Henry Liu: Difference between revisions

| death_place = [[Daly City, California]], United StatesU.S.

| residencenationality = American, = Taiwanese

| education = [[National Chengchi University]]<br/>[[American University]] (graduate studies)

'''Henry Liu''' ({{zh|t=劉宜良|p=Liú Yíliáng}}; 7 December 1932 – 15 October 1984), often known by his [[pen name]] '''Chiang Nan''' ({{zh|labels=no|c=江南|p=Jiāng Nán}}), was a Taiwanese-American [[writer]] and [[journalist]]. He was a vocal critic of the [[Kuomintang]] (Chinese Nationalist Party), then the single ruling party of the Republic of China in Taiwan, and was most famous for writing an [[unauthorized biography]] of [[Chiang Ching-kuo]], then [[president of the Republic of China]].<ref name="Bishop">{{cite news|title=California Jury Is Told Defendant Admitted Slaying Journalist|work=The New York Times|last=Bishop|first=Katherine|date=1988-03-09|access-date=2007-11-13|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE2DF1230F93AA35750C0A96E948260}}</ref> He later became a [[naturalized citizen]] of the United States, and resided in [[Daly City, California]], where he was assassinated by [[Bamboo Union]] members who had been reportedly trained by the Kuomintang's military intelligence division.

Liu was born on {{birth date|1932|12|07|df=yes}} in [[Jingjiang]], [[Jiangsu]], [[Republic of China (1912-49)|Republican China]]. When he was nine years old, his father was killed by [[Chinese Communist Party|Communists]].<ref name=HCONRES /> When he turned sixteen, he was drafted into the [[Nationalist Revolutionary Army]], and he left for Taiwan in 1949.<ref name=HCONRES /> After leaving the military, he worked for the state-run radio and later as a reporter for the ''[[Taiwan Daily|Taiwan Daily News]]'',<ref name=NYT841102>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/02/us/death-of-critic-of-taiwan-leader-stirs-fear-among-chinese-in-us.html |title=Death of critic of Taiwan leader stirs fear among Chinese in U.S. |author=Butterfield, Fox |date=2 November 1984 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=23 January 2015 }}</ref> where he was sent on assignment to Hong Kong, Manila, and the Vietnam War. After marrying his wife Helen Cui Rong-Zhi, he became a foreign correspondent in 1967, and moved to Washington DC, where he took graduate classes at [[American University]] and worked part-time as an interpreter for the State Department.<ref name=HCONRES />

On 15 October 1984, Liu was {{ill|lt=shot to death|assassination of Henry Liu|zh|江南案}} in the garage of his home in [[Daly City, California|Daly City]], [[California]] shortly after 9 a.m.<ref name="Bishop"/><ref name=LAT19850303 /> Helen Cui, Henry's wife, had noticed two Asian men riding bicycles near their house that morning and the morning before; she heard loud noises in the garage and discovered her husband had been killed.<ref name="1985-01-28" /> The assassination had been planned by [[Chen Chi-li]], leader of the Bamboo Union Triad, and carried out by two Bamboo Union members, Wu Tun and [[Tung Kuei-sen]]. Chen was acting on the request of the head of the Kuomintang's Military Intelligence Bureau, Vice Admiral [[Wang Hsi-ling]], who had requested that Liu be "[given] a lesson" after writing articles critical of the Kuomintang government. Wu and Tung cornered Liu in his garage, and the three men struggled, ending after Wu shot Liu in the head and Tung shot Liu twice in the abdomen.

Preparations for the assassination of Liu started in July 1984, according to the tape-recorded confession of [[Chen Chi-li]], leader of the Bamboo Union Triad.<ref name=LAT19850303>{{cite news |url=httphttps://articleswww.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-03-03/news/-mn-32691_1_taiwan32691-governmentstory.html |title=Rooted in Taiwan Connection: The Plot to Kill Henry Liu — Slayers Confess Details |author1=Arax, Mark |author2=Holley, David |date=3 March 1985 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=16 May 2016 }}</ref> Earlier, in the wake of the 1979 [[Kaohsiung Incident]], Chen had reorganized the Bamboo Union to assist the Kuomintang-led government in gathering information and suppressing dissidents. In July 1984, Chen and an unnamed "prominent Taiwan movie producer" received espionage training after being inducted into the service of military intelligence.<ref name=LAT19850303 />

