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{{short description|Underground passage made for traffic}}
{{about|underground passages}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
[[File:Signalisation routière entrée sud tunnel du Galibier.jpg|thumb|right|Tunnel in [[Col du Galibier]], France]]
[[File:14-46-35-f-mutzig.jpg|thumb|right|Tunnel in [[Fort de Mutzig]], France]]
[[File:Tunel en Guanajuato.jpg|thumb|Decorated
[[File:Heatpipe tunnel copenhagen 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Utility tunnel]] for heating pipes between [[Rigshospitalet]] and Amagerværket in [[Copenhagen]], Denmark]]
[[File:A crossover on the south side of Zhongxiao Xinsheng Station.JPG|thumb|Tunnel on the [[Taipei Metro]] in [[Taiwan]]]]
[[File:Southern portal of Chirk canal tunnel - geograph.org.uk - 1293092.jpg|thumb|Southern portal of the {{convert|421|m|ft|abbr=on|adj=mid|long}} [[Chirk Tunnel|Chirk canal tunnel]], Wales]]
A '''tunnel''' is an underground or undersea passageway. It is dug through surrounding soil, earth or rock, or laid under water, and is usually completely enclosed except for the
A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular [[road]] [[traffic]], for [[rail transport|rail]] traffic, or for a [[canal]]. The central portions of a [[rapid transit]] network are usually in the tunnel. Some tunnels are used as [[sanitary sewer|sewers]] or [[aqueduct (watercourse)|aqueducts]] to supply water for consumption or for [[hydroelectric]] stations. [[Utility tunnel]]s are used for routing steam, chilled water, electrical power or telecommunication cables, as well as connecting buildings for convenient passage of people and equipment.<ref>Salazar, Waneta. ''Tunnels in Civil Engineering''. Delhi, India : White Word Publications, 2012.</ref>
[[Secret passage|Secret tunnels]] are built for military purposes, or by civilians for [[smuggling]] of [[weapon]]s, [[contraband]], or [[people]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sorrensen |first=Cynthia |date=2014-07-01 |title=Making the Subterranean Visible: Security, Tunnels, and the United States–Mexico Border |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1931-0846.2014.12029.x |journal=Geographical Review |language=en |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=328–345 |doi=10.1111/j.1931-0846.2014.12029.x |issn=0016-7428}}</ref> Special tunnels, such as [[wildlife crossing]]s, are built to allow wildlife to cross human-made barriers safely.<ref>Brodziewska, J. (2005). Wildlife tunnels and fauna bridges in Poland: past, present and future, 1997-2013. ''UC Davis: Road Ecology Center''. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4wd0j27j</nowiki></ref> Tunnels can be connected together in [[tunnel network]]s.
A tunnel is relatively long and narrow; the length is often much greater than twice the [[diameter]], although similar shorter excavations can be constructed, such as cross passages between tunnels.▼
The definition of what constitutes a tunnel can vary widely from source to source. For example, in the United Kingdom, a road tunnel is defined as "a subsurface highway structure enclosed for a length of {{convert|150|m|ft}} or more."<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.standardsforhighways.co.uk/tses/attachments/987a669b-13a1-40b9-94da-1ea4e4604fdd |title=
== Terminology ==
{{Empty section|date=September 2024}}[[File:Tampereen rantatunneli.jpg|thumb|An entrance of the [[Rantaväylä Tunnel]] in the northern part of [[Tampere]], [[Pirkanmaa]], [[Finland]]]]
[[File:Scene with Fabric Tunnel - Srimangal - Sylhet Division - Bangladesh (12904860703).jpg|thumb|A fabric tunnel in [[Moulvibazar District]], [[Bangladesh]]]]
▲A tunnel is relatively long and narrow; the length is often much greater than twice the [[diameter]], although similar shorter excavations can be constructed, such as cross passages between tunnels.
== Etymology ==
▲The definition of what constitutes a tunnel can vary widely from source to source. For example, in the United Kingdom, a road tunnel is defined as "a subsurface highway structure enclosed for a length of {{convert|150|m|ft}} or more."<ref>{{cite book|title=DESIGN MANUAL FOR ROADS AND BRIDGES: VOLUME 2: SECTION 2: PART 9: BD 78/99: DESIGN OF ROAD TUNNELS|year=1999|publisher=The Department for Transport|url=http://www.dft.gov.uk/ha/standards/dmrb/vol2/section2/bd7899.pdf}}</ref> In the United States, the [[National Fire Protection Association|NFPA]] definition of a tunnel is "An underground structure with a design length greater than {{convert|23|m|ft|abbr=on}} and a diameter greater than {{convert|1800|mm|ft}}."<ref>{{cite book|title=NFPA Standard for Safeguarding Construction, Alteration, and Demolition Operations|publisher=National Fire Protection Association}}</ref>
The word "tunnel" comes from the [[Middle English]] ''tonnelle'', meaning "a net," derived from [[Old French]] ''tonnel'', a diminutive of ''tonne'' ("cask"). The modern meaning, referring to an underground passageway, evolved in the 16th century as a metaphor for a narrow, confined space like the inside of a cask.<ref>{{Citation |title=tunnel, n. |date=2023-03-02 |work=Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://oed.com/dictionary/tunnel_n |access-date=2024-09-01 |edition=3 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/oed/1137765320}}</ref> The modern sense of it as a passageway emerged as engineering and mining practices grew.
== History ==
{{see also|History of water supply and sanitation}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2013}}
Some of the earliest tunnels used by humans were [[Paleoburrow|paleoburrows]] excavated by prehistoric mammals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frank, de Carvalho Buchmann, Gonçalves de Lima, Caron, Lopes & Fornari |date=2011 |title=KARSTIC FEATURES GENERATED FROM LARGE PALAEOVERTEBRATE TUNNELS IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL |url=https://www.ufrgs.br/paleotocas/Frank_et_al_2011b.pdf |journal=Espeleo-Tema |volume=22 |issue=1}}</ref>[[File:Joralemon Street Tunnel postcard, 1913.jpg|thumb|Joralemon Street Tunnel on 1913 postcard, part of the [[New York City Subway]] system]]
Much of the early technology of tunneling evolved from [[mining]] and [[military engineering]]. The
=== Antiquity and early middle ages ===
Predecessors of modern tunnels were [[adit]]s that transported water for [[irrigation]], drinking, or [[sewerage]]. The first [[
The earliest tunnel known to have been excavated from both ends is the [[Siloam tunnel|Siloam Tunnel]], built in [[Jerusalem]] by the kings of [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]] around the 8th century BC. Another tunnel excavated from both ends, maybe the second known, is the [[Tunnel of Eupalinos]], which is a tunnel [[Aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]] {{convert|1036|m|ft|abbr=on|adj=on|sigfig=3}} long running through Mount Kastro in [[Samos Island|Samos]], [[Greece]]
In [[Ethiopia]], the [[Siqurto foot tunnel]], hand-hewn in the Middle Ages, crosses a mountain ridge.
