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{{For|the mountain range on this peninsula|Palos Verdes Hills}}
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{{Infobox settlement
| name = Palos Verdes Peninsula, California
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The '''Palos Verdes Peninsula''' (
The peninsula is located in the [[South Bay, Los Angeles|South Bay]] region. It borders the city of [[Torrance, California|Torrance]] to its north, the [[Pacific Ocean]] is on the west and south, and the [[Port of Los Angeles]] is to the east. As of the [[2010 United States census|2010 census]], the population of the Palos Verdes Peninsula is 65,008. The hill cities on the peninsula are known for
==History==
===Native Americans===
[[File:Point vicente light palos verdes.jpg|thumb|right|225px|The [[Point Vicente Lighthouse]] on the Palos Verdes Peninsula and the [[National Register of Historic Places]].]]
The peninsula was the homeland of the [[Tongva people|Tongva-Gabrieliño]] [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] people for thousands of years. In other areas of the [[Los Angeles Basin]] archeological sites date back 8,000 years.<ref>[http://www.laokay.com/halac/RanchoLosEncinos.htm laokay: History of Rancho Los Encinos.] accessed 8/20/2010</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/discoveries/2006-03-03-prehistoric-mill_x.htm|title=
===Spanish and Mexican era===
[[File:Manuel Domínguez of California.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Don [[Manuel Dominguez|Manuel Domínguez]], a signer of the [[Californian Constitution]] and owner of [[Rancho San Pedro]], which included all of Palos Verdes until 1846.]]
[[File:José Loreto Sepúlveda.jpg|thumb|left|upright|In 1846, [[Rancho de los Palos Verdes]] was separated from Rancho San Pedro and granted to brothers [[Sepúlveda family of California|José Loreto Sepúlveda]] (pictured) and [[Juan Capistrano Sepúlveda]].]]
In 1846, [[Francisco Xavier Sepúlveda#José Dolores Sepúlveda|José Dolores Sepúlveda]] and José Loreto received a [[Ranchos of California|Mexican land grant]] from [[Alta California]] Governor [[Pío Pico]] for a parcel from the huge original 1784 [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] land grant of [[Rancho San Pedro]] to [[Manuel Dominguez]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/hb9489p1s9/?&brand=oac|title=Plat of the Rancho Los Palos Verdes [Calif.] : finally confirmed to Jose Loretto Sepulveda et al. / surveyed under instructions from the U.S. Surveyor General by Henry Hancock, Dep. Survr., September 1859 |website=Calisphere |language=en |access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref> It was named [[Rancho de los Palos Verdes]], or "ranch of the green
===American era===
By 1882, ownership of the land had passed from the Sepulveda family through various mortgage holders to [[Bixby family|Jotham Bixby]] of [[Rancho Los Cerritos]], who leased the land to Japanese farmers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.dailybreeze.com/history/2010/03/02/bixby-ranch/ |title=Bixby Ranch |date=March 2, 2010 |first=Sam |last= Gnerre |access-date=12 June 2015 |publisher=[[South Bay Daily Breeze]] |work=South Bay History}}</ref>
[[Frank A. Vanderlip|Frank Vanderlip]], representing a group of wealthy east coast investors, purchased 25 square miles of land on the Palos Verdes Peninsula in 1913 for $1.5 million.<ref>[[Robert M. Fogelson]] (2005). Bourgeois Nightmares: suburbia, 1870–1930 New Haven: Yale University Press,
By 1921, Vanderlip had lost interest in overseeing development of Palos Verdes and enticed [[Edward Gardner Lewis]] to take over the project with an option to buy the property for $5 million. Lewis was an experienced developer, but lacked the capital to purchase and develop Palos Verdes. Instead, he established a real estate trust, capitalizing the project through the sale of notes which were convertible to Palos Verdes property.
