Passiflora edulis: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant in the passion flower family Passifloraceae}}

'''''Passiflora edulis''''', commonly known as '''passion fruit''', is a [[vine]] species of [[passion flower]] native to the region of southern [[Brazil]] through [[Paraguay]] to northern [[Argentina]].<ref name="morton" /> It is cultivated commercially in [[tropical]] and [[subtropical]] areas for [[Passion fruit (fruit)|its sweet, seedy fruit]].

The fruit is a [[Pepo (botany)|pepo]], a type of [[Berry (botany)|berry]], round to oval, either yellow or dark purple at maturity, with a soft to firm, juicy interior filled with numerous seeds. The fruit is both eaten and juiced, with the juice often added to other fruit juices to enhance aroma.

The passion fruit is so called because it is one of the many [[species]] of [[passion flower]], the English translation of the Latin genus name, ''Passiflora''.<ref name="morton" /> Around 1700, the name was given by [[Spanish missions in South America|missionaries]] in [[Brazil]] as an educational aid while trying to convert the indigenous inhabitants to [[Christianity]]; its name was ''flor das cinco chagas'' or "flower of the [[Five Holy Wounds|five wounds]]" to illustrate the [[crucifixion]] of Christ, with other plant components also named after an emblem in the [[Passion of Jesus]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Davidson, Alan |year=2014 |chapter=Passion-fruit |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bIIeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA597 |title=The Oxford Companion to Food |edition=3rd |page=597 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-01910407260-19-104072-6}}</ref>

The fruit produced is entirely fleshy (making it botanically a [[berry (botany)|berry]]), and is spherical to ovoid.<ref name="Yahia 2011"/> The outside color of the berry ranges from dark- purple with fine white specks to light yellow.<ref name="morton" /> The fruit is 4–7.5&nbsp;cm in diameter; purple fruits are smaller, weighing around 35 grams, while yellow fruits are closer to 80 grams.<ref name="Yahia 2011">{{cite book | last=Yahia | first=E.M. | title=Postharvest Biology and Technology of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits: Mangosteen to White Sapote | publisher=Elsevier Science | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-85709-261-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M31wAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA126 | access-date=Jun 1, 2018 | page=126}}</ref> The smooth, leathery rind is 9–13&nbsp;mm thick, including a thick layer of [[pith]].<ref name="morton" /><ref name="Yahia 2011"/> Within the berry, there are typically 250 brown seeds, each 2.4&nbsp;mm in length.<ref name=":0" /> Each seed is surrounded by a membranous sac filled with pulpy juice.<ref name="morton" /> The flavor of the juice is slightly acidic and musky.<ref name="morton" /> The passion fruit's flavor can be compared to the [[guava]] fruit.<ref name="morton" />

[[File:Passionfruit comparison.jpg|200px|thumb|PurpleYellow and yellowpurple passionfruitpassion fruit variety (''P. edulis var. flavicarpa'') comparison]]

[[File:Passionfruit (whole and half).jpg|200px|frameless|right|alt=A ripe passionfruitpassion fruit, cut in half to show the insides]]

Several distinct varieties of passion fruit with clearly differing exterior appearances exist.<ref name="morton" /> The bright yellow ''flavicarpa'' variety, also known as yellow or golden passionfruitpassion fruit, can grow up to the size of a [[grapefruit]], has a smooth, glossy, light, and airy rind, and has been used as a [[rootstock]] for purple passionfruitpassion fruit in Australia.<ref name="morton" /> The dark purple ''edulis'' variety is smaller than a [[lemon]], though it is less acidic than yellow passionfruitpassion fruit, and has a richer aroma and flavour.

Passion fruitPassionfruit has a variety of uses related to its appealingfavored taste as whole fruit and juice.<ref name="morton" />

* In [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], it is available commercially both fresh and tinned. It is added to fruit salads, and fresh fruit pulp or passion fruit sauce is commonly used in [[dessert]]s, including as a topping for [[Pavlova (food)|pavlova]] (a regional [[meringue]] cake) and [[ice cream]], a flavouring for [[cheesecake]], and in the icing of [[Mille-feuille|vanilla slices]]. A passionfruitpassion-flavoredfruit–flavored soft drink called [[Passiona]] has also been manufactured in Australia since the 1920s. It can be used in some alcoholic cocktails.

