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{{Short description|none}}
{{About|the natural and historical region|the state during the British Raj|Bikaner State}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 20132022}}
 
The region of [[Bikaner]], stretching across northernnorth-western state of [[Rajasthan State]] in [[India]], was earlier known as '''[[Jangladesh]]'''. It included the present-day districts of [[Bikaner District|Bikaner]], [[Churu District|Churu]], [[Ganganagar District|Ganganagar]], and [[Hanumangarh District|Hanumangarh]].▼
It is bounded on the south by [[Marwar]] and [[Jaisalmer state|Jaisalmer]] regions, on the east by [[Ajmer-Merwara]] region.▼
 
[[Bikaner state]] was a [[princely state]] that was founded in the 15th century in this region. After becoming a [[British protectorate]] in 1818, it persisted until shortly after India's Independence in 1947.▼
 
{| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 250px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
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|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|'''[[Dynasty|Dynasties]]'''
|[[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]]s (1488–1949)
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''Historical [[Capital (political)city|capitals]]'''
| [[Bikaner]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
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|}
 
▲The region of [[Bikaner]], stretching across northern [[Rajasthan State]] in [[India]], was earlier known as '''Jangladesh'''. It included the present-day districts of [[Bikaner District|Bikaner]], [[Churu District|Churu]], [[Ganganagar District|Ganganagar]], and [[Hanumangarh District|Hanumangarh]].
▲It is bounded on the south by [[Marwar]] and [[Jaisalmer state|Jaisalmer]] regions, on the east by [[Ajmer-Merwara]] region.
 
▲[[Bikaner state]] was a [[princely state]] that was founded in the 15th century in this region. After becoming a [[British protectorate]] in 1818, it persisted until shortly after India's Independence in 1947.
 
==Early history==
Prior to the mid 15th century, the region that is now Bikaner was a barren wilderness called [[Jangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.rajasthantourism.gov.in/destinations/bikaner/bikaneroverview.htm
|title=Bikaner
|accessdateaccess-date=2007-09-08
|archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819181354/http://www.rajasthantourism.gov.in/destinations/bikaner/bikaneroverview.htm
|archivedatearchive-date=2007-08-19
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> [[Rao Bika]] established the city of Bikaner in 1488. He was the son of [[Rao Jodha]] of the Rathor Rajput clan, the founder of [[Jodhpur]] and conquered the largely arid area in the north of Rajasthan.
Provoked by a stray comment by his father, [[Rao Bika|Bika]] left Marwar (Jodhpur) with his uncle [[Rao Kandhal|Kandhmal]] to create his own kingdom. During his journey, [[Rao Bika|Bika]] stopped at [[Deshnoke|Deshnok]] where he consulted the mystic [[Karni Mata]] for her blessings and get prophesied that he would be successful. Encouraged by her support, [[Rao Bika|Bika]] took advantage of the internal rivalries of the [[Jat people|Jat clans]] to carve out his own territory in the "[[Jangladesh]]" region of [[Rajasthan]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}
 