In the [[Gaza Strip]], the network of tunnels was used by Jewish strategists as rock-cut shelters, in first links to Judean resistance against Roman rule in the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]] during the 2nd century AD.
== Geotechnical investigation and design ==
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{{unreferenced section|date=February 2021}}
{{Anchor|Choice of tunnels vs bridges}}
[[File:2007 09 19 - 895tunnel - WB 3.JPG|right|thumb|The [[Harbor Tunnel (Baltimore)|Harbor Tunnel]] in [[Baltimore]], USA, which carries [[Interstate 895 (Maryland)|I-895]], serves as an example of a water-crossing tunnel built instead of a bridge.]]
For water crossings, a tunnel is generally more costly to construct than a bridge. However, both navigational and traffic considerations may limit the use of high bridges or [[drawbridge]]s intersecting with shipping channels, necessitating a tunnel.
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=== Project planning and cost estimates ===
Government funds are often required for the creation of tunnels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cord.edu/faculty/bfoss/ADVC20.htm |title=Capital Projects Funds |publisher=Cord.edu |access-date=19 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217080357/http://www.cord.edu/faculty/bfoss/ADVC20.htm |archive-date=17 December 2011 }}</ref> When a tunnel is being planned or constructed, economics and politics play a large factor in the decision making process. Civil engineers usually use [[project management]] techniques for developing a major structure. Understanding the amount of time the project requires, and the amount of labor and materials needed is a crucial part of project planning. The project duration must be identified using a [[work breakdown structure]]
The [[Cost–benefit analysis|costs and benefits]] for an infrastructure such as a tunnel must be identified. Political disputes can occur, as in 2005 when the US House of Representatives approved a $100 million federal grant to build a tunnel under New York Harbor. However, the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]] was not aware of this bill and had not asked for a grant for such a project.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/03/nyregion/03rail.html?_r=0 | work=The New York Times | first=Sewell | last=Chan | title=$100 Million for a Tunnel. What Tunnel? | date=3 August 2005}}</ref> Increased taxes to finance a large project may cause opposition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cfr.org/infrastructure/encouraging-us-infrastructure-investment/p27771 |title=Encouraging U.S. Infrastructure Investment – Council on Foreign Relations |publisher=Cfr.org |access-date=19 April 2013 |archive-date=23 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523092826/http://www.cfr.org/infrastructure/encouraging-us-infrastructure-investment/p27771 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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A major disadvantage of cut-and-cover is the widespread disruption generated at the surface level during construction.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Konyukhov |first=D. S. |date=12 April 2022 |title=Analysis of mechanized tunneling parameters to determine the overcutting characteristics |url=https://mst.misis.ru/jour/article/view/330 |journal=Gornye Nauki I Tekhnologii = Mining Science and Technology (Russia) |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=49–56 |doi=10.17073/2500-0632-2022-1-49-56 |s2cid=248136002 |issn=2500-0632|doi-access=free }}</ref> This, and the availability of electric traction, brought about London Underground's switch to bored tunnels at a deeper level towards the end of the 19th century.
Prior to the replacement of manual excavation by the use of boring machines, [[Victorian era|Victorian]] tunnel excavators developed a specialized method called clay-kicking for digging tunnels in clay-based soils. The clay-kicker lies on a plank at a 45-degree angle away from the working face and rather than a [[mattock]] with his hands, inserts with his feet a tool with a cup-like rounded end, then turns the tool with his hands to extract a section of soil, which is then placed on the waste extract.
=== Boring machines ===
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There are a variety of TBM designs that can operate in a variety of conditions, from hard rock to soft water-bearing ground. Some TBMs, the bentonite slurry and earth-pressure balance types, have pressurized compartments at the front end, allowing them to be used in difficult conditions below the [[water table]]. This pressurizes the ground ahead of the TBM cutter head to balance the water pressure. The operators work in normal air pressure behind the pressurized compartment, but may occasionally have to enter that compartment to renew or repair the cutters. This requires special precautions, such as local ground treatment or halting the TBM at a position free from water. Despite these difficulties, TBMs are now preferred over the older method of tunnelling in compressed air, with an airlock/decompression chamber some way back from the TBM, which required operators to [[work in compressed air|work in high pressure]] and go through decompression procedures at the end of their shifts, much like [[underwater diving|deep-sea divers]].
In February 2010, Aker Wirth delivered a TBM to Switzerland, for the expansion of the [[Linth–Limmern Power Stations]] located south of [[Linthal, Glarus|Linthal]] in the [[canton of Glarus]]. The borehole has a diameter of {{convert|8.03|m|ft}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tunnels & Tunnelling International |url=http://www.tunnelsonline.info/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=61846
▲Used in [[Victorian era|Victorian]] civil engineering, the method found favor in the renewal of Britain's ancient [[sewerage]] systems, by not having to remove all property or infrastructure to create a small tunnel system. During the [[First World War]], the system was used by [[Royal Engineer tunnelling companies]] to put mines beneath the [[German Empire]] lines. The method was virtually silent and so not susceptible to listening methods of detection.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tunnellersmemorial.com/Tunnelling.htm |title=Tunnelling |publisher=tunnellersmemorial.com |access-date=20 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823081917/http://tunnellersmemorial.com/Tunnelling.htm |archive-date=23 August 2010}}</ref>
=== Shafts ===
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[[File:Hill 60 illowra battery port kembla.jpg|thumb|[[Illowra Battery]] utility tunnel, Port Kembla. One of many [[Template:Barracks Batteries Bunkers and Forts in Sydney|bunkers south of Sydney]].]]
By special [[Condition monitoring|monitoring]] the NATM method is flexible, even at surprising changes of the [[geomechanics|geomechanical]] rock consistency during the tunneling work. The measured rock properties lead to appropriate [[tool]]s for tunnel [[Strength of materials|strengthening]].<ref name="tbm20181205">
{{cite news |date=5 December 2018 |title=Understanding the New Austrian Tunnel Method (NATM) |url=https://tunnelingonline.com/understanding-the-new-austrian-tunnel-method-natm/ |
=== Pipe jacking ===
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=== Box jacking ===
Box jacking is similar to pipe jacking, but instead of jacking tubes, a box-shaped tunnel is used. Jacked boxes can be a much larger span than a pipe jack, with the span of some box jacks in excess of {{convert|20|m}}. A cutting head is normally used at the front of the box being jacked, and spoil removal is normally by excavator from within the box. Recent developments of the Jacked Arch and Jacked deck have enabled longer and larger structures to be installed to close accuracy.
