairs columns are created weekly, and [[Political endorsement|electoral endorsements]] are featured. The primary source of the journal remains, as established at its founding, research scientists; editing standards are primarily concerned with technical readability. Each issue also features articles that are of general interest to the scientific community, namely business, funding, scientific ethics, and research breakthroughs. There are also sections on books, arts, and short science fiction stories.▼
 
▲Founded in autumn 1869, ''Nature'' was first circulated by [[Norman Lockyer]] and [[Alexander MacmillanMacMillan (publisher)|Alexander MacmillanMacMillan]] as a public forum for scientific innovations. The mid-20th century facilitated an editorial expansion for the journal; ''Nature'' redoubled its efforts in explanatory and [[scientific journalism]]. The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the creation of a network of editorial offices outside of Britain and the establishment of ten new supplementary, speciality publications (e.g. ''[[Nature Materials]]''). Since the late 2000s, dedicated editorial and current affairs columns are created weekly, and [[Political endorsement|electoral endorsements]] are featured. The primary source of the journal remains, as established at its founding, research scientists; editing standards are primarily concerned with technical readability. Each issue also features articles that are of general interest to the scientific community, namely business, funding, scientific ethics, and research breakthroughs. There are also sections on books, arts, and short science fiction stories.
The main research published in ''Nature'' consists mostly of papers (articles or letters) in lightly edited form. They are highly technical and dense, but, due to imposed text limits, they are typically summaries of larger work. Innovations or breakthroughs in any scientific or technological field are featured in the journal as either letters or news articles. The papers that have been published in this journal are internationally acclaimed for maintaining high research standards. Conversely, due to the journal's exposure, it has at various times been a [[#Controversies|subject of controversy]] for its handling of academic dishonesty, the [[scientific method]], and news coverage. Fewer than 8% of submitted papers are accepted for publication.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/authors/get_published/index.html |title=Getting published in Nature: For authors and referees |website= Nature |language=en |access-date=2017-06-18}}</ref> In 2007, ''Nature'' (together with ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'') received the [[Princess of Asturias Awards|Prince of Asturias Award]] for Communications and Humanity.<ref name="SciNat">
{{cite web
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The huge progress in science and mathematics during the 19th century was recorded in journals written mostly in [[German language|German]] or [[French language|French]], as well as in [[English language|English]]. Britain underwent enormous technological and industrial changes and advances particularly in the latter half of the 19th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schroeder |first1=Robert |last2=Siegel |first2=Gretta E |s2cid=143466709 |title=A Cooperative Publishing Model for Sustainable Scholarship |journal=Journal of Scholarly Publishing |date=2006 |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=86–98 |doi=10.1353/scp.2006.0006 |url=https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/ulib_fac/66 }}</ref> The most respected scientific journals of this time were the refereed journals of the [[Royal Society]], which had published many of the great works from [[Isaac Newton]] and [[Michael Faraday]] to [[Charles Darwin]]. In addition, the number of popular science periodicals doubled from the 1850s to the 1860s.<ref name="Bar3">{{harvnb|Barton|1996|p=3}}</ref> According to the editors of these popular science magazines, the publications were designed to serve as "organs of science", in essence, a means of connecting the public to the scientific world.<ref name="Bar3"/>
 