Though it was in the [[Thar Desert]], [[Bikaner]] was considered an [[oasis]] on the trade route between [[Central Asia]] and the [[Gujarat]] coast as it had adequate spring water. Bika's name was attached to the city he built and to the state of Bikaner ("the settlement of Bika") that he established. Bika built a fort in 1478, which is now in ruins, and a hundred years later a new fort was built about 1.5&nbsp;km from the city centre, known as the Junagarh Fort.<ref name="Ring">{{Cite book|last=Ring|first=Trudy|author2=Robert M. Salkin|author3=Sharon La Boda|title= International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania|work=Bikaner|page= 129|accessdateaccess-date=2009-12-07|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA132&dqq=Junagarh+Fort#v=onepage&qpg=Junagarh%20Fort&f=falsePA132|publisher= Taylor & Francis|year=1996|isbn=1-884964-04-4}}</ref><ref name="Ward">{{Cite book|last=Ward|first=Philip|title= Northern India, Rajasthan, Agra, Delhi: a travel guide|work=Junagarh Fort|pages=116–119|accessdateaccess-date=2009-12-07|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KubCD2jHjEsC&pg=PA116&dqq=Junagarh+Fort#v=onepage&qpg=Junagarh%20Fort&f=falsePA116|publisher= Pelican Publishing Company|year= 1989|isbn=0-88289-753-5}}</ref><ref name="history">{{cite web|url=http://bikaner.nic.in/matter_historyn.htm |title=History |accessdateaccess-date=2009-12-07 |publisher=National Informatics centre, Bikaner district |archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212013613/http://bikaner.nic.in/matter_historyn.htm |archivedatearchive-date=12 December 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
Around a century after Rao Bika founded Bikaner, the state's fortunes flourished under the sixth Raja, Rai Singhji, who ruled from 1571 to 1611. During the [[Mughal Empire]]'s rule in the country, Raja Rai Singh accepted the [[suzerainty]] of the Mughals and held a high rank as an army general at the court of the Emperor [[Akbar]] and his son the Emperor [[Jahangir]]. Rai Singh's successful military exploits, which involved winning half of [[Mewar|Mewar kingdom]] for the Empire, won him accolades and rewards from the Mughal emperors.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}} He was given the [[jagir]]s (lands) of Gujarat and [[Burhanpur]]. With the large revenue earned from these jagirs, he built the Chintamani Durg (Junagarh fort) on a plain which has an average elevation of {{convert|760|ft|m}}. He was an expert in arts and architecture, and the knowledge he acquired during his visits abroad is amply reflected in the numerous monuments he built at the Junagarh fort.<ref name=Ring/><ref name=history/><ref name=Juna>{{cite web|url=http://www.realbikaner.com/palace/junagarh/index.html|title=Junagarh Fort, Bikaner|accessdateaccess-date=2009-12-07|url-status=dead|archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416053153/http://www.realbikaner.com/palace/junagarh/index.html|archivedatearchive-date=2009-04-16}}</ref>
 
Maharaja Karan Singh, who ruled from 1631 to 1669, under the suzerainty of the Mughals, built the Karan Mahal palace. Later rulers added more floors and decorations to this Mahal. [[Anup Singh jiof Bikaner|Anup Singh]], who ruled from 1669 to 1698, made substantial additions to the fort complex, with new palaces and the [[Zenana]] quarter, a royal dwelling for women and children. He refurbished the Karan Mahal with a Diwan-i-Am (public audience hall) and called it the Anup Mahal. Maharaja Gaj Singh, who ruled from 1746 to 1787 refurbished the Chandra Mahal (the Moon palace).
 
During the 18th century, there was an internecine war between the rulers of Bikaner and Jodhpur and also amongst other [[Thakur (Indian title)|thakurs]], which was put down by British troops in the 19th century.<ref name=history/>
 
Following Maharaja Gaj Singh, Maharaja Surat Singh ruled from 1787 to 1828 and lavishly decorated the audience hall (see illustration) with glass and lively paintwork. Under a [[subsidiary alliance|treaty of paramountcy]] signed in 1818, during Maharaja Surat Singh's reign, Bikaner came under the [[suzerainty]] of the British, after which the Maharajas of Bikaner invested heavily in refurbishing Junagarh fort.<ref name="Ring p.133">Ring p.133</ref>
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==The rise of Rao Bika==
About 1465 [[Rao Bika]], a [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]] Rajput, and an elder son of [[Rao Jodha]], king of Marwar, provoked by a stray comment by his father, left Marwar (Jodhpur) with a small contingent of Rathore and [[Rajpurohit]] warriors (500 soldier and 100 cavalrymen) to create his own kingdom. He was accompanied by his uncle, Rawat Kandhal and, his brother [[Rao Bida]] and his chief advisor Vikramji Rajpurohit, who provided politico-strategic advice.
 