=== Underwater tunnels ===
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The vehicles or traffic using a tunnel can outgrow it, requiring replacement or enlargement:
* The original single line [[Mount Gibraltar|Gib Tunnel]] near [[Mittagong]] was replaced with a double-track tunnel, with the original tunnel used for growing mushrooms.<ref name="Company Website">{{cite web |last=Sun |first=Li |title=Mushrooms and Tours {{!}} Li-Sun Exotic Mushrooms |url=http://www.li-sunexoticmushrooms.com.au/ |url-status=unfit |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20180316053305/http://www.li-sunexoticmushrooms.com.au/ |archive-date=2018-03-16 |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=www.li-sunexoticmushrooms.com.au}}</ref><ref name="Article on Closure">{{cite web |last1=
* The 1832 double-track {{convert|1|mi|km|adj=
* The [[Farnworth Tunnel]] in England was enlarged using a [[tunnel boring machine]] (TBM) in 2015.<ref>
* Tunnels can also be enlarged by lowering the floor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tunnel-online.info/en/artikel/tunnel_2012-04_Report_on_Redeveloping_Railway_Tunnels_1433844.html|title=Report on Redeveloping Railway Tunnels|website=www.tunnel-online.info}}</ref>
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=== Other construction methods ===
[[File:Tunnel end Onkalo.jpg|thumb|Tunnel excavated with drilling and blasting method.]]
* [[Drilling and blasting]]
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* Slurry-shield machine
* Wall-cover construction method.
== Variant tunnel types ==
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=== Double-deck and multipurpose tunnels ===
[[File:San Francisco-Bay Bridge02.jpg|thumb|The upper-level traffic lanes through [[Yerba Buena Island]], part of the [[San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge]]]]
Some tunnels are double-deck, for example, the two major segments of the [[San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge]] (completed in 1936) are linked by a {{convert|540|foot|m|adj=mid|order=flip}} [[Yerba Buena Tunnel|double-deck tunnel]] section through [[Yerba Buena Island]], the largest-diameter bored tunnel in the world.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 November 2015 |title=San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge |url=http://mtc.ca.gov/about-mtc/what-mtc/bay-area-toll-authority/san-francisco-oakland-bay-bridge |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107072916/http://mtc.ca.gov/about-mtc/what-mtc/bay-area-toll-authority/san-francisco-oakland-bay-bridge |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2024-01-23 |work=Bay Area Toll Authority
In Turkey, the [[Eurasia Tunnel]] under the [[Bosphorus]], opened in 2016, has at its core a {{convert|5.4|km|mile|abbr=on}} two-deck road tunnel with two lanes on each deck.<ref name="uc">{{cite web |title=Eurasia Tunnel Project |url=http://events.unicredit-cib.eu/uploads/media/Presentation_Basar_Arioglu_Yapi_Merkezi_Insaat.pdf |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120170635/http://events.unicredit-cib.eu/uploads/media/Presentation_Basar_Arioglu_Yapi_Merkezi_Insaat.pdf
Additionally, in 2015 the Turkish government announced that it will build ''three''-level tunnel, also under the Bosporus.<ref>{{cite web |
▲In Turkey, the [[Eurasia Tunnel]] under the [[Bosphorus]], opened in 2016, has at its core a {{convert|5.4|km|mile|abbr=on}} two-deck road tunnel with two lanes on each deck.<ref name="uc">{{cite web |url=http://events.unicredit-cib.eu/uploads/media/Presentation_Basar_Arioglu_Yapi_Merkezi_Insaat.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120170635/http://events.unicredit-cib.eu/uploads/media/Presentation_Basar_Arioglu_Yapi_Merkezi_Insaat.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 January 2016 |publisher=[[Unicredit]] – Yapı Merkezi, SK EC Joint Venture |title=Eurasia Tunnel Project |access-date=13 April 2014 }}</ref><br />
▲Additionally, in 2015 the Turkish government announced that it will build ''three''-level tunnel, also under the Bosporus.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/business/2015/02/27/istanbuls-megaproject-worlds-first-threelevel-tunnel-to-be-built-under-the-bosporus|title=Istanbul's mega-project: World's first three-level tunnel to be built under the Bosporus – Daily Sabah| website=[[Daily Sabah]] |date=19 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219015521/https://www.dailysabah.com/business/2015/02/27/istanbuls-megaproject-worlds-first-threelevel-tunnel-to-be-built-under-the-bosporus|archive-date=19 February 2017}}</ref> The tunnel is intended to carry both the Istanbul metro and a two-level highway, over a length of {{convert|6.5|km|mile|abbr=on}}.
The French {{ill|A86 Duplex Tunnel|fr|Duplex A86}} in west Paris consists of two bored tunnel tubes, the eastern one of which has two levels for light motorized vehicles, over a length of {{convert|10|km|mile|abbr=on}}. Although each level offers a physical height of {{convert|2.54|m|foot|abbr=on}}, only traffic up to {{convert|2|m|foot|abbr=on}} tall is allowed in this tunnel tube, and motorcyclists are directed to the other tube. Each level was built with a three-lane roadway, but only two lanes per level are used – the third serves as a hard shoulder within the tunnel. The A86 Duplex is Europe's longest double-deck tunnel.
In [[Shanghai]], China, a {{convert|2.8|km|mile|abbr=on}} two-tube double-deck tunnel was built starting in 2002. In each tube of the {{ill|Fuxing Road Tunnel|zh|复兴东路隧道}} both decks are for motor vehicles. In each direction, only cars and taxis travel on the {{convert|2.6|m|foot|abbr=on}} high two-lane upper deck, and heavier vehicles, like trucks and buses, as well as cars, may use the {{convert|4.0|m|foot|abbr=on}} high single-lane lower level.<ref>{{cite web |date=2002-11-01 |title=Shanghai to Dig Double-deck Tunnel |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/China/47409.htm
In the Netherlands, a {{convert|2.3|km|mile|abbr=on}} two-storey, eight-lane, cut-and-cover road tunnel under the city of [[Maastricht]] was opened in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kalus |first=Ruben |date=2016-12-22 |title=Maastricht's new highway tunnel: a role model for Europe |url=http://www.dw.com/en/maastrichts-new-highway-tunnel-a-role-model-for-europe/av-36867098 |
The [[Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel]], is a $3.3
[[New York City]]'s [[63rd Street Tunnel]] under the [[East River]], between the boroughs of [[Manhattan]] and [[Queens]], was intended to carry [[New York City Subway|subway]] trains on the upper level and [[Long Island Rail Road]] commuter trains on the lower level. Construction started in 1969,<ref>{{cite news|title=To Break Ground For 63rd St., East River Tunnel|url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttp%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspapers%252023%2FForest%2520Parkway%2520NY%2520Leader%2520Observer%2FForest%2520Parkway%2520NY%2520Leader%2520Observer%25201969-1971%2FForest%2520Parkway%2520NY%2520Leader%2520Observer%25201969-1971%2520-%25200628.pdf&highlightsFile=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttp%2Ffultonhistory.com%2Fhighlighter%2Fhits%2F816c7feba198b14dee5deb0dc12d134f#page=1|access-date=29 July 2016|work=New York Leader-Observer|via=[[Old Fulton New York Postcards]]|date=20 November 1969|page=8}}</ref> and the two sides of the tunnel were bored through in 1972.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 October 1972 |title=Governor Rockefeller and Mayor Lindsay Attend 'Holing Through' of 63d St. Tunnel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/10/11/archives/governor-rockefeller-and-mayor-lindsay-attend-holing-through-of-63d.html |
In the UK, the 1934 [[Queensway Tunnel]] under the [[River Mersey]] between [[Liverpool]] and [[Birkenhead]] was originally to have road vehicles running on the upper deck and trams on the lower. During construction the tram usage was cancelled. The lower section is only used for cables, pipes and emergency accident refuge enclosures.