Chen's October confession mentions the existence of a second recording of a conversation between Chen and "high officials" in the Kuomintang government.<ref name=LAT0320>{{cite news |url=httphttps://articleswww.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-03-20/news/-mn-22639_1_murder22639-plotstory.html |title=FBI Looking for Links in Taiwan to Liu Killing |author1=Arax, Mark |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=20 March 1985 |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref> The FBI sought the second recording, but the existence of the second recording was never conclusively proven. Although the FBI did not comment officially, friends of Chen Chi-li claimed they were questioned about the whereabouts of the second recording, as well as about any links between Chen and Chiang Hsiao-wu.<ref name=LAT0320 />

Chen and Wu were arrested in Taiwan along with 300 other members of the Bamboo Union during a 13 November 1984 government crackdown on organized crime. Chen reportedly confessed to his and Wang's roles while imprisoned, and two days later, on 15 January 1985, the three officials named in the confession were relieved of their duties and placed under arrest. At that time, an investigation by the FBI and Daly City police surfaced; they had been quietly questioning Los Angeles-area Bamboo Union members, seeking a copy of Chen's October recording.<ref>{{cite news |url=httphttps://articleswww.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-01-16/news/-mn-8433_1_taiwan8433-authoritiesstory.html |title=Liu Case Intrigue: County Quietly Searched for Mystry [sic] Murder Tape |author=Arax, Mark |date=16 January 1985 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref> The government of Taiwan continued to deny culpability in the death of Liu, claiming that Wang and his subordinates were not acting as agents of the Taiwanese government.<ref name=LAT19850303 /> The existence of the tape-recorded October confession remained a rumor<ref name="1985-01-21">{{cite news |url=httphttps://articleswww.chicagotribune.com/1985-/01-/20/news/8501040600_1_cheneast-huwest-menintrigue-chenin-chiwriters-li-san-francisco-journaldeath/ |title=East-west Intrigue In Writer's Death |author=Worthington, Rogers |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=20 January 1985 |access-date=12 May 2016}}</ref> until the ''Los Angeles Times'' obtained a copy of the recording in March 1985 from [[Chang An-lo]], a friend of Tung who had hosted him in September 1984.<ref name=LAT19850303 />

Daly City Police Lieutenant Thomas Reese was allowed to interview Wu and Chen in prison, later filing an affidavit in January 1985 to support a warrant for Wu's arrest. The affidavit provided the motive for Liu's murder, with Wu stating that Chen had told him that "Liu had written some bad things about Taiwan and its president," and Chen had asked him to help "beat up or fix up" Liu.<ref name=LAT0131>{{cite news |url=httphttps://articleswww.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-01-31/news/-mn-5006_1_taiwan5006-governmentstory.html |title=Anti-Taiwan Articles Cited in Liu's Murder |date=31 January 1985 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref>

Chen and Wu had been in custody in Taiwan since November 1984, and the U.S. [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) was pushing for their return to the United States to face criminal charges. Daly City Police had requested the fingerprints and photographs of the suspects. Officials from Taiwan refused to remand the suspects to United States custody pending the results of their own investigation and possible trial, citing the fact that Taiwan and the US had no formal extradition treaty.<ref name=LAT0105>{{cite news |url=httphttps://articleswww.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-01-05/news/-mn-11492_1_taiwan11492-officialsstory.html |title=Taiwan Won't Return 3 in Murder Case |author=Morain, Dan |date=5 January 1985 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=httphttps://articleswww.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-02-02/news/-mn-9024_1_extradition9024-treatystory.html |title=Taiwan Won't Extradite 2 Suspects in Liu Slaying |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=Associated Press |date=2 February 1985 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref>

In March 1985, the FBI discovered the October tape recording made by chief [[hitman]] [[Chen Chi-li]] implicating [[Republic of China]] military intelligence in the killing, whereupon they began to pressure the government to bring Liu's killers to trial.<ref name="AsiaSentinel">{{cite news|title=King Duck Goes to His Taiwanese Reward|work=Asia Sentinel|date=2007-10-24|access-date=2007-11-13|last=O'Neill|first=Mark|url=http://www.asiasentinel.com/politics/king-duck-goes-to-his-taiwanese-reward/}}</ref> <!--It's not clear from the contemporary news sources that this is true. Chen and Wu were in Taiwanese custody as early as November 1984, but it's not clear (1) if extradition had been requested by the US (with no extradition treaty in place, after dissolving formal diplomatic ties in 1979, there would be no recourse) and (2) if Chen and Wu were detained as part of the general roundup or specifically targeted along with other Bamboo Union members--> The FBI investigation was confirmed by [[United States Attorney]] [[Joseph Russoniello]]. The investigation was conducted with the [[United States Department of State|State Department]] serving as go-between for the FBI and the government of Taiwan.<ref name=LAT0320 /> Meanwhile, the House of Representatives passed a non-binding resolution urging Taiwan to remand custody of the murder suspects to the United States for trial.<ref>{{USBill|99|hconres|110}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=httphttps://articleswww.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-04-18/news/-mn-23924_1_taiwanese23924-authoritiesstory.html |title=The State |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=18 April 1985 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref>