* In [[Brazil]], the term {{lang|pt|maracujá}} applies to passion fruit ({{lang|pt|maracujá azedo}}, or "sour") and [[Passiflora ligularis|granadillo]] ({{lang|pt|maracujá doce}}, or "sweet"). [[Passion fruit mousse]] is a common dessert, and passion fruit pulp is routinely used to decorate the tops of cakes. Passion fruit juice, ice pops, and more recently soft drinks are also popularconsumed. When making a ''[[caipirinha]]'', passion fruit may be used instead of [[Lime (fruit)|lime]].

* In [[Cambodia]] the red and yellow passionfruitpassion fruit grown in the [[Mondulkiri Province]] are used to produce wine and liquor.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cambodia-explorer.com/mondulkiri-passion-fruit-wine/ |date=May 28, 2019 |title=Mondulkiri Passion Fruit Wine |website=Cambodia Explorer |access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref>

* In [[Colombia]] and [[Costa Rica]], it is one of the most important fruits, especiallyused for juices and desserts. It is widely available all over the country and three kinds of "''maracuyá''" fruit may be found.

* In [[East Africa]], passion fruit is used to make [[fruit juice]], and is commonly eaten as a whole fruit.<ref>{{cite web|title=Passion fruit farming the next frontier in agribusiness|url=http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/article-93397/passion-fruit-farming-next-frontier-agribusiness|author=Ngotho A|publisher=The Star, Nairobi, Kenya|date=October 30, 2012|access-date=July 16, 2014}}</ref>

* In [[Hawaii]], where it is known as ''{{lang|haw|liliko'{{okina}}i''}}, fresh passion fruit canpulp be cut in half and the seeds scooped out with ais spooneaten. Lilikoi-flavouredflavored syrup is aused popularas a topping for [[shave ice]], soft drinks, a [[Glaze (ice)|glaze]], and to marinate meat and vegetables. It is used as a dessert flavouringflavoring for [[malasada]]s, cheesecakes, cookies, [[icelemon creambar#hawaii|dessert bars]], ice cream and [[mochi]]. Passion fruit is also favouredused as ain jam or jelly, as well as a butter.[[fruit Lilikoicurd]] syrupknown canas also"lilikoi be used to glaze or to marinate meat and vegetablesbutter".

* In [[India]], the government of [[Andhra Pradesh]] started growing passion fruit vines in the [[Chintapalli, Vizianagaram|Chintapalli]] ([[Visakhapatnam|Vizag]]) forests to make fruit available within the region.<ref>{{cite news|title=HRS cultivating 'passion fruit'|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/hrs-cultivating-passion-fruit/article2607607.ece|author=Sridhar, P.|newspaper=The Hindu|publisher=The Hindu, India|date=8 November 2011|access-date=19 June 2016}}</ref> The fruit is eaten raw, sprinkled with sugar, and is also used to make juice.

* In [[Indonesia]], where it is known as ''markisa'', both ''edulis'' and ''flavicarpa'' varieties are cultivated and consumed differently. The former is normally eaten straight as is, while the latter is more commonly strained to obtain its juice, which is cooked with sugar to make passionfruitpassion fruit syrup used in drinks and desserts.<ref> {{cite book |last=Sunarjono |first=H. Hendro|author-link= |date=2008 |title=Berkebun 21 Jenis Tanaman Buah |trans-title=Gardening 21 Types of Fruit Plants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5SPir7LxpVQC |language=Indonesian |location=Jakarta |publisher=Niaga Swadaya |page=136 |isbn=978-979-489-843-7}}</ref>

* In [[Paraguay]], passion fruit is used principally for its juice, to prepare desserts such as passion fruit mousse, cheesecake, ice cream, and to flavourflavor yogurts and cocktails.

* In [[Peru]], passion fruit has long been a staple in homemade ice pops called "marciano" or "chupetes". Passion fruit is also used in several desserts, especially mousses and cheesecakes. Passion fruit juice is also drunk on its own and is used in [[ceviche]] variations and in [[cocktail]]s, including the ''Maracuyá sour'', a variation of the ''[[Pisco sour]]''. ({{lang|pt|Granadilla}}, or "sweet") can be eaten raw.