Encouraged by the mystic [[Karni Mata]], whom he had met early in his travels, he took advantage of the internal rivalries of the [[Jat]] clans so that by 1485 he was able to establish his own territory and build a small fort called Rati Ghati at the city which still bears his name. In 1488 he began the building of the city itself. In the beginning, the neighboring Bhati chiefs were suspicious of the new growing power in their vicinity. [[Karni Mata]], who had become the ''kuladevi'' of Rao Bika brought the rivalry between the Rathore & Bhatis to an end by inspiring Rao Shekha -– the powerful Bhati chief of Pugal, to give the hand of his daughter in marriage to Rao Bika. This consolidated Rao Bika's power in the region and proved to be a milestone in the history of the state.
 
Upon Rao Jodha's death in 1488 Rao Bika stormed [[Mehrangarh Fort]],<ref name="Beny & Matheson. Page 47">Beny & Matheson. Page 47.</ref> an event that was to lead to 200 years of intermittent wars between Marwar and Bikaner.
 
Remains of the original small fortress Rao Bika built can still be seen around the walled city, near Lakshminath ji temple. The royal family of Bikaner lived there, till Raja Rai Singh Ji built a new fort called "Chintamani" (now Junagarh) between 1589 and 15931594 AD.
 
According to legend Bika [[Lunkaran]] consulted a holy man called Jas Nathji, who foretold that Bika's line would reign for 450 years. While Bika was pleased with this prediction, his brother Gharsiji when he heard of the prediction thought a longer period of power should have been prophesied. He confronted the holy man while he was in a deep trance and roused him by thrusting burning incense under his nose.<ref name="Beny & Matheson. Page 47"/> Jas Nathji told him 'All right take 50 years more or less but of trial and tribulation'.<ref name="Crump and Toh. Page 193">{{harvnb|Crump|Toh|1996|pp=193}}</ref>
 
Rao Bika died in 1504. His successors benefited from the weak rule of Suraj Mal of Marwar and the disruption caused by [[Babur]]'s invasion of India to consolidate and extend their possessions <ref>Martinelli & Michell. Page 218</ref> until by the 17th century all the Jat clans (including the powerful [[Godara (clan)|Godara]] clan) had accepted the suzerainty of the rulers of Bikaner.<ref>Cf. Dayaldas ri Khyat, part 2, pages 4-5</ref>
 
One of the most successful earlier rulers was JaitJaitasi Singh (1526–391526–41) until he was killed by the forces of Rao Maldev of Marwar. He was succeeded by his son Kalyan Mal (1539–711541–74) who under pressure from the Marwar forces retreated to the Punjab where he joined with Sher Shah Suri who expelled the Mughal ruler [[Humayun]] in 1540. With Sher Shah Suri's support, Kalyan Mal was able by 1545 to recover his lost territories from Rao Maldev, causing death of Kishandas Ji Rajpurohit in action, whose son has been provided with jagiri of Kishnasar in [[Nokha, Bikaner|Nokha]] Tehsil in Bikaner, which has given rise to Kanot Rajpurohit clan as a major warlords in upcoming battles, and winning 12 villages as a gift jagiri from the state including Hiyadesar, Desalsar, Rasisar,<ref>Dayaldas ri khyat:Page 89 prishth 69</ref> Dheerdesar, Aadsar, Kalyanpura, Sawai bari, Kotri,<ref>Dayaldas ri khyat:Volume 11, Page 77 Vinod Part 2</ref> Hirajsar, Saajansar, Deha, Kuntalsar.
 
==Mughal era==
[[File:Raja Karan Singh of Bikaner, Auranzeb's ally and enemy.jpg|thumb|Raja Karan Singh of Bikaner, Auranzeb's ally and enemy]]
The return of Humayun to power meant that Bikaner due to its involvement with Sher Shah Suri came into conflict with the Mughals again. However Kalyan Mal by using all the advantages of the harsh desert environment around Bikaner was able to defeat any invading Mughal army.<ref name="Crump and Toh. Page 193"/> The coming of [[Akbar]] to power saw the Mughal empire turn to diplomacy instead of force to bring the individual Rajput states into the empire.
As a result, Raja Rai Singh, the sixth ruler of Bikaner was among the first Rajput Chiefs to make an alliance with the Mughal Empire. As a result, during the reign of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] the rulers of Bikaner were esteemed among the most loyal adherents of the empire and held high ranks as Mansabdars of special order in the imperial court. They served as military commanders in various Mughal campaigns all over the Indian subIndiasub-continent.
In 1570, Akbar married a daughter of [[Rao Kalyan Singh]]. Kalyan's son, Rai Singh, who succeeded him in 1571, was one of Akbar's most distinguished generals and the first Raja of Bikaner. Two other distinguished chiefs of the house were [[Raja Karan Singh]] (1631–1669), who in the struggle of the sons of [[Shah Jahan]] for the throne threw in his lot with [[Aurangzeb]], and his eldest son, Anup Singh (1669–1698), who fought with distinction in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], was conspicuous in the capture of [[Golconda]], and earned the title of [[maharaja]].
 