Hong Kong's [[Lion Rock Tunnel]], built in the mid 1960s, connecting [[New Kowloon]] and [[Sha Tin New Town|Sha Tin]], carries a motorway but also serves as an [[Aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]], featuring a gallery containing five water mains lines with diameters between {{cvt|1.
[[Wuhan]]'s Yangtze River Highway and Railway Tunnel is a {{cvt|2.59
[[Mount Baker Tunnel]] has three levels.
Some tunnels have more than one purpose. The [[SMART Tunnel]] in [[Malaysia]] is the first multipurpose "''Stormwater Management And Road Tunnel''" in the world, created to convey both traffic and occasional [[flood]] waters in [[Kuala Lumpur]]. When necessary, floodwater is first diverted into a separate bypass tunnel located ''underneath'' the {{convert|2.5|mile|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} double-deck roadway tunnel. In this scenario, traffic continues normally. Only during heavy, prolonged rains when the threat of extreme flooding is high, the upper tunnel tube is closed off to vehicles and automated flood control gates are opened so that water can be diverted through both tunnels.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mnn.com/green-tech/transportation/stories/drive-through-these-10-tremendous-tunnels|title=Drive through these 10 tremendous tunnels}}</ref>
[[Common utility duct]]s or utility tunnels carry two or more utility lines. Through co-location of different utilities in one tunnel, organizations are able to reduce the costs of building and maintaining utilities.
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Over-bridges can sometimes be built by covering a road or river or railway with [[brick]] or [[steel]] [[arch]]es, and then leveling the surface with earth. In railway parlance, a surface-level track which has been built or covered over is normally called a "covered way".
[[Snow shed]]s are a kind of artificial tunnel built to protect a railway from [[avalanche]]s of snow. Similarly the [[Stanwell Park]], [[New South Wales]] "steel tunnel
=== Underpass ===
{{redirect|Underpass}}
[[File:VIEW THROUGH CATTLEPASS NEAR BRIDAL VEIL FALLS. - Historic Columbia River Highway, Troutdale, Multnomah County, OR HAER ORE,26-TROUT.V,1-31.tif|right|thumb|Underpass for cattle created in 1914 construction of what is now [[Historic Columbia River Highway]]]]
An '''underpass''' is a road or railway or other passageway passing ''under'' another road or railway, under an [[overpass]]. This is not strictly a tunnel.
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Rail tunnels usually require fewer [[air changes per hour]], but still may require [[Ventilation (architecture)|forced-air ventilation]]. Both types of tunnels often have provisions to increase ventilation under emergency conditions, such as a fire. Although there is a risk of increasing the [[rate of combustion]] through increased airflow, the primary focus is on providing breathable air to persons trapped in the tunnel, as well as [[firefighter]]s.
The [[Aerodynamics|
When there is a parallel, separate tunnel available, airtight but unlocked emergency doors are usually provided which allow trapped personnel to escape from a smoke-filled tunnel to the parallel tube.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Fridolf | first1 = K. | last2 = Ronchi | first2 = E. | last3 = Nilsson | first3 = D. | last4 = Frantzich | first4 = H. | year = 2013 | title = Movement speed and exit choice in smoke-filled rail tunnels | journal = Fire Safety Journal | volume = 59 | pages = 8–21 | doi = 10.1016/j.firesaf.2013.03.007 | bibcode = 2013FirSJ..59....8F }}</ref>
Larger, heavily used tunnels, such as the [[Big Dig]] tunnel in [[Boston, Massachusetts]], may have a dedicated 24-hour staffed [[operations center]] which monitors and reports on traffic conditions, and responds to emergencies.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Johnson|first=Christine M.|author2=Edward L. Thomas|title=A Case Study Boston Central Artery/Tunnel Integrated Project Control System, Responding to incidents Rapidly and Effectively|journal=Metropolitan Transportation Management Center|date=October 1999|page=12|url=http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/11063.pdf|access-date=4 April 2014|archive-date=9 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309164537/http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/11063.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Video surveillance]] equipment is often used, and real-time pictures of traffic conditions for some highways may be viewable by the general public via the Internet.
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* High frequency motions may explain the local spalling of rock or concrete along planes of weakness. These frequencies, which rapidly attenuate with distance, may be expected mainly at small distances from the causative fault.
* [[Ground motion]] may be amplified upon incidence with a tunnel if wavelengths are between one and four times the tunnel diameter.
* Damage at and near tunnel portals may be significant due to slope instability.<ref>{{Cite journal |
Earthquakes are one of nature's most formidable threats. A magnitude 6.7 earthquake shook the San Fernando valley in Los Angeles in 1994. The earthquake caused extensive damage to various structures, including buildings, freeway overpasses and road systems throughout the area. The National Center for Environmental Information estimates total damages to be 40 billion dollars.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/
This same trend of limited subway damage following an earthquake can be seen in many other places. In 1985 a magnitude 8.1 earthquake shook Mexico City; there was no damage to the subway system, and in fact the subway systems served as a lifeline for emergency personnel and evacuations. A magnitude 7.2 ripped through Kobe Japan in 1995, leaving no damage to the tunnels themselves. Entry portals sustained minor damages, however these damages were attributed to inadequate earthquake design that originated from the original construction date of 1965. In 2010 a magnitude 8.8, massive by any scale, afflicted Chile. Entrance stations to subway systems suffered minor damages, and the subway system was down for the rest of the day. By the next afternoon, the subway system was operational again.<ref>Hymon, Steve. "Designing A Subway to Withstand an Earthquake." The Source. N.p., 2017. Web. 11 November 2017. http://thesource.metro.net/2012/08/10/designing-a-subway-to-withstand-an-earthquake/
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{{See also|History of rapid transit}}
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2013}}
[[File:Dudley Canal Tunnel Southern Portal.jpg|thumb|right|Southern portal of the 1791 Dudley Canal tunnel in England]]▼
[[File:Edge Hill cutting.jpg|thumb|right|The three eastern portals of Liverpool Edge Hill tunnels, built into a hand-dug deep cutting. The left tunnel with tracks is the short 1846 second Crown Street Tunnel, still used for shunting. In the center, partially hidden by undergrowth, is the disused {{convert|2.03|km|mi|abbr=on}} 1829 [[Wapping Tunnel]]. On the right, hidden by undergrowth, is the disused original short 1829 Crown Street Tunnel.]]▼
[[File:Entrance of the Railway at Edge Hill, from Bury's Liverpool and Manchester Railway, 1831 - artfinder 122456.jpg|right|thumb|[[Thomas Talbot Bury]]'s watercolour of the Liverpool Edge Hill tunnel portals]]
[[File:Start of Lime Street Tunnel Cutting.jpg|right|thumb|A short section remains of the 1832 Edge Hill to Lime Street tunnel in [[Liverpool]]. This and a short section of the original tunnel nearer to Lime Street are the oldest rail tunnels in the world still in active use.]]