''Nature'', first created in 1869, was not the first magazine of its kind in Britain. One journal to precede ''Nature'' was ''Recreative Science: A Record and Remembrancer of Intellectual Observation'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Recreative Science: Record and Remembrancer of Intellectual Observation (1860-621860–62)|url=https://conscicom.web.ox.ac.uk/article/recreative-science-record-and-remembrancer-of-intellectual-observation-1860-62|access-date=2021-05-13|website=conscicom.web.ox.ac.uk|language=en}}</ref> which, created in 1859, began as a [[natural history]] magazine and progressed to include more physical observational science and technical subjects and less natural history.<ref name="Bar7">{{harvnb|Barton|1996|p=7}}</ref> The journal's name changed from its original title to ''Intellectual Observer: A Review of Natural History, Microscopic Research, and Recreative Science''<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Intellectual Observer: Review of Natural History, Microscopic Research and Recreative Science (1862-681862–68)|url=https://conscicom.web.ox.ac.uk/article/the-intellectual-observer-review-of-natural-history-microscopic-research-and-recreative-scie|access-date=2021-05-13|website=conscicom.web.ox.ac.uk|language=en}}</ref> and then to the ''Student and Intellectual Observer of Science, Literature, and Art''.<ref name="Bar6">{{harvnb|Barton|1996|p=6}}</ref> While ''Recreative Science'' had attempted to include more [[Outline of physical science|physical sciences]] such as [[astronomy]] and [[archaeology]], the ''Intellectual Observer'' broadened itself further to include literature and art as well.<ref name="Bar6"/> Similar to ''Recreative Science'' was the scientific journal ''Popular Science Review'', created in 1862,<ref name="Bar13">{{harvnb|Barton|1996|p=13}}</ref> which covered different fields of science by creating subsections titled "Scientific Summary" or "Quarterly Retrospect", with book reviews and commentary on the latest scientific works and publications.<ref name="Bar13"/> Two other journals produced in England prior to the development of ''Nature'' were the ''[[Quarterly Journal of Science]]'' and ''Scientific Opinion'', established in 1864 and 1868, respectively.<ref name="Bar6"/> The journal most closely related to ''Nature'' in its editorship and format was ''[[The Reader (weekly)|The Reader]]'', created in 1863; the publication mixed science with literature and art in an attempt to reach an audience outside of the scientific community, similar to ''Popular Science Review''.<ref name="Bar6"/>
 
These similar journals all ultimately failed. The ''Popular Science Review'' survived longest, lasting 20 years and ending its publication in 1881; ''Recreative Science'' ceased publication as the ''Student and Intellectual Observer'' in 1871. The ''Quarterly Journal'', after undergoing a number of editorial changes, ceased publication in 1885. ''The Reader'' terminated in 1867, and finally, ''Scientific Opinion'' lasted a mere 2 years, until June 1870.<ref name="Bar7"/>
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====Editors====
[[Norman Lockyer]], the founder of ''Nature'', was a professor at [[Imperial College]]. He was succeeded as editor in 1919 by [[Sir Richard Gregory, 1st Baronet|Sir Richard Gregory]].<ref name="NPG">{{cite web |url=https://nature.com/npg_/company_info/timeline1.html#/nature/history/timeline_1860s.html |title=Nature Research: History |website=Nature |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061115084545/http://npg.nature.com/npg/servlet/Content?data=xml%2F02_history.xml&style=xml%2F02_history.xsl#/nature/history/timeline_1860s.html |archive-date=15 November 2006 |access-date=6 December 2018 }}</ref> Gregory helped to establish ''Nature'' in the international scientific community. His obituary by the Royal Society stated: "Gregory was always very interested in the international contacts of science, and in the columns of ''Nature'' he always gave generous space to accounts of the activities of the International Scientific Unions."<ref>{{cite journal |title=Richard Arman Gregory, 1864-19521864–1952 |journal=Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society |date=January 1997 |volume=8 |issue=22 |pages=410–417 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1953.0007 |doi-access=free }}</ref> During the years 1945 to 1973, editorship of ''Nature'' changed three times, first in 1945 to A. J. V. Gale and [[L. J. F. Brimble]] (who in 1958 became the sole editor), then to [[John Maddox]] in 1965, and finally to [[David 'Dai' Davies|David Davies]] in 1973.<ref name="NPG"/> In 1980, Maddox returned as editor and retained his position until 1995. [[Philip Campbell (scientist)|Philip Campbell]] became Editor-in-chief of all ''Nature'' publications until 2018. [[Magdalena Skipper]] has since become Editor-in-chief.<ref name="NPG"/>
 