With the decline of Mughal power in India with the death of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707 AD, the bonds of Mughals-Rajput relationship slowly dissolved. Sujan Singh (1700–35) formally broke the connection with the Mughal throne and from 1719 based himself within his kingdom.
 
==Early and middle 19th century==
By the middle of the 19th century the years of internal strife together with the financial and military demands put on Bikaner by the British had put the kingdom in debt. A sharp turnaround in the fortunes of the kingdom occurred in 1842 when Maharaja Ratan Singh took advantage of a shortage of pack animals to supply Bikaner's renowned camels at considerable profit to the British for their Afghan expedition. ThsThe turnaround was such that by 1844 he was able to reduce the dues on goods passing through Bikaner. He also gave assistance in both Sikh campaigns to the British. His son, Sardar Singh (1851–1872), was rewarded for help given during the [[Revolt of 1857]] by an increase of territory. In 1868 a rising of the Thakurs against his extortions led to the despatch of a British political officer, by whom affairs were adjusted.▼
In 1802, during the last of the wars between Bikaner and Marwar, [[Mountstuart Elphinstone]] was passing through Bikaner on his way to [[Kabul]]; when Maharaja Surat Singh (1788–1828), applied to him for British protection, which was refused. In 1815 Surat Singh's tyranny led to a general rising of his [[Thakur (Indian title)|Thakur]]s, and in 1816 the maharaja again applied for British protection. On 9 May 1818 a Treaty of Perpetual Friendship was signed between the Bikaner ruler and the [[Honourable East India Company|East India Company]],<ref>Digby, Simon. "Review of ''The Relations of the House of Bikaner with the Central Powers, 1465–1949'' by Kami Singh", ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', University of London, '''38''' (3), London: 1975, pp. 653-654.</ref> and order was restored in the country by British troops. Ratan Singh, who succeeded his father in 1828, applied in vain in 1830 to the British government for aid against a fresh rebellion of his Thakurs; such that during the next five years banditry became so rife on the borders that the government raised a special force to deal with it (the Shekhawati Brigade), to which over the next seven years Bikaner contributed part of the cost. Henceforth the relations of the maharajas with the British government were increasingly cordial.
 
▲By the middle of the 19th century the years of internal strife together with the financial and military demands put on Bikaner by the British had put the kingdom in debt. A sharp turnaround in the fortunes of the kingdom occurred in 1842 when Maharaja Ratan Singh took advantage of a shortage of pack animals to supply Bikaner's renowned camels at considerable profit to the British for their Afghan expedition. Ths turnaround was such that by 1844 he was able to reduce the dues on goods passing through Bikaner. He also gave assistance in both Sikh campaigns to the British. His son, Sardar Singh (1851–1872), was rewarded for help given during the [[Revolt of 1857]] by an increase of territory. In 1868 a rising of the Thakurs against his extortions led to the despatch of a British political officer, by whom affairs were adjusted.
 
==Dungar Singh==
Sardar Singh had no son, and, upon his death in 1872, his widow and the state's principal ministers selected [[Dungar Singh]], (adopted by Sardar Singh), with the approval of the British government as his successor. The principal political event of his reign was the rebellion of the Thakurs in 1883 owing to an attempt to increase the dues payable in lieu of military service; this led to the permanent location at Bikaner of a British political agent. Dungar Singh's reign was notable for the establishment of a modern administrative system, a police force, the state's first hospital, and Bikaner's becoming (in 1886) the first Indian Princely State to introduce electricity.<ref>{{harvnb|Crump|Toh|1996|pp=198}}</ref>
 
Dungar Singh died in 1887 without a son; but he had adopted his brother, [[Ganga Singh]] (born 1880), who, with the approval of the British government, succeeded him as the 21st ruler of Bikaner.
 