Vanderlip established a new real estate trust to purchase 3,200 acres from his land syndicate and establish the subdivision of [[Palos Verdes Estates]]. The new trust assumed not just the land, but also the improvements made by Lewis. They were not complete, but they were substantial: improvements included many sewers, water mains, and roads; landscaping, parks, and a golf course. They opened Palos Verdes for public inspection in June 1923.<ref>Robert M. Fogelson (2005). ''Bourgeois Nightmares: Duburbia, 1870–1930''. New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 10.</ref>
Palos Verdes Estates was organized and landscaped by the [[Olmsted Brothers]] and in their planning, they dedicated a quarter of the land area to permanent open undeveloped space.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pvestates.org/index.aspx?page=38 |title=History of PVE {{!}} Palos Verdes Estates, CA |website=www.pvestates.org |language=en |access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref>
==Climate==▼
According to the [[Köppen Climate Classification]] system, Palos Verdes has a [[Mediterranean climate]], abbreviated "Csa" on climate maps.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bestplaces.net/climate/city/california/palos_verdes_estates|title=Palos Verdes Estates, California Climate|website=www.bestplaces.net|access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref>▼
[[File:Plate-01 page 1 geology of Palos verdes peninsula JPEG from PDF.png|thumb|Geology of Palos Verdes Peninsula]]
== Reef Restoration ==
Reef restoration off the coast of Palos Verdes began in May 2020 involving over {{convert|30| acres}} of new habitat. Located off the coast, this restoration consists unique designs and locations with of rock relief habitats which provide habitat for marine life.<ref name=":0">Williams JP, Williams CM, Pondella DJII and Scholz ZM (2022) Rebirth of a reef: As-built description and rapid returns from the Palos Verdes Reef Restoration Project. ''Front. Mar. Sci.'' 9:1010303. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2022.1010303</ref> It avoids existing functioning reefs and instead uses those areas as inspiration<ref name=":0" /> These habitats have been impacted by deposited or settling sediment such as sand. The main goals of the restoration project is to restore the rocky-reef territory and maximize ecosystem benefits.<ref name=":0" />l
Reefs are productive ecosystems.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/aqc.3880 |title=A quantitative synthesis of approaches, biases, successes, and failures in marine forest restoration, with considerations for future work |date=2022 |last1=Earp |first1=Hannah S. |last2=Smale |first2=Dan A. |last3=Pérez-Matus |first3=Alejandro |last4=Gouraguine |first4=Adam |last5=Shaw |first5=Paul W. |last6=Moore |first6=Pippa J. |journal=Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems |volume=32 |issue=11 |pages=1717–1731 |bibcode=2022ACMFE..32.1717E |hdl=2160/f8dca7b4-bc06-45ed-b769-7637443d958b |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Two Types of monitoring have been done for the restoration site. The first one being geophysical and oceanographic monitoring. The restoration project uses high-resolution multi-beam bathymetry data<ref name=":0" /> which is an instrument that uses echo-sound to measure the depth of water at different angles to create 3D maps of the ocean floor. The team used before and after pictures of the site from October 2019, the date prior to alterations, 3 different dates throughout 2020, and the final date December 2021. By 2021, the team used Edgetech 6205 MultiPhase EchoSounder,<ref name=":0" /> which is sends and receives audible pulses that also map the ocean's floor. Results showed net gain between 2019 and 2020.<ref name=":0" /> There was little net loss and fewer net gain between 2020 and 2021. Between 2019 and 2021, there were was mostly no change.<ref name=":0" />
The second monitoring method was biological monitoring. The team used instruments which detected specific fish species' density and size. These instruments also showed the kelp canopy and other marine plants. By 2021, the team was able to say there was a significantly higher giant kelp density compared to the previous 3 years.<ref name=":0" /> There was also an increase in biotic cover, total fish density, and total fish biomass by 2021.<ref name=":0" /> Although kelp does function as a habitat and food source of marine species, it is not necessary for fish biodiversity. Instead, rock relief is linked to fish biodiversity.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF00001373 |title=Factors affecting fish diversity on a temperate reef: The fish assemblage of Palos Verdes Point, 1974–1981 |date=1984 |last1=Stephens |first1=John S. |last2=Morris |first2=Pamela A. |last3=Zerba |first3=Kim |last4=Love |first4=Milton |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=259–275 |bibcode=1984EnvBF..11..259S }}</ref>