====Expansion and development====
In 1970, ''Nature'' first opened its Washington office; other branches opened in New York in 1985, [[Tokyo]] and [[Munich]] in 1987, Paris in 1989, San Francisco in 2001, Boston in 2004, and [[Hong Kong]] in 2005. In 1971, under [[John Maddox]]'s editorship, the journal split into ''Nature Physical Sciences'' (published on Mondays), ''Nature New Biology'' (published on Wednesdays), and ''Nature'' (published on Fridays). In 1974, Maddox was no longer editor, and the journals were merged into ''Nature''.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Nature |url=https://www.nature.com/nature/about/history-of-nature |website=Nature }}</ref> Starting in the 1980s, the journal underwent a great deal of expansion, launching over ten new journals. These new journals comprise Nature Research, which was created in 1999 under the name Nature Publishing Group and includes ''Nature'', [[List of Nature Research journals|Nature Research Journals]], Stockton Press Specialist Journals and Macmillan Reference (renamed NPG Reference). In 1996, ''Nature'' created its own website<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.nature.com/npg_/company_info/timeline2.html|title = Branching out (1970–1999)|access-date = 13 November 2014|website = nature.com|publisher = Nature Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629183906/http://www.nature.com/npg_/company_info/timeline2.html |archive-date=June 29, 2007 }}</ref> and in 1999 Nature Publishing Group began its series of ''Nature Reviews''.<ref name="NPG" /> Some articles and papers are available for free on the Nature website, while others require the purchase of premium access to the site. {{As of|2012}}, ''Nature'' claimed an online readership of about 3 million unique readers per month.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |title=Announcement: A new iPad app for Nature readers |journal=Nature |date=12 December 2012 |volume=492 |issue=7428 |pages=154 |doi=10.1038/492154a |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 
On 30 October 2008, ''Nature'' endorsed an American presidential candidate for the first time when it supported [[Barack Obama]] during his campaign in [[2008 United States presidential election|America's 2008 presidential election]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=America's choice |journal=Nature |date=29 October 2008 |volume=455 |issue=7217 |pages=1149 |doi=10.1038/4551149a |pmid=18971969 |bibcode=2008Natur.455Q1149. |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Brian |last=Angliss |url=http://www.scholarsandrogues.com/2008/10/31/nature-endorses-obama/ |title=Weekly science journal ''Nature'' endorses a presidential candidate: Barack Obama (updated) |website=Scholars & Rogues |date=31 October 2008 |access-date=2017-11-04}}</ref> In October 2012, an [[Nature Arabic Edition|Arabic edition]] of the magazine was launched in partnership with [[King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology]]. As of the time it was released, it had about 10,000 subscribers.<ref name="NatureME">{{cite journal |last1=Yahia |first1=Mohammed |title=Nature Arabic Edition launches |journal=Nature Middle East |date=18 October 2012 |doi=10.1038/nmiddleeast.2012.149 }}</ref> On 2 December 2014, ''Nature'' announced that it would allow its subscribers and a group of selected media outlets to share links allowing free, "read-only" access to content from its journals. These articles are presented using the [[digital rights management]] system [[ReadCube]] (which is funded by the Macmillan subsidiary Digital Science), and does not allow readers to download, copy, print, or otherwise distribute the content. While it does, to an extent, provide free online access to articles, it is not a true [[open access]] scheme due to its restrictions on re-use and distribution.<ref name="wired-naturefreeview">{{cite web|title=Nature journal subscribers can now share article links globally|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2014-12/02/nature-publishing|website=Wired.co.uk|access-date=3 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202182430/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2014-12/02/nature-publishing|archive-date=2 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="guardian-npgreadonly">{{cite news |last1=Yuhas |first1=Alan |title=Science journal Nature to make archives available online |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/dec/02/nature-archives-free |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2 December 2014 }}</ref> On 15 January 2015, details of a proposed merger with Springer Science+Business Media were announced.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schuetze |first1=Arno |title=Nature magazine publisher to merge with Springer Science |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/publishing-ma/nature-magazine-publisher-to-merge-with-springer-science-idUSF9N0TV00F20150115 |work=Reuters |date=15 January 2015 }}</ref>
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In May 2015 it came under the umbrella of [[Springer Nature]], by the merger of [[Springer Science+Business Media]] and [[Holtzbrinck Publishing Group]]'s [[Nature Publishing Group]], [[Palgrave Macmillan]], and [[Macmillan Education]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/about-springer/media/press-releases/corporate/springer-nature-created-following-merger-completion/256626 |title=Springer Nature created following merger completion |date=6 May 2015 |publisher=Springer}}</ref> Since 2011, the journal has published [[Nature's 10]] "people who mattered" during the year, as part of their annual review.<ref name=n10>{{cite journal |last1=Gibney |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Callaway |first2=Ewen |last3=Cyranoski |first3=David |last4=Gaind |first4=Nisha |last5=Tollefson |first5=Jeff |last6=Courtland |first6=Rachel |last7=Law |first7=Yao-Hua |last8=Maher |first8=Brendan |last9=Else |first9=Holly |last10=Castelvecchi |first10=Davide |title=Nature's 10: Ten people who mattered in science in 2018 |journal=Nature |date=18 December 2018 |volume=564 |issue=7736 |pages=325–335 |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-07683-5 |pmid=30563976 |bibcode=2018Natur.564..325G |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=n102011>{{cite journal |last1=Butler |first1=Declan |last2=Callaway |first2=Ewen |last3=Check Hayden |first3=Erika |last4=Cyranoski |first4=David |last5=Hand |first5=Eric |last6=Nosengo |first6=Nicola |last7=Samuel Reich |first7=Eugenie |last8=Tollefson |first8=Jeff |last9=Yahia |first9=Mohammed |title=365 days: Nature's 10 |journal=Nature |date=21 December 2011 |volume=480 |issue=7378 |pages=437–445 |doi=10.1038/480437a |pmid=22193082 |bibcode=2011Natur.480..437B |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 
==Publication in ''Nature''==
[[File:Nature citations per article, 2013-2015.jpg|thumb|Skewed curve of citations per article in 2015 to ''Nature'' articles from 2013 to 2014]]
According to ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'', another academic journal, being published in ''Nature'' has been known to carry a certain level of prestige in academia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Callier |first1=Viviane |title=Yes, it is getting harder to publish in prestigious journals if you haven't already |journal=Science |date=10 December 2018 |doi=10.1126/science.caredit.aaw3380 |s2cid=165486966 }}</ref> In particular, empirical papers are often highly cited, which can lead to promotions, grant funding, and attention from the mainstream media. Because of these [[positive feedback]] effects, competition among scientists to publish in high-level journals like ''Nature'' and its closest competitor, ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'', can be very fierce. ''Nature''{{'}}s [[impact factor]], a measure of how many citations a journal generates in other works, was 42.778 in 2019 (as measured by [[Institute for Scientific Information|Thomson ISI]]).<ref name="WoS" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Journal metrics {{!}} Nature Research|url=https://www.nature.com/nature-research/about/journal-metrics|website=www.nature.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nature|url=https://www.scimagojr.com/journalsearch.php?q=21206&tip=sid|website=www.scimagojr.com|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> However, as with many journals, most papers receive far fewer citations than the impact factor would indicate.<ref>{{Citecite bioRxiv journal|last1=Larivière |first1=Vincent |last2=Kiermer |first2=Véronique |last3=MacCallum |first3=Catriona J. |last4=McNutt |first4=Marcia |last5=Patterson |first5=Mark |last6=Pulverer |first6=Bernd |last7=Swaminathan |first7=Sowmya |last8=Taylor |first8=Stuart |last9=Curry |first9=Stephen |date=2016-07-05 |title=A simple proposal for the publication of journal citation distributions|journal=bioRxiv|page=062109|url=http://biorxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/062109 |language=en |doibiorxiv=10.1101/062109|hdl=1866/23301|s2cid=64293941|hdl-access=free}}</ref> ''Nature''<nowiki/>'s journal impact factor carries a long tail.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Callaway|first=Ewen|date=2016-07-14|title=Beat it, impact factor! Publishing elite turns against controversial metric|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=535|issue=7611|pages=210–211|doi=10.1038/nature.2016.20224|pmid=27411614|bibcode=2016Natur.535..210C|s2cid=4452614|issn=0028-0836|doi-access=free}}</ref>
 