[[File:Leaving Liverpool Lime St - geograph.org.uk - 747034.jpg|thumb|right|[[Liverpool Lime Street railway station|Liverpool Lime Street]] Approach. The original two-track tunnel was removed to create a deep cutting. Some of the road bridges seen across the cutting are solid rock and in effect are a series of short tunnels.]]▼
▲[[File:Edge Hill cutting.jpg|thumb|right|The three eastern portals of Liverpool Edge Hill tunnels, built into a hand-dug deep cutting. The left tunnel with tracks is the short 1846 second Crown Street Tunnel, still used for shunting. In the center, partially hidden by undergrowth, is the disused {{convert|2.03|km|mi|abbr=on}} 1829 [[Wapping Tunnel]]. On the right, hidden by undergrowth, is the disused original short 1829 Crown Street Tunnel.]]
[[File:Donner Pass Summit Tunnel West Portal.jpg|right|thumb|The 1,659-foot (506 m) [[Donner Pass]] Summit Tunnel (#6) was in service from 1868 to 1993.]]
▲[[File:Dudley Canal Tunnel Southern Portal.jpg|thumb|right|Southern portal of the 1791 Dudley Canal tunnel in England]]
<!-- [[File:Lehigh Tunnel.jpg|thumb|[[Lehigh Tunnel]], [[Pennsylvania]]]] not particularly notable?? -->
▲[[File:Leaving Liverpool Lime St - geograph.org.uk - 747034.jpg|thumb|right|[[Liverpool Lime Street railway station|Liverpool Lime Street]] Approach. The original two-track tunnel was removed to create a deep cutting. Some of the road bridges seen across the cutting are solid rock and in effect are a series of short tunnels.]]
[[File:Sommeiller drill.jpg|thumb|A late 19th-century pneumatic rock-drilling machine, invented by [[Germain Sommeiller]] and used to drill the first large tunnels through the [[Alps]]]]
[[File:Small operational brick tunnel.JPG|thumb|Small operational brick tunnel in France]]
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* The [[qanat]] or [[kareez]] of [[Persia]] are water management systems used to provide a reliable supply of water to human settlements or for irrigation in hot, arid and semi-arid climates. The deepest known qanat is in the Iranian city of [[Gonabad]], which after 2700 years, still provides drinking and agricultural water to nearly 40,000 people. Its main well depth is more than {{convert|360|m|ft|abbr=on}}, and its length is {{convert|45|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>UNESCO World Heritage Centre – World Heritage List: Qanats of Gonabad, Date of Inscription 2007, Reference No. 5207, At: {{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/fr/listesindicatives/5207 |title=Qanats of Gonabad – UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=14 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329120845/https://whc.unesco.org/fr/listesindicatives/5207 |archive-date=29 March 2016 }}</ref>
* The [[Siloam Tunnel]] was built before 701
* The [[Eupalinian aqueduct]] on the island of [[Samos Island|Samos]] ([[North Aegean]], [[Greece]]) was built in 520
* One of the first known drainage and sewage networks in form of [[Drainage tunnel|tunnels]] was constructed at Persepolis in Iran at the same time as the construction of its foundation in 518
* The [[Via Flaminia]], an important [[Roman road]], penetrated the [[Furlo]] pass in the [[Apennines]] through a tunnel which emperor [[Vespasian]] had ordered built in 76–77
* The world's oldest tunnel traversing under a water body is claimed<ref>Blogcu {{cite web|url=http://terelek.blogcu.com/terelek-kaya-tuneli/319497 |title=TERELEK KAYA TÜNELİ – terelek |access-date=17 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327222549/http://terelek.blogcu.com/terelek-kaya-tuneli/319497 |archive-date=27 March 2016 }}</ref> to be the ''Terelek kaya tüneli'' under [[Kızıl River]], a little south of the towns of [[Boyabat]] and [[Durağan]] in [[Turkey]], just downstream from where [[Kizil River]] joins its tributary [[Gökırmak]]. The tunnel is presently under a narrow part of a lake formed by a dam some kilometers further downstream. Estimated to have been built more than 2000 years ago, possibly by the same civilization that also built the royal tombs in a rock face nearby, it is assumed to have had a defensive purpose.
* [[Sapperton Canal Tunnel]] on the [[Thames and Severn Canal]] in [[England]], dug through hills, which opened in 1789, was {{convert|3.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} long and allowed [[Barge|boat]] transport of [[coal]] and other goods. Above it the [[Sapperton railway tunnel|Sapperton Long Tunnel]] was constructed which carries the "Golden Valley" railway line between [[Swindon]] and [[Gloucester]].
* The 1791 [[Dudley Tunnel|Dudley canal tunnel]] is on the [[Dudley Canal]], in [[Dudley]], [[England]]. The tunnel is {{convert|1.83|mi|km|1|order=flip}} long. Closed in 1962 the tunnel was reopened in 1973. The series of tunnels was extended in 1984 and 1989.<ref>[http://www.dudleycanaltrust.org.uk/interactive-tour-map/ Map of Dudley Canals | Discover Black Country Canals] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409192053/http://www.dudleycanaltrust.org.uk/interactive-tour-map/ |date=9 April 2015 }}</ref>
* [[Fritchley Tunnel]], constructed in 1793 in Derbyshire by the [[Butterley Company]] to transport limestone to its ironworks factory. The Butterley company engineered and built its own railway. A victim of the depression the company closed after 219 years in 2009. The tunnel is the world's oldest railway tunnel traversed by rail wagons. Gravity and horse haulage was utilised. The railway was converted to steam locomotion in 1813 using a [[Steam Horse locomotive]] engineered and built by the Butterley company, however reverted to horses. Steam trains used the tunnel continuously from the 1840s when the railway was converted to a narrow gauge. The line closed in 1933. In the Second World War, the tunnel was used as an air raid shelter. Sealed up in 1977 it was rediscovered in 2013 and inspected. The tunnel was resealed to preserved the construction as it was designated an ancient monument.<ref name=listedbuilding1422984>{{NHLE|num=1422984|desc=Fritchley Tunnel, Butterley Gangroad|access-date=19 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=BBC22342239>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-derbyshire-22342239|title=Archaeologists find 'world's oldest railway tunnel' in Derbyshire|date=1 May 2013|work=BBC News}}</ref>
* The 1794 [[Butterley Tunnel|Butterley canal tunnel]] canal tunnel is
* The 1796 Stoddart Tunnel in Chapel-en-le-Frith in [[Derbyshire]] is reputed to be the oldest rail tunnel in the world. The rail wagons were originally horse-drawn.
* [[Smuggling tunnel#Derby Tunnels|Derby Tunnels]] in [[Salem, Massachusetts]], were built in 1801 to smuggle imports affected by President [[Thomas Jefferson]]'s new customs duties. Jefferson had ordered local militias to help the Custom House in each port collect these dues, but the smugglers, led by Elias Derby, hired the Salem militia to dig the tunnels and hide the spoil.