Human caused factors such as pollution and over harvesting have altered urchin-dominated areas. Historically, pollution mitigation has been overlooked in artificial reef restoration programs.<ref name=":1" /> A way to mitigate issues is through assisted recovery and/or passive restoration. Experiments that have included pollution mitigation have seen a 100% success rate of achieving cleaner environments within their testing site.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.4081/aiol.2013.5338 |title=Conservation and restoration of marine forests in the Mediterranean Sea and the potential role of Marine Protected Areas |date=2013 |last1=Gianni |first1=Fabrizio |last2=Bartolini |first2=Fabrizio |last3=Airoldi |first3=Laura |last4=Ballesteros |first4=Enric |last5=Francour |first5=Patrice |last6=Guidetti |first6=Paolo |last7=Meinesz |first7=Alexandre |last8=Thibaut |first8=Thierry |last9=Mangialajo |first9=Luisa |journal=Advances in Oceanography and Limnology |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=83-101 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Heavy metals have been found in Southern California coasts. Some of these are lead, zinc, and scientists have also found DDT. The highest [[Chemical dumps in ocean off Southern California|concentration of DDT in sediments]] in California have been found off the coast of Palos Verdes. 98% of sediments tested off the coast of Palos Verdes contained DDT which has contaminated 100% of two fish species. These species are the Pacific sanddab and longfin sanddab.<ref name=":2">SCHIFF, KENNETH C., et al. “Southern California.” ''Marine Pollution Bulletin'', vol. 41, 2000, pp. 76–93.https://ftp.sccwrp.org/pub/download/DOCUMENTS/JournalArticles/333_scb.pdf.</ref> High amounts of nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrate have also been detected in the water.<ref name=":2" /> These factors have caused fish tissue to decrease between the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name=":2" /> Due to the high concentration of DDT, commercial fishing is banned off the coast of Palos Verdes. Another factor where marine restorations fall short is in accounting for multiple important variables. Some examples are nutrients, light, wave exposure, and temporal temperatures.<ref name=":1" />
Another stressor that reefs and other marine ecosystems face are human population increases. Population increased in California's coast during the 1900s. It went from 200 thousand people in Southern California in 1900 to over 17 million in 1998.<ref name=":2" /> Palos Verdes has been identified as a hot spot for sewage found in sediments. Invertebrates, plankton, and several species have bioaccumulated increasing amounts of chlorinated hydrocarbons as they approach Palos Verdes.<ref name=":2" /> When there are high levels of pollution, fish diseases such as tumors and fin erosion levels also increase.<ref name=":2" />
==Economy==
Palos Verdes Peninsula is an [[American upper class|upper class]] area, and the average household [[income]] is $231,303 per year.<ref>[https://www.point2homes.com/US/Neighborhood/CA/Greater-Los-Angeles/Palos-Verdes-Peninsula-Demographics.html Palos Verdes Peninsula, Greater Los Angeles, CA Demographics] Point2Homes, Yardi Inc.</ref>
==Commerce==
[[File:PalosVerdesMalagaCovePlaza1.jpg|thumb|The historic [[Mediterranean Revival architecture|Mediterranean Revival style]] Malaga Cove Plaza, in [[Palos Verdes Estates, California|Palos Verdes Estates]]]]
Areas of commerce include historic [[Mediterranean Revival architecture|Mediterranean Revival style]] Malaga Cove Plaza and the Promenade on the Peninsula. Smaller shopping centers include the Peninsula Center, Lunada Bay Plaza, and Golden Cove Plaza.
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The Peninsula is home to the [[Promenade on the Peninsula]] mall, originally an enclosed regional mall with two department store anchors, [[May Company California]] and [[Bullocks Wilshire]], as well as the [[Peninsula Center (mall)|Peninsula Center]], which originally had a [[Buffums]] department store.<ref>[http://blogs.dailybreeze.com/history/2015/07/04/rebranding-becomes-a-way-of-life-at-rolling-hills-estates-mall/ "Rebranding becomes a way of life at Rolling Hills Estates Mall, July 4, 2015, ''Daily Breeze'']</ref>
==Transportation==
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In the Eastview neighborhood of Rancho Palos Verdes, however, residents have the option to choose either PV schools or the surrounding LAUSD schools (i.e. Dodson Middle School, Dana Middle School, San Pedro High School, etc.).
Additionally, students are also able to attend the [[California Academy of Mathematics and Science]] in [[Carson, California|Carson]] due to its attendance boundaries stretching to the South Bay, which is about 20-40 minutes from the peninsula itself.
===Libraries===
The Peninsula is served by the Palos Verdes Library District,<ref>[http://www.pvld.org Palos Verdes Library District]
* Peninsula Center Library
* Miraleste Library
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[[File:6506-MarineLand-PalosVerdesPeninsula.jpg|thumb|right|Aerial view of [[Marineland of the Pacific]], in 1965, on the Palos Verdes Peninsula.]]
[[File:Trump National Golf Club (Los Angeles).jpg|thumb|right|The Trump National Golf Course.]]
* [[South Coast Botanic Garden]] – 35 hectare (87 acre) landscaped [[botanical garden]], event venue, and [[arboretum]] with over 150,000 landscape plants and trees from approximately 140 families, 700 genera, and 2,000 different species. It is a classic example of [[land recycling]] by reclaiming a site that was previously a sanitary [[landfill]] and [[open-pit mining|open pit]] [[diatomite]] mine from 1929 until 1956.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.southcoastbotanicgarden.org/history|title=History & Mission - South Coast Botanic Garden Foundation|work=South Coast Botanic Garden Foundation|access-date=2017-10-24|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Point Vicente Park is a popular spot for [[whale watching|watching]] the [[Fish migration|migration]] of [[gray whale]]s to and from their breeding lagoon in [[Baja California]].