Studies of methodological quality and reliability have found that some high-prestige journals including ''Nature'' "publish significantly substandard structures", and overall "reliability of published research works in several fields may be decreasing with increasing journal rank".<ref name="Brembs2018">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brembs B |title=Prestigious Science Journals Struggle to Reach Even Average Reliability |journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience |volume=12 |page=37 |year=2018 |pmid=29515380 |pmc=5826185 |doi=10.3389/fnhum.2018.00037 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
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According to ''Nature''{{'}}s original [[mission statement]]:
{{quoteblockquote|It is intended, FIRST, to place before the general public the grand results of Scientific Work and Scientific Discovery; and to urge the claims of Science to a more general recognition in Education and in Daily Life; and, SECONDLY, to aid Scientific men themselves, by giving early information of all advances made in any branch of Natural knowledge throughout the world, and by affording them an opportunity of discussing the various Scientific questions which arise from time to time.<ref name=nature1869>{{cite web |url=http://media.nature.com/full/nature-cms/uploads/ckeditor/attachments/7568/mission.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/http://media.nature.com/full/nature-cms/uploads/ckeditor/attachments/7568/mission.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-10 |url-status=live |title=Nature's mission statement |access-date=13 June 2020 |work= nature.comNature |date=11 November 1869 }} Reprinted as: {{cite journal |title=A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science (Reprinted from Nature, January 20, 1870) |journal=Nature |date=November 1969 |volume=224 |issue=5218 |pages=424 |doi=10.1038/224424a0 |bibcode=1969Natur.224..424W |author1=Wordsworth |s2cid=4255504 |doi-access=free }}</ref>}}
 