* A tunnel was created for the first true steam locomotive, from [[Penydarren]] to [[Abercynon]]. The Penydarren locomotive was built by [[Richard Trevithick]]. The locomotive made the historic journey from Penydarren to Abercynon in 1804. Part of this tunnel can still be seen at [[Pentrebach]], [[Merthyr Tydfil]], [[Wales]]. This is arguably the oldest railway tunnel in the world, dedicated only to self-propelled steam engines on rails.
* The [[Montgomery Bell Tunnel]] in Tennessee, an {{convert|88|m|ft|abbr=on|adj=mid|long}} water diversion tunnel, {{convert|4.50|x|2.45|m|ft|adj=mid|high|abbr=on}}, to power a water wheel, was built by slave labour in 1819, being the first full-scale tunnel in North America.
* Bourne's Tunnel, [[Rainhill]], near [[Liverpool]], England. It is {{convert|0.0321|km|m ft|abbr=on|order=out}} long. Built in the late 1820s, the exact date is unknown, however probably built in 1828 or 1829. This is the first tunnel in the world constructed under a railway line. The construction of the Liverpool to Manchester Railway ran over a horse-drawn tramway that ran from the Sutton collieries to the Liverpool-Warrington turnpike road. A tunnel was bored under the railway for the tramway. As the railway was being constructed the tunnel was made operational, opening prior to the Liverpool tunnels on the Liverpool to Manchester line. The tunnel was made redundant in 1844 when the tramway was dismantled.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-507533-bourne-s-tunnel-at-sj5033491804-|title=Bourne's Tunnel at Sj5033491804 – Saint Helens – St Helens – England|work=British Listed Buildings|access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref>
* [[Crown Street railway station|Crown Street station]], [[Liverpool]], England, 1829. Built by [[George Stephenson]], a single track railway tunnel {{convert|266|m|ft|adj=mid|long|abbr=on}}, was bored from Edge Hill to Crown Street to serve the world's first intercity passenger railway terminus station. The station was abandoned in 1836 being too far from Liverpool city centre, with the area converted for freight use. Closed down in 1972, the tunnel is disused. However it is the oldest passenger rail tunnel running under streets in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.liverpoolwiki.org/Liverpool%27s_Historic_Rail_Tunnels |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517123220/http://www.liverpoolwiki.org/Liverpool%27s_Historic_Rail_Tunnels |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 May 2009 |title=Liverpool's Historic Rail Tunnels |publisher=The Liverpool Wiki |date=22 February 1999 |access-date=19 April 2013 }}</ref><ref name="subbrit.org.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-sites/sites/l/liverpool_edge_hill_cutting/index3.shtml|title=Subterranea Britannica: Sites|access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref>
* The 1829 [[Wapping Tunnel]] in Liverpool, England, at {{convert|2.03|km|mi|abbr=on}} long on a twin track railway, was the first rail tunnel bored under a metropolis. The tunnel's path is from Edge Hill in the east of the city to [[Wapping Dock]] in the south end Liverpool docks. The tunnel was used only for freight terminating at the [[Park Lane railway goods station|Park Lane goods terminal]]. Currently disused since 1972, the tunnel was to be a part of the [[Merseyrail]] metro network, with work started and abandoned because of costs. The tunnel is in excellent condition and is still being considered for reuse by Merseyrail, maybe with an underground station cut into the tunnel for Liverpool university. The river portal is opposite the new [[Echo Arena Liverpool|King's Dock Liverpool Arena]] being an ideal location for a serving station. If reused the tunnel will be the oldest used underground rail tunnel in the world and oldest section of any underground metro system.<ref name="subbrit.org.uk"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forgottenrelics.co.uk/tunnels/gallery/wapping.html|title=Wapping Tunnel|access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="maund">{{cite book |title= Merseyrail electrics: the inside story |author=Maund, T.B. |publisher= NBC Books |year=2001 |location=Sheffield |oclc=655126526}}</ref>
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* [[Box Tunnel]] in England, which opened in 1841, was the longest railway tunnel in the world at the time of construction. It was dug by hand, and has a length of {{convert|2.9|km|mi|abbr=on}}.
* The {{convert|1.1|km|mi|abbr=on}} 1842 Prince of Wales Tunnel, in [[Shildon]] near Darlington, England, is the oldest sizeable tunnel in the world still in use under a settlement.
* The [[Victoria Tunnel (Newcastle)|Victoria Tunnel Newcastle]] opened in 1842, is a {{convert|2.4
* The [[Thames Tunnel]], built by [[Marc Isambard Brunel]] and his son [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]] opened in 1843, was the first tunnel (after Terelek) traversing under a water body, and the first to be built using a [[tunnelling shield]]. Originally used as a foot-tunnel, the tunnel was converted to a railway tunnel in 1869 and was a part of the [[East London Line]] of the [[London Underground]] until 2007. It was the oldest section of the network, although not the oldest purpose built rail section. From 2010 the tunnel became a part of the [[London Overground]] network.
* The {{convert|3.34|km|mi|abbr=on}} [[Victoria Tunnel (Liverpool)|Victoria Tunnel]]/[[Waterloo Tunnel]] in [[Liverpool]], England, was bored under a metropolis opening in 1848. The tunnel was initially used only for rail freight serving the Waterloo Freight terminal, and later freight and passengers serving the [[Liverpool Riverside railway station|Liverpool ship liner terminal]]. The tunnel's path is from Edge Hill in the east of the city to the north end Liverpool docks at [[Waterloo Dock (Liverpool)|Waterloo Dock]]. The tunnel is split into two tunnels with a short open air cutting linking the two. The cutting is where the cable hauled trains from Edge Hill were hitched and unhitched. The two tunnels are effectively one on the same centre line and are regarded as one. However, as initially the {{convert|2375|m|mi|abbr=on}} long Victoria section was originally cable hauled and the shorter {{convert|862|m|yd|abbr=on}} Waterloo section was locomotive hauled, two separate names were given, the short section was named the [[Waterloo Tunnel]]. In 1895 the two tunnels were converted to locomotive haulage. Used until 1972, the tunnel is still in excellent condition. A short section of the Victoria tunnel at Edge Hill is still used for shunting trains. The tunnel is being considered for reuse by the [[Merseyrail]] network. Stations cut into the tunnel are being considered and also reuse by a monorail system from the proposed [[Liverpool Waters]] redevelopment of Liverpool's Central Docks has been proposed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forgottenrelics.co.uk/tunnels/gallery/victoria.html|title=Victoria Tunnel|access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forgottenrelics.co.uk/tunnels/gallery/waterloo.html|title=Waterloo Tunnel|access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref>
* The
* The [[Giovi Rail Tunnel]] through the [[Appennini]] Mounts opened in 1854, linking the capital city of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]], [[Turin]], to its port, [[Genoa]]. The tunnel was {{convert|3.25|km|mi|abbr=on}} long.
