Content deleted Content added
Citation bot (talk | contribs) Altered journal. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Whoop whoop pull up | Category:Galleons | #UCB_Category 21/29 |
Markoolio97 (talk | contribs) →Discovery of the route: Fixed typo Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit |
||
| (7 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown) | |||
Line 20:
The term "Manila galleon" can also refer to the trade route itself between Acapulco and Manila that was operational from 1565 to 1815.<ref name=fmn/>
The galleons sailed the Pacific, bringing to the Americas cargoes of Chinese and other Asian [[luxury goods]] such as [[spice]]s and [[porcelain]] in exchange for New World silver.
The Manila galleons were known in New Spain as ''La Nao de China'' ("The China Ship") on their voyages from the [[Spanish East Indies]] because they carried mostly [[economic history of China before 1912|Chinese goods]] shipped from Manila.<ref>{{cite web |title= La Nao de China: The Spanish Treasure Fleet System |url= https://www.guampedia.com/la-nao-de-china-the-spanish-treasure-fleet-system/ |website= Guampedia |date= November 4, 2015 |access-date= September 14, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Stampa |first1= Manuel Carrera |title= La Nao de la China |journal= Historia Mexicana |date= 1959 |volume= 9 |issue= 1 |pages= 97–118 |jstor= 25134990 |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/25134990}}</ref> The Manila Galleon route was an early instance of [[globalization]], representing a trade route from Asia that crossed to the Americas, thereby connecting all the world's continents in [[global silver trade from the 16th to 19th centuries|global silver trade]].<ref>Flynn, Dennis O.; Arturo Giráldez (2010). ''China and the Birth of Globalization in the 16th Century''. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing.</ref>
Line 39:
[[File:Andres_Urdaneta_Tornaviaje.jpg|thumb|Northerly trade route as used by eastbound Manila galleons]]
To settle and trade with these islands from the Americas, an eastward maritime return path was necessary. The [[Trinidad (ship)|Trinidad]], which tried this a few years later, failed. In 1529, [[Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón]] also tried sailing east from the Philippines, but could not find "[[westerlies]]"
The letter is referenced as {{cite book|last1=Rodríguez Rodríguez|first1=I.|title=Andrés de Urdaneta, agustino. En carreta sobre el Pacífico|last2=Álvarez Fernández|first2=J.|date=1991|location=Zamora|page=181|language=es|trans-title=Andrés de Urdaneta, Augustinian. By cart over the Pacific}}</ref>
Line 63:
[[File:Selden map.jpg|thumb|The [[Selden Map]], a merchant map showing trade routes with its epicenter from [[Quanzhou]] to [[Manila]] and the [[Captaincy General of the Philippines|Spanish Philippines]], then across the [[Far East]]]]
The galleon trade was supplied by merchants largely from port areas of [[Fujian]], such as [[Quanzhou]], as depicted in the [[Selden Map]], and [[Yuegang]] (the old port of [[Haicheng, Fujian|Haicheng]] in [[Zhangzhou]], [[Fujian]]),<ref>{{citation|last=Brook|first=Timothy|title=The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YuMcHWWbXqMC|pages=205|year=1998|location=Berkeley|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-21091-3|authorlink=Timothy Brook}}
*{{citation|author=[[Charles C. Mann]]|title=1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IqaMEWNvsJQC|pages=149–150|year=2011|publisher=Random House Digital|isbn=978-0-307-59672-7}}</ref> who traveled to Manila to sell the Spaniards spices, porcelain, ivory, [[Chinese lacquerware|lacquerware]], processed silk cloth and other valuable commodities. Cargoes varied from one voyage to another but often included goods from all over Asia: jade, wax, gunpowder and silk from China; amber, cotton and rugs from India; spices from Indonesia and Malaysia; and a variety of goods from Japan, the Spanish part of the so-called [[
In addition, [[Slavery in colonial Spanish America|slaves]] of various origins, including East Africa, Portuguese India, the Muslim sultanates of Southeast Asia, and the Spanish Philippines, were transported from Manila and sold in New Spain. African slaves were categorized as ''negros'' or ''cafres'' while all slaves of Asian origin were called ''chinos''. The lack of detailed records makes it difficult to estimate the total number of slaves transported or the proportions of slaves from each region.<ref>{{cite book|author=Tatiana Seijas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-DGAwAAQBAJ|title=Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico: From Chinos to Indians|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-95285-9}}
Line 98:
Between 1609 and 1616, nine [[galleon]]s and six galleys were constructed in Philippine shipyards. The average cost was 78,000 pesos per galleon and at least 2,000 trees. The galleons constructed included the ''San Juan Bautista'', ''San Marcos'', ''Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe'', ''Angel de la Guardia'', ''San Felipe'', ''Santiago'', ''Salbador'', ''Espiritu Santo'', and ''San Miguel''. "From 1729 to 1739, the main purpose of the [[Cavite]] shipyard was the construction and outfitting of the galleons for the Manila to Acapulco trade run."<ref name="Fish">{{Cite book|last=Fish|first=Shirley|title=The Manila-Acapulco Galleons: The Treasure Ships of the Pacific|publisher=AuthorHouse|year=2011|isbn=9781456775421|pages=128–130}}</ref>
Due to the route's high profitability but long voyage time, it was essential to build the largest possible galleons, which were the largest class of European ships known to have been built until then.<ref>See [[Chinese treasure ship]] for Chinese vessels that might have been larger.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Valdez-Bubnov |first=Ivan |date=2019 |title=Crown, trade, church and indigenous societies: The functioning of the Spanish shipbuilding industry in the Philippines, 1571–1816 |journal=International Journal of Maritime History |language=en |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=559–573 |doi=10.1177/0843871419860698|hdl=20.500.12525/1301 |s2cid=204432430 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> In the 16th century, they averaged from 1,700 to 2,000 tons{{which|date=December 2020}}{{citation needed|date=April 2021|reason=Is this deadweight tonnage, tonnage burthen, or displacement? If it's displacement the tonnage burthen would be smaller. Deadweight would be smaller than burthen.}}, were built of Philippine hardwoods and could carry 300–500 passengers. The ''Concepción'', wrecked in 1638, was {{convert|43|to|49|m|ftin|abbr=on}} long and displaced some 2,000 tons. The [[Spanish ship Santísima Trinidad (1751)|''Santísima Trinidad'']] was {{cvt|51.5|m|ftin}} long. Most of the ships were built in the Philippines; only eight were
=== Crews ===
| |||