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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant in the passion flower family
{{redirect2|Passionfruit|Passion fruit|the fruit|Passion fruit (fruit)|other uses|Passion fruit (disambiguation)}}
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'''''Passiflora edulis''''', commonly known as '''passion fruit''', is a [[vine]] species of [[passion flower]] native to the region of southern [[Brazil]] through [[Paraguay]] to northern [[Argentina]].<ref name="morton" /> It is cultivated commercially in [[tropical]] and [[subtropical]] areas for [[Passion fruit (fruit)|its sweet, seedy fruit]].
The fruit is a [[Pepo (botany)|pepo]], a type of [[Berry (botany)|berry]], round to oval, either yellow or dark purple at maturity, with a soft to firm, juicy interior filled with numerous seeds. The fruit is both eaten and juiced, with the juice often added to other fruit juices to enhance aroma. ==Etymology==
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Usually the vine produces a single flower 5–7.5 cm wide at each [[Node (plant)|node]].<ref name="morton">{{cite web|url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/passionfruit.html|title=Passionfruit, p. 320–328; In: Fruits of warm climates|year=1987|author=Morton JF|publisher=NewCrop, Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture at Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN, USA|access-date=1 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Boning|first=Charles R.|title=Florida's Best Fruiting Plants: Native and Exotic Trees, Shrubs, and Vines|year=2006|publisher=Pineapple Press, Inc.|location=Sarasota, Florida|pages=168–171}}</ref> The flower has 5 oblong, green [[sepal]]s and 5 white [[petal]]s.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/38799|title=Passifora edulis (passionfruit)|date=21 January 2016|website=Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International}}</ref> The sepals and petals are 4-6mm in length and form a fringe.<ref name=":0" /> The base of the flower is a rich purple with 5 [[stamen]]s, an [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]], and a branched [[Style (botany)|style]].<ref name="morton" /> The styles bend backward and the [[stigma (botany)|stigma]]s, which are located on top of the styles, have a very distinct head.<ref name=":0" /><!-- Should really describe the androgynophore in more detail, ideally with an illustration -->
The fruit produced is entirely fleshy (making it botanically a [[berry (botany)|berry]]), and is spherical to ovoid.<ref name="Yahia 2011"/> The outside color of the berry ranges from dark
===Varieties===
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[[File:Passionfruit (whole and half).jpg|200px|frameless|right|alt=A ripe passion fruit, cut in half to show the insides]]
Several distinct varieties of passion fruit with clearly differing exterior appearances exist.<ref name="morton" /> The bright yellow ''flavicarpa'' variety, also known as yellow or golden passion fruit, can grow up to the size of a [[grapefruit]], has a smooth, glossy, light, and airy rind, and has been used as a [[rootstock]] for purple passion fruit in Australia.<ref name="morton" /> The dark purple ''edulis'' variety is smaller than a [[lemon]], though it is less acidic than yellow passion fruit, and has a richer aroma and flavour.
==Uses==
{{More citations needed|section|date=February 2022}}
* In [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], it is available commercially both fresh and tinned. It is added to fruit salads, and fresh fruit pulp or passion fruit sauce is commonly used in [[dessert]]s, including as a topping for [[Pavlova (food)|pavlova]] (a regional [[meringue]] cake) and [[ice cream]], a flavouring for [[cheesecake]], and in the icing of [[Mille-feuille|vanilla slices]]. A passion-fruit–flavored soft drink called [[Passiona]] has also been manufactured in Australia since the 1920s. It can be used in some alcoholic cocktails.
* In [[Brazil]], the term {{lang|pt|maracujá}} applies to passion fruit ({{lang|pt|maracujá azedo}}, or "sour") and [[Passiflora ligularis|granadillo]] ({{lang|pt|maracujá doce}}, or "sweet"). [[Passion fruit mousse]] is a common dessert
* In [[Cambodia]] the red and yellow passion fruit grown in the [[Mondulkiri Province]] are used to produce wine and liquor.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cambodia-explorer.com/mondulkiri-passion-fruit-wine/ |date=May 28, 2019 |title=Mondulkiri Passion Fruit Wine |website=Cambodia Explorer |access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref>
* In [[Colombia]] and [[Costa Rica]], it is
* In the [[Dominican Republic]], where it is locally called ''chinola'', it is used to make juice and [[fruit preserves]]. Passion fruit-flavored [[syrup]] is used on [[shaved ice]], and the fruit is also eaten raw, sprinkled with sugar.
* In [[East Africa]], passion fruit is used to make
* In [[Hawaii]], where it is known as {{lang|haw|liliko{{okina}}i}}, fresh passion fruit pulp is
* In [[India]], the government of [[Andhra Pradesh]] started growing passion fruit vines in the [[Chintapalli, Vizianagaram|Chintapalli]] ([[Visakhapatnam|Vizag]]) forests to make fruit available within the region.<ref>{{cite news|title=HRS cultivating 'passion fruit'|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/hrs-cultivating-passion-fruit/article2607607.ece|author=Sridhar, P.|newspaper=The Hindu|publisher=The Hindu, India|date=8 November 2011|access-date=19 June 2016}}</ref> The fruit is eaten raw, sprinkled with sugar, and is
* In [[Indonesia]], where it is known as ''markisa'', both ''edulis'' and ''flavicarpa'' varieties are cultivated and consumed differently. The former is normally eaten
* In [[Mexico]], passion fruit is used to make juice or is eaten raw with [[chili powder]] and lime.