* In [[South Africa]], passion fruit, known locally as Granadilla (the yellow variety as Guavadilla), is used to flavourflavor [[yogurt]]. It is also used to flavour, [[soft drink]]s, such as [[Schweppes]]' "Sparkling Granadilla", and numerous [[Squash (drink)|cordial drinks]] (in cordial flavoursflavors it is referred to as passion fruit). It is often eaten raw or used as a topping for cakes and tarts. Granadilla juice is commonly available in restaurants. The yellow variety is used for juice processing, while the purple variety is sold in fresh- fruit markets.

* In [[Sri Lanka]], passion fruit juice, along with [[faluda]], is onea ofcommon the most popular refreshmentsrefreshment. Passion fruit [[Squash (drink)|cordial]] is manufactured both at home as well as industrially by mixing the pulp with sugar.

* In [[Suriname]], where it is known as {{lang|nl|markoesa}}, there are three varieties. The red and orange varietyvarieties are sold on theby markets and eaten as a fruit, because of their natural sweet flavor. The sour yellow variety is, widely grown in the coastal region. This variety, is used to make jam and juices with added sugar, either uncooked for instant use or cooked into a thick syrup for long time storage in the fridge. The juice is also used to flavor cocktails.

| name=Passion- fruit (granadilla)

<br /><small>purple, raw per 100 grams</small>

Raw passion fruit is 73% water, 22% [[carbohydrates]], 2% [[protein]] and 0.7% [[fat]] (table). In a 100 gram reference amount of {{cvt|100|g}}, raw passion fruit supplies 97 [[calorie]]s and is a rich source (20% or more of the [[Daily Value]], DV) of [[vitamin C]] (3633% DV) and a moderate source (10-1910–19% DV) of [[riboflavin]], [[Niacin (substance)|niacin]],and [[iron]]potassium andin [[phosphorusbiology|potassium]] (table). No other [[micronutrient]]s are in significant content.

Several varieties of passionfruitpassion fruit are rich in [[polyphenol]] content.<ref>{{cite journal| pmid=12568552|title=Phytochemical composition and antioxidant stability of fortified yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis)|authorsvauthors=Talcott ST, Percival SS, Pittet-Moore J, Celoria C |journal=J Agric Food Chem|year= 2003|volume=51|issue=4|pages=935–41|doi=10.1021/jf020769q}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Sugars, ascorbic acid, total phenolic content and total antioxidant activity in passion fruit (Passiflora) cultivars|authorsvauthors=Devi Ramaiya S, Bujang JS, Zakaria MH, King WS, Shaffiq Sahrir MA |journal=J Sci Food Agric|year=2013|volume=93|issue=5|pages=1198–1205|doi= 10.1002/jsfa.5876|pmid=23027609}}</ref> Yellow varieties of the fruit were found to contain [[prunasin]] and other [[cyanogenic glycosides]] in the [[peel (fruit)|peel]] and juice.{{refn|group=Note|Specific mention of P. edulis f. flavicarpa juice and peel}}<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|doi=10.1021/jf960381t|title=Identification and Quantification of Passion Fruit Cyanogenic Glycosides|authorsvauthors=Chassagne D, Crouzet JC, Bayonove CL, Baumes RL |journal=J Agric Food Chem|year=1996|volume=44|issue=12|pages=3817–3820}}</ref>

The flower of the yellow-fruited form of the passion fruit plant is [[self-sterile]], while that of the purple-fruited form is [[self-compatible]].<ref name="morton" /> In California, it is reported that [[pollination]] of flowers is most effective when done by the [[carpenter bee]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/passionfruit.html|title=Passion Fruit|date=1996|website=California Rare Fruit Growers|access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yamamoto|first1=Marcela|last2=da Silva|first2=Cláudia Inês|last3=Augusto|first3=Solange Cristina|last4=Barbosa|first4=Ana Angélica Almeida|last5=Oliveira|first5=Paulo Eugênio|date=2012-09-01|title=The role of bee diversity in pollination and fruit set of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis forma flavicarpa, Passifloraceae) crop in Central Brazil|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-012-0120-6|journal=Apidologie|language=en|volume=43|issue=5|pages=515–526|doi=10.1007/s13592-012-0120-6|s2cid=15439381|issn=1297-9678}}</ref> There are three types of yellow passion fruit flowers, classified by curvature of style.<ref name="morton" /> To help assure the presence of carpenter bees, some gardeners place decaying logs near the vines, which provide shelter for the bees.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.motherearthnews.com/nature-and-environment/wildlife/carpenter-bees-ze0z1305zpit|title=Carpenter Bees: The (Harmless!) Garden Pollinators|last=Grissell|first=Eric|date=6 May 2013|work=Mother Earth News}}</ref>