Chen and Wu went on trial in April 1985, with Tung being tried in absentia.<ref name=LAT0320 /><ref>{{cite news |url=httphttps://articleswww.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-03-23/news/-mn-21114_1_chen21114-story.html |title=Trial Set in Taiwan for 2 Liu Murder Suspects |author=Holley, David |date=23 March 1985 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=13 June 2016 }}</ref> The military tribunal of Wang and his subordinates followed in April 1985.<ref name=LAT0413>{{cite news |url=httphttps://articleswww.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-04-13/news/-mn-12208_1_helen12208-liustory.html |title=Admiral Denies He OKd Liu Killing: Erred in Withholding Information, Former Official Says |author=Holley, David |date=13 April 1985 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref>

At a pre-trial hearing in Taipei, Chen Chi-li claimed that [[Wang Hsi-ling]] of Kuomintang intelligence ordered the assassination,<ref>{{cite news|title=Taiwan Admiral Named at Murder Trial|date=1985-03-21|access-date=2007-11-12|work=The New York Times|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9507E5D61638F932A15750C0A963948260&n=Top/News/World/Countries%20and%20Territories/China}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=umlQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=71kDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2775%2C949325 |title=Suspect: Taiwanese official ordered journalist killed |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=AP |newspaper=The Evening Independent |date=20 March 1985 |access-date=12 May 2016 }}</ref> stating that Liu was a double agent who had spied for both Taiwan and China.<ref name="1985-03-21" /> However, Chen claimed he instructed his associates to disobey Wang's orders and instead wanted Liu to be injured, not killed, after learning that Liu's parents had been killed by Chinese communists.<ref name="1985-03-21" /> Chen and Wu were convicted in April 1985 and sentenced to life imprisonment,<ref name="Spok1985-04-09" /> after tearfully begging to avoid the death penalty.<ref>{{cite news |url=httphttps://articleswww.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-04-02/news/-mn-19275_1_henry19275-liustory.html |title=Trial in Henry Liu Murder Ends |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=AP |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=2 April 1985 |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref> In May 1985, a month after his conviction, Chen retracted this statement, stating that Wang had only ordered that Liu be taught a lesson, not killed,<ref name="ERG-1985-05-11">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LfFVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=k-EDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6883%2C2695938 |title=Gangster says ex-official didn't order writer killed |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=AP |newspaper=Eugene Register-Guard |date=11 May 1985 |access-date=12 May 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50716FC3E5F0C728DDDAC0894DD484D81|title=Taiwan Murderer Changes His Story|date=1985-05-11|access-date=2007-11-12|work=The New York Times}}</ref> which brought Chen's story in agreement with Wang's testimony during his nearly-simultaneous military tribunal.<ref>{{cite news |url=httphttps://articleswww.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-05-11/news/-mn-9719_1_intelligence9719-chiefstory.html |title=Liu Killer Alters Story, 'Clears' Intelligence Chief |author1=Holley, David |author2=Arax, Mark |date=11 May 1985 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref> The life sentences were upheld under two separate court rulings.<ref>{{cite news |url=httphttps://articleswww.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-06-04/news/-mn-6516_1_life6516-sentences-upheldstory.html |title=Life Sentences Upheld for 2 in Liu Murder |agency=United Press International |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=4 June 1985 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=httphttps://articleswww.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-09-06/news/-mn-23501_1_chen23501-story.html |title=The State: Liu Killers' Plea Rejected |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=6 September 1985 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref> Under Taiwan law, both Chen and Wu were eligible for parole after serving ten years of their sentence.

Meanwhile, Wang and his subordinates were subjected to a military tribunal. Two sessions were held; during the first, on 4 April 1985, Chen Chi-li was called to testify, where he and Wang sparred over who bore greater responsibility for Liu's death.<ref name=LAT0413 /> During the second, Wang denied that he had authorized the killing, only that he had discussed the possibility of "giving [Liu] a lesson" and that his sole mistake was failing to inform his superiors that Chen was responsible when he learned of the killing, effectively shielding any higher governmental officials from blame.<ref name=LAT0413 /> His subordinates stated they contacted Chen only at Wang's request and therefore bore no personal responsibility in following orders.<ref name=LAT0413 /> The tribunal ended with no other witnesses called, resulting in Wang's April 1985 conviction and sentence of life imprisonment; his subordinates were each sentenced at the same hearing to two and a half years in prison for acting as accessories to the murder.<ref name="Tol1985-04-19" /> The life sentence for Wang was upheld during a later review,<ref>{{cite news |url=httphttps://articleswww.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-05-31/news/-mn-14614_1_life14614-imprisonmentstory.html |title=Taiwan Court Upholds Life Term for Official in Liu Killing |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=31 May 1985 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref> although Wang was also eligible for parole after ten years.