This was later{{Year needed|date=September 2023}} revised to:
{{quoteblockquote|First, to serve scientists through prompt publication of significant advances in any branch of science, and to provide a forum for the reporting and discussion of news and issues concerning science. Second, to ensure that the results of science are rapidly disseminated to the public throughout the world, in a fashion that conveys their significance for knowledge, culture and daily life.<ref name=nature2000>{{cite web |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/about/index.html |title=Nature's mission statement |website=Nature|date=15 June 2023 }}</ref>}}
 
===Landmark papers===
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* '''[[Plate tectonics]]''' — <small>{{Cite journal | author=J. Tuzo Wilson| s2cid=4226266 | title=Did the Atlantic close and then re-open? | journal=Nature | year=1966 | volume=211 | pages=676–681| doi=10.1038/211676a0|bibcode = 1966Natur.211..676W | issue=5050 | author-link= J. Tuzo Wilson| doi-access=free |ref=none}}</small>
* '''[[Pulsars]]''' — <small>{{Cite journal | author-link=Antony Hewish|first1=A. |last1=Hewish|author-link2=Jocelyn Bell Burnell|first2=S. J. |last2=Bell|first3=J. D. H. |last3=Pilkington|first4=P. F. |last4=Scott|first5=R. A. |last5=Collins| s2cid=4277613 | title=Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source | journal=Nature | year=1968 | volume=217 | pages=709–713| doi=10.1038/217709a0 | bibcode=1968Natur.217..709H | issue=5130|ref=none}}</small>
* '''The [[ozone hole]]''' — <small>{{Cite journal | author=[[Joe Farman|J. C. Farman]], [[Brian G. Gardiner (meteorologist)|B. G. Gardiner]] and [[Jon Shanklin|J. D. Shanklin]] | s2cid=4346468 | title=Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClOx/NOx interaction | journal=Nature | year=1985 | volume=315 | pages=207–210 | doi=10.1038/315207a0 | issue=6016|bibcode = 1985Natur.315..207F|ref=none }}</small>
* '''First [[cloning]] of a [[mammal]]''' ([[Dolly the sheep]]) — <small>{{Cite journal |author-link1=Ian Wilmut|first1=I.|last1=Wilmut|first2=A. E. |last2=Schnieke|first3=J. |last3=McWhir|first4=A. J. |last4=Kind |author-link5=Keith Campbell (biologist)|first5=K. H. S. |last5=Campbell | s2cid=4260518 | title=Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells | journal=Nature | year=1997 | volume=385 | pages=810–813 | doi=10.1038/385810a0 | issue=6619 | pmid=9039911|bibcode = 1997Natur.385..810W |ref=none}}</small>
* '''The [[human genome]]''' — <small>{{Cite journal | author=International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium | title=Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome | journal=Nature | year=2001 | volume=409 | issue=6822 | pages=860–921 | doi=10.1038/35057062 | pmid=11237011| bibcode=2001Natur.409..860L |hdl=2027.42/62798 | doi-access=free|ref=none | hdl-access=free }}</small>
 