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The infamous Palos Verdes surf spots have been in the spotlight many times over issues of [[Surf localism|localism]]. The most notorious surf spot for localism in Palos Verdes is Lunada Bay, which can hold any winter swell and has been known to rival Sunset Beach, Hawaii on a big day. Localism in Palos Verdes reached a turning point in 2001 when a civil rights lawsuit was filed after a particularly violent confrontation with Hermosa Beach surfers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.swellmagnet.com/surfing_surf_stories/surfing_html/pv_localism_surf_stories.html |title=''Swellmagnet.com'' |access-date=2006-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524214126/http://www.swellmagnet.com/surfing_surf_stories/surfing_html/pv_localism_surf_stories.html |archive-date=2007-05-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Surveillance cameras were placed in the surfing area but were later removed.<ref>[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/DeakinLRev/2004/29.html ''Austlii.edu.au'']</ref> In 2016, The Coastal Commission targeted the group after "renewed reports that their unpermitted structure [built along Lunada Bay] was being used as a spot for ongoing bullying and intimidation." On July 12, 2016, City Manager Tony Dahlerbruch recommended the removal of the illegal structure after pressure from the California Coastal Commission.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Therolf|first1=Garrett|title=Surfer gang's Lunada Bay 'fort' must go, city staff says|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-ln-lunada-fort-20160711-snap-story.html|access-date=28 July 2016|newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>
The [[Trump National Golf Club (Los Angeles)|Trump National Golf Club]] is a [[Donald Trump]] venture with a golf course on the Ocean Trails cliffs. The 18th hole of the prior golf course fell victim to a landslide caused by a leak in the sanitary pipes underneath it. In the summer of 2006, the golf club erected a 70-foot flagpole for an American flag; critics claimed it was illegal, but the golf club was allowed to retain it after a City Council vote.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/21/AR2006092101207.html|title=Trump Gets OK for Illegal Flagpole|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=2006-09-21|access-date=2017-10-24|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
The [[Marineland of the Pacific]] site near Portuguese Bend is currently home of Terranea, a luxury oceanfront resort.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.terranea.com/|title=California Luxury Oceanfront Resorts {{!}} Terranea Resort {{!}} Eco Resorts in Southern California|website=www.terranea.com|language=en|access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref>
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=== Native animals ===
* [[
* [[opossum]]
* [[gray fox]]
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* [[ western fence lizard]]
* [[red tailed hawk]]
* [[cottontail rabbit]]
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* The [[Wayfarers Chapel]], a transparent glass chapel in a [[redwood]] forest, was designed in 1951 by the renowned architect and landscape architect [[Lloyd Wright]]. It is under the stewardship of the [[Swedenborgian]] Church, a well-known landmark on the [[National Register of Historic Places]], and overlooking the ocean at the western entrance of Portuguese Bend.
* [[Portuguese Bend]] is one of the most geologically unstable areas in the world. Constant shifting of the soil (approximately 1/3 of an inch a day) and rock slides mean that Palos Verdes Drive South, the main road through the bend, is under constant repair.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deng |first=Jireh |date=2024-03-22 |title=Part of Palos Verdes Drive South damaged by landslide will close temporarily for repairs |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2024-03-22/imminent-temporary-closure-for-palos-verdes-drive-south |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Point Vicente Lighthouse]] is on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].
* [[Korean Bell of Friendship]] is located near Point Fermin in [[San Pedro, Los Angeles|San Pedro]].
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* [[Christen Press]], forward of the [[United States women's national soccer team]]
* [[Pete Sampras]], former World No. 1 male professional tennis player
* [[Anderson Silva]], [[List of UFC champions|UFC Middleweight Champion]], lives in city<ref name=Beale>{{cite news|last=Beale|first=Lauren|title=Anderson da Silva buys Palos Verdes Estate home|url=
* [[Eliot Teltscher]], professional tennis player
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* [[Christina Crawford]], actress and author of ''[[Mommie Dearest]]'', adoptive daughter of [[Joan Crawford]], attended Chadwick School
* Best-selling author and neuroscientist [[Daniel Levitin]]
* Musician [[Hyde (musician)|
* [[Juan Croucier]], bass player and songwriter of the bands [[Ratt]] and [[Dokken]]
* Actor [[Michael Dudikoff]]
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* [[Peninsula]]—including a list of peninsulas
* [[Transverse Ranges]]—with the [[Palos Verdes Hills]] and Channel Islands a single geologic range.
▲==Climate==
▲According to the [[Köppen Climate Classification]] system, Palos Verdes has a [[Mediterranean climate]], abbreviated "Csa" on climate maps.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bestplaces.net/climate/city/california/palos_verdes_estates|title=Palos Verdes Estates, California Climate|website=www.bestplaces.net|access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref>
==References==
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{{California}}
{{Authority control}}
▲{{Coord|33.7586472222|N|118.345844444|W|source:dewiki_region:US-CA_type:landmark_scale:100000|format=dms|display=title}}
[[Category:Palos Verdes Peninsula| ]]
[[Category:Peninsulas of California]]▼
[[Category:Geography of Los Angeles County, California]]
[[Category:Landforms of Los Angeles County, California]]
[[Category:Los Angeles County, California regions]]
▲[[Category:Peninsulas of California]]
[[Category:South Bay, Los Angeles]]
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