[[Passion fruit woodiness virus]] is one of the most well-known viruses to the passion fruit. It belongs to the ''[[Potyvirus]]'' group and can attack a plant at any age from nursery to mature plants. Some features include yellow leaves that display distortion in the leaf length and shape. As well as affecting the leaf, this virus influences fruit shape and size. Affected fruits become stone-like and much smaller than normal, with many fruits becoming scabbed and cracked. The virus is spread by sap-sucking insects such as aphids and mites. Woodiness can also spread through vegetation propagation such as infected scions or contaminated tools. There is no chemical control for this virus once the plant is infected, but the use of clean planting material can reduce its dissemination.<ref name="passion fruit woodiness">{{cite book|url=http://www.globalsciencebooks.info/JournalsSup/images/0812/PT_2(1)1-19o.pdf |authorsauthor=Fischer, Ivan H., |author2=Rezende, Jorge A. M.|year=2008|title=Pest Technology: Diseases of Passion Flower (''Passiflora'' spp.)|publisher=Global Science Books|access-date=13 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818190841/http://www.globalsciencebooks.info/JournalsSup/images/0812/PT_2(1)1-19o.pdf|archive-date=18 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

One of the most serious viruses pertaining to vegetation is the [[cucumber mosaic virus]]. In the passion fruit, this virus appears with yellow mottling on leaves starting at random points on the vine and diminishing in intensity towards the tip. Expanding leaves typically become twisted, curl downward, and develop a "shoestring" appearance as a result of a restriction of the leaf surface. It is mobile and can spread easily through interactions with other plants such as brushing between leaves. This virus is naturally transmitted through aphids and can also be transmitted mechanically through seedlings. Varietal resistance is the primary management tool, and eliminating weeds and infected perennial ornamentals that may harbor the virus is critical. Once the plant has been infected, there is no possible management ofor control for the virus.<ref name="passion fruit woodiness" />

Overshooting is the term used when ''[[Phytoplasma]]'', a specialized [[bacterium]], attacks the [[phloem]] of a plant. ''Phytoplasma'' infection is characterized by [[chlorotic]] small leaves, shortening of [[internode (botany)|internodes]], excessive lateral [[Shoot (botany)|shoot]]s and abnormal flowers. Although there have been reports of this disease within the passion fruit plant,<ref name="diseases">{{cite web|url=http://www.kari.org/sites/default/files/hort/Passion_fruit_diseases_manual.pdf|title=Manual for identification of passion fruit diseases and their management|publisher=Horticulture and Industrial Crops, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Nairobi|vauthors=Amata RL, etal|website=www.kari.org|date=June 2011|access-date=14 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924220406/http://www.kari.org/sites/default/files/hort/Passion_fruit_diseases_manual.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> many infected plants are affected without visible signs of disease. Although ''Phytoplasma'' can be spread through [[grafting]], it can be inhibited by periodic inspection of plant nurseries and areas that have had past infections.<ref name="diseases" /> Overshooting responds to treatment with [[tetracycline]], a common [[broad-spectrum]] [[antibiotic]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}