Tung Kuei-sen had been rumored to be living in the Philippines,<ref name="1985-03-21" /> as he was not detained during the November 1984 Taiwan crackdown on Bamboo Union members when Chen and Wu had been arrested. Tung was eventually captured in Brazil<ref name=Lodi88 /> in September 1985, and was extradited to the United States.<ref>{{cite news |url=httphttps://articleswww.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-10-16/news/-mn-15051_1_formal15051-requeststory.html |title=The State |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=16 October 1985 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref> He first stood for federal trial in 1986 in New York,<ref name=NYT86>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/30/us/11-reputed-bamboo-gang-members-go-on-trial.html |title=11 reputed Bamboo Gang members go on trial |author=Lubasch, Arnold H. |newspaper=The New York Times |date=30 July 1986 |access-date=16 May 2016 }}</ref> where he was found innocent of [[racketeering]] but convicted of conspiring to import and distribute heroin.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RrUqAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JWMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7035%2C3494448 |title=Taiwan mob boss dealt 20-year term |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=UPI |newspaper=The Pittsburgh Press |date=10 January 1987 |access-date=12 May 2016 }}</ref> At the 1986 trial, Tung's defense attorneys argued that Tung had been duped into murdering Liu by appealing to his sense of patriotism.<ref name=NYT86 /> Tung testified that he was following government orders to assassinate Liu.<ref name="Bishop"/>

Tung later filed an appeal for his murder conviction and sentence, which stated that the trial court should have requested a manslaughter verdict rather than murder, as he was acting out of patriotism. The appeal was rejected and his sentence upheld in 1990.<ref>{{cite news |url=httphttps://articleswww.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-02-10/news/-mn-103_1_murder103-convictionstory.html |title=CALIFORNIA IN BRIEF: SAN FRANCISCO: Sentence in Murder of Writer Upheld |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=10 February 1990 |access-date=13 June 2016 }}</ref>

* Chen Chi-li, sentenced to life in prison (April 1985);<ref name="Spok1985-04-09">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JAdMAAAAIBAJ&sjid=sfkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5868%2C2031481 |title=2 get life terms |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=AP |newspaper=Spokane Chronicle |date=9 April 1985 |access-date=12 May 2016 }}</ref> commuted to 15 years and granted parole (January 1991)<ref name="UPI-91">{{cite news |url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/01/01/Taiwan-releases-prisoners/3580662706000/ |title=Taiwan releases prisoners |author=Curtis, Bryan |agency=UPI |date=1 January 1991 |access-date=16 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="LAT-91">{{cite news |url=httphttps://articleswww.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-01-21/news/-mn-610_1_san610-franciscostory.html |title=WORLD: Taiwan Frees Newsman's Killers |date=21 January 1991 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |access-date=16 May 2016 }}</ref>