===Controversies===
In 2017, ''Nature'' published an editorial entitled "Removing Statues of Historical figures risks whitewashing history: Science must acknowledge mistakes as it marks its past". The article commented on the placement and maintenance of statues honouring scientists with known unethical, abusive and torturous histories. Specifically, the editorial called on examples of [[J. Marion Sims]], the 'Father of gynecology' who experimented on African American female slaves who were unable to give informed consent, and [[Thomas Parran Jr.]] who oversaw the [[Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment]]. The editorial as written made the case that removing such statues, and erasing names, runs the risk of "whitewashing history", and stated "Instead of removing painful reminders, perhaps these should be supplemented". The article caused a large outcry and was quickly modified by Nature.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Science must acknowledge its past mistakes and crimes |journal=Nature |date=7 September 2017 |volume=549 |issue=7670 |pages=5–6 |doi=10.1038/549005b |pmid=28880309 |bibcode=2017Natur.549R...5. |s2cid=4462464 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The article was largely seen as offensive, inappropriate, and by many, racist. ''Nature'' acknowledged that the article as originally written was "offensive and poorly worded" and published selected letters of response.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Readers respond to Nature's Editorial on historical monuments |journal=Nature |date=8 September 2017 |doi=10.1038/nature.2017.22584 }}</ref> The editorial came just weeks after hundreds of white supremacists marched in [[Charlottesville, Virginia]], in the [[Unite the Right Rally|Unite the Right rally]] to oppose the removal of [[Robert E. Lee Monument (Charlottesville, Virginia)|a statue of Robert E. Lee]], setting off violence in the streets and killing a young woman. When Nature posted a link to the editorial on [[Twitter]], the thread quickly exploded with criticisms. In response, several scientists called for a boycott.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Schulson |first=Michael |title=History Lessons for 'Nature'|date=17 September 2017 |newspaper=Undark Magazine |url=https://undark.org/article/nature-journal-j-marion-sims/}}</ref> On 18 September 2017, the editorial was updated and edited by Philip Campbell, the editor of the journal.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Campbell |first1=Philip |s2cid=47247939 |title=Statues: an editorial response |journal=Nature |date=18 September 2017 |volume=549 |issue=7672 |pages=334 |doi=10.1038/549334c |pmid=28922663 |bibcode=2017Natur.549..334C }}</ref>
 
When [[Paul Lauterbur]] and [[Peter Mansfield]] won a [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] for research initially rejected by ''Nature'' and published only after Lauterbur appealed against the rejection, ''Nature'' acknowledged more of its own missteps in rejecting papers in an editorial titled, "Coping with Peer Rejection":
{{quoteblockquote|[T]here are unarguable ''faux pas'' in our history. These include the rejection of [[Čherenkov radiation|Cherenkov radiation]], [[Hideki Yukawa]]'s [[meson]], work on [[photosynthesis]] by [[Johann Deisenhofer]], [[Robert Huber]] and [[Hartmut Michel]], and the initial rejection (but eventual acceptance) of [[Stephen Hawking]]'s [[Hawking radiation|black-hole radiation]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Nature |date=16 October 2003 |title=Coping with peer rejection |volume=425 |page=645 |doi=10.1038/425645a |pmid=14562060 |issue=6959 |bibcode=2003Natur.425..645.|doi-access=free }}</ref>}}
 
In June 1988, after nearly a year of guided scrutiny from its editors, ''Nature'' published a controversial and seemingly anomalous paper detailing [[Jacques Benveniste]] and his team's work studying human [[Basophilwater granulocyte|basophilmemory]] [[degranulation]] in the presence of extremely dilute [[antibody]] serum.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Davenas |first1=E. |last2=Beauvais |first2=F. |last3=Amara |first3=J. |last4=Oberbaum |first4=M. |last5=Robinzon |first5=B. |last6=Miadonnai |first6=A. |last7=Tedeschi |first7=A. |last8=Pomeranz |first8=B. |last9=Fortner |first9=P. |last10=Belon |first10=P. |last11=Sainte-Laudy |first11=J. |last12=Poitevin |first12=B. |last13=Benveniste |first13=J. |s2cid=12992106 |title=Human basophil degranulation triggered by very dilute antiserum against IgE |journal=Nature |date=June 1988 |volume=333 |issue=6176 |pages=816–818 |doi=10.1038/333816a0 |pmid=2455231 |bibcode=1988Natur.333..816D }}</ref> The paper concluded that less than a single molecule of [[antibody]] diluted in water could trigger an immune response in human [[basophils]], defying the physical [[law of mass action]]. The paper excited substantial media attention in Paris, chiefly because their research sought funding from [[homeopathic]] medicine companies. Public inquiry prompted ''Nature'' to mandate an extensive and stringent experimental [[replication (statistics)|replication]] in Benveniste's lab, through which his team's results were refuted.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maddox |first1=John |last2=Randi |first2=James |last3=Stewart |first3=Walter W. |s2cid=9579433 |title='High-dilution' experiments a delusion |journal=Nature |date=1 July 1988 |volume=334 |issue=6180 |pages=287–290 |doi=10.1038/334287a0 |pmid=2455869 |bibcode=1988Natur.334..287M }}</ref>
 