==Ganga Singh==
[[File:Ganga Singh of Bikaner 1914.jpg|thumb|[[Ganga Singh]] with his son in 1914]]
The reign of Maharaja Ganga Singh was notable for great socio-political and economic development in every sphere of life, namely, education, health, sanitation, water supply, power generation and electricity, irrigation, post and telegraph, roads and railways, trade and commerce, etc. The state owes to this ruler the opening up of new railways across the great desert, which was formerly passable only by camels and the tapping of the valuable coal deposits that occur in the territory. The railway from Jodhpur had been extended towards [[Bhatinda]] in the [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]; on the northern border, the Ghaggar canal in the Punjab irrigated about {{convert|5000|acres|0|abbr=on}} (20&nbsp;km²).▼
Ganga Singh was educated at the Mayo College in [[Ajmer]], and was invested with full powers in 1898. He attended King Edward's coronation in 1902 and accompanied the British army in person in the Chinese campaign of 1901 in command of the [[Bikaner Camel Corps]], which also served in [[British Somaliland]] in 1904. For his conspicuous services he was given the Kaisar-i-Hind medal of the first class, made an honorary major in the Indian army, a G.C.I.E., a K.C.S.I., and A.D.C. to the [[Prince of Wales]]. The military force consisted of 500 men, besides the Imperial Service Corps of the same strength.
 
▲The reign of Maharaja Ganga Singh was notable for great socio-political and economic development in every sphere of life, namely, education, health, sanitation, water supply, power generation and electricity, irrigation, post and telegraph, roads and railways, trade and commerce, etc. The state owes to this ruler the opening up of new railways across the great desert, which was formerly passable only by camels and the tapping of the valuable coal deposits that occur in the territory. The railway from Jodhpur had been extended towards [[Bhatinda]] in the [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]; on the northern border, the Ghaggar canal in the Punjab irrigated about {{convert|5000|acres|0|abbr=on}} (20&nbsp;km²).
 