Liu's widow Helen filed a {{US$|245000000|1985|round=-4}} suit in a [[United States district court]] against the Republic of China and the six named conspirators, alleging that his murder had been arranged by Taiwanese officials acting in an official capacity.<ref>{{cite news |url=httphttps://articleswww.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-10-12/news/-mn-14455_1_helen14455-liustory.html |title=Taiwan Sued for $245 Million in Liu Murder |date=12 October 1985 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |access-date=13 June 2016 |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> Although the suit survived an early motion to dismiss as an act of state grounds,<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Liu v. Republic of China |vol=642|reporter=F.Supp |opinion=297 |court=N.D. Cal. |date=11 August 1986 |url=http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/642/297/2398391/}}</ref> Judge [[Eugene F. Lynch]] dropped Taiwan from the suit in 1987 based on Wang's military tribunal, which had concluded that Wang was not acting on behalf of the government of Taiwan, nor could his superiors have predicted his actions.<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Liu v. Republic of China |vol=1987 |reporter=WL |opinion=49413 |court=N.D. Cal. |date=27 August 1987}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=httphttps://articleswww.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-08-28/news/-mn-3033_1_taiwan3033-story.html |title=Taiwan Dropped From Liu Death Suit |date=28 August 1987 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |access-date=13 June 2016 |agency=United Press International |newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> The [[Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals]] reversed Lynch's decision, ruling (''Liu v. Republic of China'') that the ROC government was liable under the doctrine of [[respondeat superior]];<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Liu v. Republic of China |vol=892 |reporter=F.2d |opinion=1419 |court=9th Cir. |date=1989-12-29 |url=http://openjurist.org/892/f2d/1419}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= httphttps://articleswww.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-12-30/news/-mn-986_1_taiwan986-governmentstory.html|title=Court Says Taiwan Can Be Liable in U.S. Killing |author=Hager, Philip |date=30 December 1989 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/31/us/taiwan-held-liable-in-killing-of-us-journalist.html|title=Taiwan Held Liable in Killing of U.S. Journalist|date=1989-12-31|access-date=2009-06-24|work=The New York Times}}</ref> a petition for [[certiorari]] from the ROC government to the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] was subsequently rejected.<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Republic of China v. Liu |vol=497 |reporter=US |opinion=1058 |court=U.S. |date=1990-09-28 |url=http://openjurist.org/497/us/1058}}</ref> The suit was finally settled out of court.<ref>{{cite news|url=httphttps://articleswww.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-10-25/news/-mn-4264_14264-story.html|title=Suit Alleging Taiwan Government Plot to Kill Man Dismissed|date=1990-10-25|access-date=2009-06-24|work=The Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

In a December 1985 speech, Chiang Hsiao-wu's father Chiang Ching-kuo declared ″If someone asks me whether anyone in my family would run for the next presidential term, my reply is, ′It can't be and it won't be.′″{{'"}}<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MAU9JjMcfsQC&pg=PA72 |title=Democratizing Taiwan |author=Jacobs, J. Bruce|author-link1=J. Bruce Jacobs |chapter=Three: The Lee Teng-Hui presidency to early 1996 |page=72 |date=2012 |publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |access-date=19 May 2016 |isbn=978-90-04-22154-3 |quote=On February 13, 1990 a group of National Assembly members proposed Lin Yang-kang for president and the following day Chiang Wego denied that his brother Chiang Ching-kuo had said, ″Members of the Chiang family cannot and will not run for president.″ Footnote 19: [...] Chiang Ching-kuo made this statement on December 25, 1985.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/26/world/taiwan-chief-rules-out-chance-family-member-will-succeed-him.html |title=Taiwan chief rules out chance family member will succeed him |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=26 December 1985 |agency=AP |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=19 May 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite speech |url=http://www.taiwantoday.tw/ct.asp?xItem=117721&CtNode=103 |title=Constitution to Determine His Successor |author=Chiang Ching-kuo |author-link=Chiang Ching-kuo |event=Constitution Day |location=Taipei, Taiwan |date=25 December 1985 |access-date=19 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808114036/http://www.taiwantoday.tw/ct.asp?xItem=117721&CtNode=103 |archive-date=8 August 2016 }}</ref> Prior to the Henry Liu murder, Chiang Hsiao-wu was the only one of Chiang Ching-kuo's sons mentioned as a potential successor to his father; the younger Chiang later served on the trade mission to Singapore, a move seen as soft exile.<ref name=Jun86>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NIxGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WekMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2721%2C2598703 |title=Aging Taiwan President Prepares To End Dynasty, Talks With Foes |author=Brown, Phil |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=Schenectady Gazette |date=12 June 1986 |access-date=19 May 2016 }}</ref>

The assassination was the subject of the book ''Fires of the Dragon'' by [[David E. Kaplan (author)|David E. Kaplan]].<ref>{{cite news |url=httphttps://articleswww.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-11-15/books/-bk-610_1_owner610-henry-liustory.html |author=Chin, Frank |author-link=Frank Chin |title=A Contract on Henry Liu: FIRES OF THE DRAGON: Politics, Murder, and the Kuomintang, ''By David E. Kaplan (Atheneum: $25; 604 pp.)'' |date=15 November 1992 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=23 December 2014 }}</ref> A fictionalized version of the assassination was portrayed in the 2009 film ''[[Formosa Betrayed (film)|Formosa Betrayed]]''.

* {{cite news |url=httphttps://www.apnewsarchiveapnews.com/1985/Arrest-10-in-Asian-Crime-Mob-Link-it-to-Henry-Liu-Murder/id-2e8a4e02d59c334570ad1e4790637784 |title=Arrest 10 in Asian crime mob; link it to Henry Liu murder |author=Doyle, John M. |agencywork=AP News |date=16 September 1985 |access-date=16 May 2016 }}