Before publishing one of its most famous discoveries, [[James D. Watson|Watson]] and [[Francis Crick|Crick]]'s 1953 [[Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid|paper]] on the [[structure of DNA]], ''Nature'' did not send the paper out for peer review. [[John Maddox]], ''Nature''{{'}}s editor, stated: "the Watson and Crick paper was not peer-reviewed by ''Nature'' ... the paper could not have been refereed: its correctness is self-evident. No referee working in the field ... could have kept his mouth shut once he saw the structure".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maddox |first1=J. |doi=10.1038/426119b |title=How genius can smooth the road to publication |journal=Nature |volume=426 |issue=6963 |page=119 |year=2003|bibcode=2003Natur.426..119M |doi-access=free }}</ref>
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From 2000 to 2001, a series of five fraudulent papers by [[Schön scandal|Jan Hendrik Schön]] was published in ''Nature''. The papers, about [[semiconductors]], were revealed to contain falsified data and other scientific fraud. In 2003, ''Nature'' retracted the papers. The Schön scandal was not limited to ''Nature''; other prominent journals, such as ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' and ''[[Physical Review]]'', also retracted papers by Schön.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Retractions' realities |journal=Nature |date=6 March 2003 |volume=422 |issue=6927 |pages=1 |doi=10.1038/422001a |pmid=12621394 |bibcode=2003Natur.422Q...1. |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 
In 2022, an editorial published in ''Nature'' entitled "How ''Nature'' contributed to science's discriminatory legacy" mentioning the problematics of some of their articles: "But we have also published material that contributed to bias, exclusion and discrimination in research and society."<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2022-09-28 |title=How Nature contributed to science's discriminatory legacy |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=609 |issue=7929 |pages=875–876 |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-03035-6|pmid=36171380 |bibcode=2022Natur.609..875. |s2cid=252547858 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 
In 2024, a paper titled "[[Cell potency|Pluripotency]] of [[Mesenchymal stem cell|mesenchymal stem cells]] derived from adult marrow," published in 2002, was [[Retraction in academic publishing|retracted]] due to concerns raised regarding some of the panels shown in a figure, making it the most-cited retracted paper ever.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-07 |title=University of Minnesota retracts pioneering studies in stem cells, Alzheimer's disease |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2024-06-university-minnesota-retracts-stem-cells.html |access-date=2024-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707093350/https://medicalxpress.com/news/2024-06-university-minnesota-retracts-stem-cells.html |archive-date=7 July 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jiang |first1=Yuehua |last2=Jahagirdar |first2=Balkrishna N. |last3=Reinhardt |first3=R. Lee |last4=Schwartz |first4=Robert E. |last5=Keene |first5=C. Dirk |last6=Ortiz-Gonzalez |first6=Xilma R. |last7=Reyes |first7=Morayma |last8=Lenvik |first8=Todd |last9=Lund |first9=Troy |last10=Blackstad |first10=Mark |last11=Du |first11=Jingbo |last12=Aldrich |first12=Sara |last13=Lisberg |first13=Aaron |last14=Low |first14=Walter C. |last15=Largaespada |first15=David A. |date=June 2024 |title=Retraction Note: Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=630 |issue=8018 |pages=1020 |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07653-0 |issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free |pmid=38886620 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jiang |first1=Yuehua |last2=Jahagirdar |first2=Balkrishna N. |last3=Reinhardt |first3=R. Lee |last4=Schwartz |first4=Robert E. |last5=Keene |first5=C. Dirk |last6=Ortiz-Gonzalez |first6=Xilma R. |last7=Reyes |first7=Morayma |last8=Lenvik |first8=Todd |last9=Lund |first9=Troy |last10=Blackstad |first10=Mark |last11=Du |first11=Jingbo |last12=Aldrich |first12=Sara |last13=Lisberg |first13=Aaron |last14=Low |first14=Walter C. |last15=Largaespada |first15=David A. |date=July 2002 |title=Retracted Article: Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature00870 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=418 |issue=6893 |pages=41–49 |doi=10.1038/nature00870 |pmid=12077603 |issn=1476-4687}}{{Retracted|doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07653-0|pmid=38886620|https://retractionwatch.com/2024/06/18/nature-retracts-highly-cited-2002-paper-that-claimed-adult-stem-cells-could-become-any-type-of-cell/ ''Retraction Watch''|intentional=yes}}</ref>
 