* In [[Paraguay]], passion fruit is used principally for its juice, to prepare desserts such as passion fruit mousse, cheesecake, ice cream, and to
* In [[Peru]], passion fruit has long been a staple in homemade ice pops called "marciano" or "chupetes". Passion fruit is also used in several desserts, especially mousses and cheesecakes. Passion fruit juice is also drunk on its own and is used in [[ceviche]] variations and in [[cocktail]]s, including the ''Maracuyá sour'', a variation of the ''[[Pisco sour]]''. {{lang|pt|Granadilla}}, or "sweet" can be eaten raw.
* In the [[Philippines]], passion fruit is commonly sold in public markets and in public schools. Some vendors sell the fruit with a straw to enable sucking out the seeds and juices inside.
* In [[Portugal]], especially the [[Azores]] and [[Madeira]], passion fruit is used as a base for a variety of [[liqueur]]s and mousses.
* In [[Puerto Rico]], where the fruit is known as "''parcha''", it is used in juices, ice cream or pastries.
* In [[South Africa]], passion fruit, known locally as Granadilla (the yellow variety as Guavadilla), is used to
* In [[Sri Lanka]], passion fruit juice, along with [[faluda]], is
* In [[Suriname]], where it is known as {{lang|nl|markoesa}}, there are three varieties. The red and orange
<gallery>
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Raw passion fruit is 73% water, 22% [[carbohydrates]], 2% [[protein]] and 0.7% [[fat]] (table). In a
==Phytochemicals==
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[[Passion fruit woodiness virus]] is one of the most well-known viruses to the passion fruit. It belongs to the ''[[Potyvirus]]'' group and can attack a plant at any age from nursery to mature plants. Some features include yellow leaves that display distortion in the leaf length and shape. As well as affecting the leaf, this virus influences fruit shape and size. Affected fruits become stone-like and much smaller than normal, with many fruits becoming scabbed and cracked. The virus is spread by sap-sucking insects such as aphids and mites. Woodiness can also spread through vegetation propagation such as infected scions or contaminated tools. There is no chemical control for this virus once the plant is infected, but the use of clean planting material can reduce its dissemination.<ref name="passion fruit woodiness">{{cite book|url=http://www.globalsciencebooks.info/JournalsSup/images/0812/PT_2(1)1-19o.pdf |author=Fischer, Ivan H. |author2=Rezende, Jorge A. M.|year=2008|title=Pest Technology: Diseases of Passion Flower (''Passiflora'' spp.)|publisher=Global Science Books|access-date=13 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818190841/http://www.globalsciencebooks.info/JournalsSup/images/0812/PT_2(1)1-19o.pdf|archive-date=18 August 2014}}</ref>
One of the most serious viruses pertaining to vegetation is the [[cucumber mosaic virus]]. In the passion fruit, this virus appears with yellow mottling on leaves starting at random points on the vine and diminishing in intensity towards the tip. Expanding leaves typically become twisted, curl downward, and develop a "shoestring" appearance as a result of a restriction of the leaf surface. It is mobile and can spread easily through interactions with other plants such as brushing between leaves. This virus is naturally transmitted through aphids and can also be transmitted mechanically through seedlings. Varietal resistance is the primary management tool, and eliminating weeds and infected perennial ornamentals that may harbor the virus is critical. Once the plant has been infected, there is no possible management
====Phytoplasma====
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[[Collar rot]] disease is caused by the fungus ''[[Fusarium solani]]''. It is characterized by [[necrotic]] lesions at the collar region, browning of the stem at soil level, and dark discoloration of the stem. The rotting stem interferes with food and water transport within the plant, leading to withering of the plant until death. Infection occurs mostly through contaminated soil and infected plants which cause the plants to survive for only a few weeks. There are no chemical controls. Management includes planting seedlings in unaffected areas and using clean tools.<ref name="bacterial spot" />
The fungus called [[fusarium wilt]] commonly occurs in adult plants and is caused by ''[[Fusarium oxysporum]]''. The pathogen has ability to survive for long periods, penetrating roots, invading the [[xylem]], and preventing the transport of water and nutrients to other organs of the plant. Once infected, this disease causes leaves to yellow and browning of the vascular system until
The [[anthracnose]], a canker caused by ''Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes'', is a pathogen of the passion fruit creating dark and sunken lesions of the [[trunk (botany)|trunk]].<ref name="anthracnose">{{cite journal|title=First Report of ''Colletotrichum boninense'', ''C. capsici'', and a ''Glomerella'' sp. as Causes of Postharvest Anthracnose of Passion Fruit in Florida|vauthors=Tarnowski TL, Ploetz RC |journal=Plant Disease|year=2010|volume=94|issue=6|page=786|doi=10.1094/PDIS-94-6-0786C|pmid=30754330|doi-access=free}}</ref> By attacking mature passion fruit trees, these lesions cause intense defoliation and fruit rot. Many leaves die due to the foliar lesions and the skin of fruits becomes papery. Under warm and humid conditions, this disease can worsen, causing red and orange spores eventually killing the plant. Infection is carried out through the residues of the passion flower, infected seeds, seedlings, and cuttings. Managing this disease involves a combination of using pathogen-free seedlings, eliminating infected areas, and improving ventilation and light conditions. Copper-based fungicides on injured areas can prevent the spread of disease.<ref name="anthracnose" />
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{{Commons category|Passiflora edulis}}
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705210155/http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/passionfruit.html|title=California Rare Fruit Growers: Passion Fruit Facts}}
* [https://galstoncommunity.com.au/galston-district-garden-passionfruit-vine/ Grow Passionfruit Vine]
{{Passiflora}}
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