* The oldest underground sections of the [[London Underground]] were built using the cut-and-cover method in the 1860s, and opened in January 1863. What are now the [[Metropolitan line|Metropolitan]], Hammersmith & City and Circle lines were the first to prove the success of a [[rapid transit|metro]] or subway system.
*On 18 June 1868, the [[Central Pacific Railroad|Central Pacific Railroad's]] {{convert|1,659
* In 1870, after fourteen years of works, the [[Fréjus Rail Tunnel]] was completed between France and Italy, being the second-oldest Alpine tunnel, {{convert|13.7|km|mi|abbr=on}} long. At that time it was the longest in the world.
* The third Alpine tunnel, the [[Gotthard Rail Tunnel]], between northern and southern Switzerland, opened in 1882 and was the longest rail tunnel in the world, measuring {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}}.
* The 1882 [[Col de Tende Road Tunnel]], at {{convert|3.182|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, was one of the first long road tunnels under a pass, running between France and Italy.
* The [[Mersey Railway]] tunnel opened in 1886, running from Liverpool to Birkenhead under the River Mersey. The [[Mersey Railway]] was the world's first deep-level underground railway. By 1892 the extensions on land from Birkenhead Park station to Liverpool Central Low level station gave a tunnel {{convert|3.12|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} in length. The under river section is {{convert|0.75|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} in length, and was the longest underwater tunnel in world in January 1886.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upton-wirral.co.uk/wir2.php|title=Mersey Railway Tunnel|access-date=30 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529074903/http://www.upton-wirral.co.uk/wir2.php|archive-date=29 May 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=1151 Engineering Timelines – Mersey Railway] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322113859/http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=1151 |date=22 March 2012 }}</ref>▼
* As the last bit is drilled, on 26 October 2017, [[Ryfast]] becomes the longest undersea road tunnel with its 14.3 km length surpassing that of the tunnel under Tokyo Bay, Japan (9,583 m.), and previously the Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel (8,950 m.).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tu.no/artikler/i-dag-sprenges-siste-fjellrest-vekk-i-verdens-lengste-undersjoiske-veitunnel/410538|title=Nå er siste fjellrest sprengt vekk i verdens lengste undersjøiske veitunnel|date=26 October 2017}}</ref> The tunnel is projected to open for use in 2019.▼
▲* The [[Mersey Railway]] tunnel opened in 1886, running from Liverpool to Birkenhead under the River Mersey. The [[Mersey Railway]] was the world's first deep-level underground railway. By 1892 the extensions on land from Birkenhead Park station to Liverpool Central Low level station gave a tunnel {{convert|3.12|mi|km|abbr=on}} in length. The under river section is {{convert|0.75|mi|km|abbr=on}} in length, and was the longest underwater tunnel in world in January 1886.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upton-wirral.co.uk/wir2.php|title=Mersey Railway Tunnel|access-date=30 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529074903/http://www.upton-wirral.co.uk/wir2.php|archive-date=29 May 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=1151 Engineering Timelines – Mersey Railway] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322113859/http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=1151 |date=22 March 2012 }}</ref>
* The rail [[Severn Tunnel]] was opened in late 1886, at {{convert|7.008|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, although only {{convert|3.62|km|mi|abbr=on}} of the tunnel is actually under the River Severn. The tunnel replaced the Mersey Railway tunnel's longest under water record, which was held for less than a year.
* [[James Greathead]], in constructing the City & South London Railway tunnel beneath the Thames, opened in 1890, brought together three key elements of tunnel construction under water:
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*#construction in a compressed air environment to inhibit water flowing through soft ground material into the tunnel heading.<ref name="nrhp_stclair"/>
* Built in sections between 1890 and 1939, the section of London Underground's [[Northern line]] from Morden to East Finchley via Bank was the longest railway tunnel in the world at {{convert|27.8|km|mi|abbr=on}} in length.
* [[St. Clair Tunnel]], also opened later in 1890, linked the elements of the Greathead tunnels on a larger scale.<ref name="nrhp_stclair">{{Cite
* In 1906 the fourth Alpine tunnel opened, the [[Simplon Tunnel]], between Switzerland and Italy. It is {{convert|19.8|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, and was the longest tunnel in the world until 1982. It was also the deepest tunnel in the world, with a maximum rock overlay of approximately {{convert|2150|m|abbr=on}}.
* The 1927 [[Holland Tunnel]] was the first underwater tunnel designed for automobiles. The construction required a novel [[Holland Tunnel#Ventilation system|ventilation system]].
* In 1945 the [[Delaware Aqueduct]] tunnel was completed, supplying water to New York City. At {{convert|137|km|mi|abbr=on}} it is the longest tunnel in the world.
* In 1988 the {{convert|53.850|km|mi|abbr=on}} long [[Seikan Tunnel]] in Japan was completed under the [[Tsugaru Strait]], linking the islands of [[Honshu]] and [[Hokkaido]]. It was the longest railway tunnel in the world at that time.
▲*
=== Longest ===
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* The Central Artery road tunnel in [[Boston, Massachusetts]], is a part of the larger [[Big Dig (Boston, Massachusetts)|Big Dig]] completed around 2007, and carries approximately 200,000 vehicles/day under the city along [[Interstate 93]], [[U.S. Route 1 in Massachusetts|US Route 1]], and [[Massachusetts Route 3]], which share a [[Concurrency (road)|concurrency]] through the tunnels. The Big Dig replaced Boston's old badly deteriorated I-93 elevated highway.
* The Stormwater Management And Road Tunnel or [[SMART Tunnel]], is a combined storm drainage and road structure opened in 2007 in [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]]. The {{convert|9.7|km|mi|abbr=on}} tunnel is the longest stormwater [[drainage tunnel]] in South East Asia and second longest in Asia. The facility can be operated as a simultaneous traffic and stormwater passage, or dedicated exclusively to stormwater when necessary.
* The [[Eiksund Tunnel]]<ref>
* [[Gerrards Cross Tunnel|Gerrards Cross railway tunnel]], in England, opened in 2010, is notable in that it converted an existing railway cutting into a tunnel to create ground to build a supermarket over the tunnel. The railway in the cutting was first opened around 1906, stretching over 104 years to complete a railway tunnel. The tunnel was built using the cover method with craned in prefabricated forms in order to keep the busy railway operating. A branch of the [[Tesco]] supermarket chain occupies the newly created ground above the railway tunnel, with an adjacent existing railway station at the end of the tunnel. During construction, a portion of the tunnel collapsed when soil cover was added. The prefabricated forms were covered with a layer of reinforced concrete after the collapse.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nce.co.uk/news/transport/costain-finishes-gerrards-cross-tunnel-rebuild/5218141.article|title=Costain finishes Gerrards Cross tunnel rebuild|access-date=30 September 2014|date=19 May 2010}}</ref>
* The [[Fenghuoshan tunnel]], completed in 2005 on the [[Qinghai-Tibet railway]] is the world's highest railway tunnel, about {{convert|4.905|km|mi|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} above sea level and {{convert|1,338|m|mi|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} long.