Drought is a common occurrence, and the region faced the most severe [[famine]] in 1899–1900 which was so severely felt that by 1901 it reduced the population to 584,627, a decrease of 30%.
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| [[Rao Jait Singh]] ''Jetasi''
| 1526
| 15421541
|-
|-
! 5
| [[Rao Kalyan Mal]] -– ''Acknowledged the suzerainty of Emperor [[Akbar]] at [[Nagaur]] in November 1570''
| 15421541
| 1574
|-
|-
! 6
| [[Rao Rai Singh I]] ''Rai Rai Singh'' -– ''Important General in the Mughal army Similar to Raja Man Singh I of Amber.''
| 1574
| 1612
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|-
! 9
| [[Rao Karan Singh]] ''Jangalpat Badhshah'' -– ''Deposed by Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] for dereliction of duty at [[Attock]], 11 January 1667. Exiled to his betel gardens at Karanpura, in the Deccan''
| 1631
| 1667
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|-
! 10
| ''Maharaja'' [[Rao Anup Singh]] -– ''To be the first to be granted the title 'Maharaja' by Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]''. ''Served in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] campaign at [[Salher]] in 1672, [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]] in 1675, and the siege of [[Golconda]] in 1687. He was administrator of [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] 1677–1678, ''Hakim'' of [[Adoni]], 1678, [[Imtiazgarh]], [[Adoni]] 1689–1693, and of Nusratabad, Sukkar 1693–1698. ''
| 1669
| 1698
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|-
! 11
| ''Maharaja'' [[Rao Sarup Singh]] -– ''He died from [[smallpox]], at [[Adoni]], in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], 15 December 1700.''
| 1698
| 1700
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|-
! 12
| ''Maharaja'' [[Rao Sujan Singh]] -– ''Ordered to attend Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], where he remained for ten years. Faced invasions from [[Maharaja Abhai Singh]] of [[Jodhpur]] and [[Maharaja Bakht Singh]] of [[Nagaur]], but successfully repulsed both.''
| 1700
| 1735
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|-
! 14
| ''Maharaja'' [[Gaj Singh of Bikaner|Rao Gaj Singh]] -– '' the first of his line granted permission to mint his own coinage by Emperor [[Alamgir II]]''
| 1746
| 1787
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|-
! 16
| ''Maharaja'' [[Rao Pratap Singh]] -– ''Reigned under the Regency of his uncle Surat Singh who poisoned him to assume the throne''
| 1787
| 1787
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|-
! 17
| ''Maharaja'' [[Surat Singh of Bikaner|Rao Surat Singh]] -– ''He incurred huge debts due to his military adventures which had reduced his state to near anarchy. Entered the protection of the [[East India Company]] with a [[subsidiary alliance]] on 9 March 1818.''
| 1787
| 1828
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|-
! 18
| ''Narendra Maharaja'' [[Rao Ratan Singh]] -– ''received the hereditary title of Narendra Maharaja from Emperor [[Akbar Shah II]] and assisted the British by furnishing them with supplies during the [[First Afghan War]] of 1841. ''
| 1828
| 1851
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|-
! 19
| ''Narendra Maharaja'' [[Rao Sardar Singh]] -– ''Assisted the British during the [[Indian Mutiny|Indian Uprising of 1857]] and served in person during many of the battles. Removed the name of the Mughal Emperor from his coinage, replacing the words with "Aurang Arya Hind wa Queen Victoria". ''
| 1851
| 1872
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|-
! 20
| ''Narendra Maharaja'' [[Dungar Singh|Rao Dungar Singh]] -– ''Assisted the British during the [[Second Afghan War]].''
| 1872
| 1887
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|-
! 21
| '''General''' ''Narendra Maharaja Sir'' [[Ganga Singh|Rao Ganga Singh]] -– ''served in the [[World War I|First World War]] in France and [[Flanders]] 1914–1915. Member of the [[Imperial War Cabinet]] and served the British Royal Family in many other official capacities. Signed the [[Treaty of Versailles]] on behalf of India on 28 June 1919. Indian representative at the Imperial Conferences and at the [[League of Nations]].''
| 1887
| 1943
|-
! 22
| '''Lieutenant-General''' ''Narendra Maharaja Sir'' [[Sadul Singh of Bikaner|Rao Sadul Singh]] -– ''Signed the instrument of accession to the [[Dominion of India]] on 7 August 1947. Merged his state into the present state of [[Rajasthan]], India on 30 March 1949.''
| 1943
| 1950
|-
! 23
| [[Maharaja Karni Singh|Rao Karni Singh]] -– ''Member of Parliament ([[Lok Sabha]]) for [[Bikaner]], 1952–1977. On 28 December 1971, India amended its Constitution to remove the position of the rulers of princely states and their right to receive privy-purse payments, thus making him the last ruler of Bikaner.''
| 1950
| 1971
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| [[Maharaja Ravi Raj Singh of Bikaner|Maharaja Ravi Raj Singh]]
| 2003
| Present2022
 
|}
 
==Notes==
{{reflist|24em}}
 
==References==
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Bikanir |volume=3 |page=929}}
*{{cite book|author1=Beny, Roland |author2=Matheson, Sylvia A. | title=Rajasthan -– Land of Kings| year = 1984| publisher=Frederick Muller| location=London| isbn = 0-584-95061-6| page = 200 pages}}
*{{cite book|lastlast1=Crump|firstfirst1=Vivien|last2=Toh|first2=Irene| title= Rajasthan| location=London| publisher=Everyman Guides|year=1996| type = hardback| isbn = 1-85715-887-3| page = 400 pages|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|author1=Martinelli, Antonio |author2=Michell, George | title=The Palaces of Rajasthan| year = 2005| publisher=Frances Lincoln| location=London| isbn = 978-0-7112-2505-3| page = 271 pages}}
 
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[[Category:Princely states of India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 15th century]]
[[Category:History of Rajasthan]]
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