[[Bacterial leaf spot]], which causes [[vein (botany)|vein]] clearing, forms bright yellow colonies causing infection and leaf wilt and, eventually, deterioration of fruit pulp, especially of young fruits. Under favorable conditions for the bacteria, infection occurs through natural openings or wounds from other pathogens that affect leaf inter-cellular spaces. Fertilizers or a copper chloride and [[mancozeb]] mixture can control the intensity of the disease, but are not a cure.<ref name="bacterial spot">{{cite web|url=http://www.kau.edu/prsvkm/Docs/DiseasesofPassionFruit.pdf|title=Diseases of passion fruit (''Passiflora edulis'')|authorsvauthors=Joy PP, Sherin CG |publisher=Kerala University, Kerala, India|date=2012|access-date=14 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423002223/http://www.kau.edu/prsvkm/Docs/DiseasesofPassionFruit.pdf|archive-date=23 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The bacterial grease-spot of the passion fruit is caused by [[Pseudomonas syringae]].<ref name="bacterial grease spot">{{cite journal|title=Bacterial grease-spot disease of passion fruit|authorsvauthors=Baigent NL, Starr MP |doi=10.1080/00288233.1963.10419317|date=5 January 2012|volume=6|journal=New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research|issue=1–2|pages=24–38|doi-access=free}}</ref> It appears with olive-green to brown greasy-looking spots or brown, sunken circular lesions. On a later stage, a hard crust can cover the lesions showing a chlorotic halo. Affecting mainly the [[stomata]], the grease-spot thrives in high temperatures and high relative humidity. To avoid infection, measures that may be adopted include planting seeds from healthy plants and using existing healthy areas. [[Fungicide]] controls can aid in preventing further infection.<ref name="bacterial grease spot" />

The fungus called [[fusarium wilt]] commonly occurs in adult plants and is caused by ''[[Fusarium oxysporum]]''. The pathogen has ability to survive for long periods, penetrating roots, invading the [[xylem]], and preventing the transport of water and nutrients to other organs of the plant. Once infected, this disease causes leaves to yellow and browning of the vascular system until itthey wiltswilt and diesdie. It occurs in any type of soil infecting all plants. Management of crops includeincludes planting clean seedlings, uprooting and burning infected plants, and using sterilized tools.<ref name="wilt">{{cite web|url=http://www.padil.gov.au/pests-and-diseases/pest/main/136585|title=Fusarium wilt of passion fruit|publisher=PaDIL, an initiative of the Australian Government's Department of Agriculture|date=2007|access-date=16 December 2014}}</ref>

The [[anthracnose]], a canker caused by ''Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes'', is a pathogen of the passion fruit creating dark and sunken lesions of the [[trunk (botany)|trunk]].<ref name="anthracnose">{{cite journal|title=First Report of ''Colletotrichum boninense'', ''C. capsici'', and a ''Glomerella'' sp. as Causes of Postharvest Anthracnose of Passion Fruit in Florida|authorsvauthors=Tarnowski TLBTL, Ploetz RC |journal=Plant Disease|year=2010|volume=94|issue=6|page=786|doi=10.1094/PDIS-94-6-0786C|pmid=30754330|doi-access=free}}</ref> By attacking mature passion fruit trees, these lesions cause intense defoliation and fruit rot. Many leaves die due to the foliar lesions and the skin of fruits becomes papery. Under warm and humid conditions, this disease can worsen, causing red and orange spores eventually killing the plant. Infection is carried out through the residues of the passion flower, infected seeds, seedlings, and cuttings. Managing this disease involves a combination of using pathogen-free seedlings, eliminating infected areas, and improving ventilation and light conditions. Copper-based fungicides on injured areas can prevent the spread of disease.<ref name="anthracnose" />

Passion fruit flower is the [[national flower]] of [[Paraguay]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://country.paraguay.com/about_paraguay/national_flower.php|title=Paraguay: national flower|publisher=Paraguay.com|year=2009|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224010526/http://country.paraguay.com/about_paraguay/national_flower.php|archive-date=24 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2006, singer-songwriter [[Paula Fuga]] released the popular song "{{lang|hi|Lilikoi}}{{-"}}, the [[Hawaiian language]] word for passion fruit; the song is featured on an album also named after the fruit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sfgate.com/travel/article/Native-Hawaiian-Government-Reorganization-Act-3233626.php|title=Native Hawaiian Government Reorganization Act, Paula Fuga|date=3 January 2008}}</ref> Hip-hop artist [[Drake (musician)|Drake]] released the hit song "[[Passionfruit (song)|Passionfruit]]" in 2017.