* The [[La Línea (Road Pass)|La Linea]] Tunnel in [[Colombia]], 2016, is the longest, {{convert|8.58|km|mi|abbr=on|sigfig=3}}, mountain tunnel in South America. It crosses beneath a mountain at {{convert|2500|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=5}} <!-- needs clarification --> above sea level with six traffic lanes, and it has a parallel emergency tunnel. The tunnel is subject to serious [[groundwater]] pressure. The tunnel will link [[Bogotá]] and its urban area with the coffee-growing region, and with the main port on the Colombian Pacific coast.
* The [[Tunnel and Reservoir Plan|Chicago Deep Tunnel Project]] is a network of {{convert|175|km|mi|abbr=on}} of [[drainage tunnel]]s designed to reduce flooding in the [[Chicago metropolitan area|Chicago area]]. Started in the mid-1970s, the project is due to be completed in 2029.
* [[New York City Water Tunnel No. 3]], started in 1970, has an expected completion beyond 2026,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kensinger |first=Nathan |date=22 April 2021 |title=NYC's Giant Water Tunnel Begins Work On Final Shafts, Following 50 Years Of Construction |url=https://gothamist.com/news/nycs-giant-water-tunnel-begins-work-on-final-shafts-following-50-years-of-construction |url-access=registration |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=Gothamist |language=en |quote=These last two shafts are now expected to be done by 2026, according to the DEP, but the tunnel still won’t be complete. The original plans called for one more extension—a 14-mile conduit between Yonkers, the Bronx and Queens.}}</ref> and will measure more than {{convert|97|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=mid|long}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/news/3rdtunnel.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621120811/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/news/3rdtunnel.html |archive-date=21 June 2007 |title=City Water Tunnel No. 3 |access-date=19 April 2013}}</ref>
== Mining ==
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[[secret passage|Secret tunnels]] have given entrance to or escape from an area, such as the [[Cu Chi Tunnels]] or the [[Gaza Strip smuggling tunnels|smuggling tunnels in the Gaza Strip]] which connect it to [[Egypt]]. Although the [[Underground Railroad]] network used to transport escaped slaves was "underground" mostly in the sense of secrecy, hidden tunnels were occasionally used. Secret tunnels were also used during the [[Cold War]], under the [[Berlin Wall]] and elsewhere, to smuggle refugees, and for [[espionage]].
[[Smuggler]]s use secret tunnels to transport or store [[contraband]], such as [[illegal drugs]] and [[weapon]]s. Elaborately engineered {{convert|1000|ft|m|adj=on|order=flip}} tunnels built to smuggle drugs across the Mexico-US border were estimated to require up to 9 months to complete, and an expenditure of up to $1 million.<ref name=Audi>{{cite news|last1=Audi|first1=Tamara|title=Drug Tunnels Have Feds Digging for Answers|url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323854904578264382749570570|access-date=4 October 2014|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=31 January 2013}}</ref> Some of these tunnels were equipped with lighting, ventilation, telephones, drainage pumps, hydraulic elevators, and in at least one instance, an electrified rail transport system.<ref name="Audi" /> Secret tunnels have also been used by thieves to break into bank vaults and retail stores after hours.<ref name=Colchester>{{cite news|last1=Colchester|first1=Max|title=Thieves Drill Into Paris Bank Vault|url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304739104575153530631794248|access-date=4 October 2014|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=31 March 2010}}</ref><ref name=Evans>{{cite news|last1=Evans|first1=Peter|title=Where 'Criminal Underworld' Is More Than a Euphemism|url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/where-criminal-underworld-is-more-than-a-euphemism-1412383000|access-date=4 October 2014|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=3 October 2014}}</ref> Several tunnels have been discovered by the [[Border Security Forces]] across the [[Line of Control]] along the [[India-Pakistan border]], mainly to allow terrorists access to the Indian territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="arniatunnel">{{cite news|last1=Khajuria|first1=Ravi Krishnan|title=Day after India-Pakistan flag meet, BSF detects trans-border tunnel in Jammu's Arnia sub-sector|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/under-construction-tunnel-being-dug-from-pakistan-side-unearthed-by-bsf-in-jammu/story-B1qgulsJCMQ8FOxWs3LYyO.html|access-date=10 December 2017 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]|publisher=1 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="sambhatunnel">{{cite news|last1=Iqbal|first1=Sheikh Zaffar|title=20-Foot Tunnel From Pakistan Found By BSF At Sambha, Jammu and Kashmir|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/20-foot-tunnel-from-pakistan-found-by-bsf-at-sambha-jammu-and-kashmir-1659393|access-date=10 December 2017|work=[[NDTV]]|date=14 February 2017}}</ref>
The actual usage of [[erdstall]] tunnels is unknown but theories connect it to a rebirth ritual.
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[[File:Yongmun-gul at Daedunsan.jpg|thumb|upright|View through a natural tunnel in South Korea]]
* [[Lava tube]]s are emptied lava conduits, formed during volcanic eruptions by flowing and cooling lava.
* [[Natural Tunnel State Park]] (Virginia, US) features an {{convert|850|ft|m
* [[Punarjani Guha]] in [[Kerala, India]]. Hindus believe that crawling through the tunnel (which they believe was created by a Hindu god) from one end to the other will wash away all of one's sins and thus allow one to attain rebirth. Only men are permitted to crawl through the tunnel.
* [[Torghatten]], a Norwegian island with a hat-shaped silhouette, has a natural tunnel in the middle of the hat, letting light come through. The {{convert|160|m|ft|adj=on}} long, {{convert|35|m|ft|adj=on}} high, and {{convert|20|m|ft|adj=on}} wide tunnel is said to be the hole made by an arrow of the angry [[troll]] Hestmannen, the hill being the hat of the troll-king of [[Sømna]] trying to save the beautiful [[Lekamøya]]. The tunnel is thought actually to be the work of ice. The sun shines through the tunnel during two few minutes long periods every year.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Warholm |first1=Harald |date=10 November 2014 |title=Hobbyfotografen har ventet tre år på dette sjeldne blinkskuddet |trans-title=The hobby photographer has waited three years for this rare shot |url=http://www.nrk.no/nordland/jubler-over-sjeldent-blinkskudd-av-fjellet-torghatten-1.12034377 |access-date=13 November 2014 |work=nrk.no |
== Major accidents ==
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* [[Welwyn Tunnel rail crash]] (1866) – train failed in tunnel, guard did not protect train.
* [[Paris Métro train fire]] (1904) – train fire in Couronnes underground station, 84 killed by smoke and gases.
* [[Church Hill Tunnel|Church Hill Tunnel collapse]] (1925) – tunnel collapse on a work train during renovation, killing four men and trapping a steam locomotive and ten flat cars.
* [[Balvano train disaster]] (1944) – asphyxiation of about 500 "unofficial" passengers on freight train.
* [[Caldecott Tunnel fire]] (1982) – major motor vehicle tunnel crash and fire.
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