==Science fiction==
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==Publication ==
[[File:Nature Materials Nov 2008.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Nature Materials]],'' a specialized journal from [[Nature ResearchPortfolio]], 2018]]
 
''Nature'' is edited and published in the United Kingdom by a division of the international [[scientific publishing]] company [[Springer Nature]] that publishes academic journals, [[magazine]]s, online databases, and services in science and medicine. ''Nature'' has offices in London, New York City, San Francisco, Washington, D.C., [[Boston]], Tokyo, Hong Kong, Paris, [[Munich]], and [[Basingstoke]]. [[Nature Portfolio|Nature Research]] also publishes other specialized journals including ''[[Nature Neuroscience]]'', ''[[Nature Biotechnology]],'' ''[[Nature Methods]]'', the ''[[Nature Clinical Practice]]'' series of journals, ''[[Nature Structural & Molecular Biology]]'', ''[[Nature Chemistry]]'', and the ''Nature Reviews'' series of journals.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Journals A-Z |url=https://www.nature.com/siteindex |access-date=March 3, 2023 |website=Nature Portfolio}}</ref>
 
Since 2005, each issue of ''Nature'' has been accompanied by a ''[[Nature Podcast]]''<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.nature.com/nature/podcast/archive.html | work = Nature |title = Archive: Nature Podcast |access-date = 1 May 2014 }}</ref> featuring highlights from the issue and interviews with the articles' authors and the journalists covering the research. It is presented by Kerri Smith and features interviews with scientists on the latest research, as well as news reports from ''Nature''<nowiki/>'s editors and journalists. The Nature Podcast was founded – and the first 100 episodes were produced and presented – by clinician and virologist [[Chris Smith, The Naked Scientist|Chris Smith]] of Cambridge and ''[[The Naked Scientists]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ganguli|first=Ishani|date=1 June 2006|title=A science podcaster bares all|url=https://www.the-scientist.com/uncategorized/a-science-podcaster-bares-all-47514|access-date=2022-01-01|website=The Scientist Magazine|language=en}}</ref>
 
Nature ResearchPortfolio actively supports the self-archiving process and in 2002 was one of the first publishers to allow authors to post their contributions on their personal websites, by requesting an exclusive licence to publish, rather than requiring authors to transfer copyright. In December 2007, Nature Publishing Group introduced the Creative Commons attribution-non-commercial-share alike unported licence for those articles in Nature journals that are publishing the primary sequence of an organism's genome for the first time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itconversations.com/shows/detail1864.html |title=Interview with Timo Hannay, director of web publishing for Nature Publishing Group |work=Jon Udell's Interviews with Innovators |date=5 July 2007}}</ref>
 
In 2008, a collection of articles from ''Nature'' was edited by John S. Partington under the title ''H. G. Wells in Nature, 1893–1946: A Reception Reader'' and published by [[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Partington, John S. |year=2008 |title=H. G. Wells in Nature, 1893–1946: A Reception Reader |place=Frankfurt |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-3631571101}}{{pscprimary source inline|date=June 2020}}{{page needed|date=June 2020}}</ref>
 
==Communications journals==
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*''Communications Physics''
*''Communications Psychology''
 
== See also ==
* [[Open-access (publishing)]]
 
== Citations ==
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{{Wikisource}}
* {{official website}}
* [httphttps://onlinebookswww.librarybiodiversitylibrary.upenn.eduorg/webbinbibliography/serial?id=nature40302 Freely available scans of volumes: 1–112 (1869–1923)]
* [https://www.natureindex.com/ ''Nature'' Index]
* [https://www.science.org/content/article/9500-nature-journals-will-now-make-your-paper-free-read For €9500, ''Nature'' journals will now make your paper free to read]
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