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{{short description|Institution of higher learning in Paris, France}}
{{Distinguish|École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay}}
{{Redirect-several|École Normale Supérieure|École Normale}}
{{Infobox university
| image = Logotype de École normale supérieure.svg
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}}
The '''{{Lang|fr|italic=no|École normale supérieure}}''' – '''PSL''' ({{IPA
The school was founded in 1794 during the [[French Revolution]],<ref>{{cite web |title=ENS Cachan Bretagne – Les écoles de l'an III |url=http://www.bretagne.ens-cachan.fr/version-francaise/l-ecole/histoire/les-ecoles-de-l-an-iii-106752.kjsp?RH=1189690570769 |access-date=15 May 2014 |publisher=Bretagne.ens-cachan.fr |archive-date=26 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426041948/http://www.bretagne.ens-cachan.fr/version-francaise/l-ecole/histoire/les-ecoles-de-l-an-iii-106752.kjsp?RH=1189690570769 |url-status=live }}</ref> to provide homogeneous training of high-school [[teacher]]s in France, but it later closed. The school was subsequently reestablished by [[Napoleon I]] as ''pensionnat normal'' from 1808 to 1822, before being recreated in 1826 and taking the name École normale in 1830. When institutes for primary teachers training called ''écoles normales'' were created in 1845, the word ''supérieure'' (meaning upper) was added to form the current name. In 1936, the institution started providing university-level education.<ref>{{Citation |last=Ferrand |first=Michèle |title=La mixité à dominance masculine : l'exemple des filières scientifiques de l'École normale supérieure d'Ulm-Sèvres |date=2014-01-30 |url=http://books.openedition.org/enseditions/1816 |work=La mixité dans l'éducation : Enjeux passés et présents |pages=181–193 |editor-last=Rogers |editor-first=Rebecca |access-date=2023-11-03 |series=Sociétés, Espaces, Temps |place=Lyon |publisher=ENS Éditions |language=fr |isbn=978-2-84788-424-1 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103185231/https://books.openedition.org/enseditions/1816 |url-status=live }}</ref>
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In 1903 it was integrated into the [[University of Paris]] as a separate college,<ref>Decree of 10 November 1903 ([http://books.openedition.org/editionsulm/1218?lang=en Pascale Hummel, ''Pour une histoire de l'École normale supérieure: Source d'archives 1794-1993'', Éditions Rue d'ULM via OpenEdition, 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103012703/http://books.openedition.org/editionsulm/1218?lang=en |date=3 January 2018 }}).</ref> perhaps as a result of its exposure to national attention during the [[Dreyfus Affair]], in which its librarian [[Lucien Herr]] and his disciples, who included the socialist politician [[Jean Jaurès]] and the writers [[Charles Péguy]] and [[Romain Rolland]] spearheaded the campaign to overturn the wrongful conviction pronounced against Captain [[Alfred Dreyfus]].<ref>Adolphus Ballard, James Tait. (2010.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=IA0uTYod2-gC&dq=ecole+normale+superieure+great+school&pg=PA76 ''The Ecole Normale Supérieure and the Third Republic''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103134423/https://books.google.com/books?id=IA0uTYod2-gC&dq=ecole+normale+superieure+great+school&pg=PA76 |date=3 November 2023 }}, Suny Press, p. 73.</ref> The first female student – [[Marguerite Rouvière]] – was accepted in 1910, which made headline news in France and polarised opinion.<ref name="Brasseur">{{cite journal|journal=Bulletin de l'Union des Professeurs de Spéciales|title=Quelques scientifiques ayant enseigné en classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles|last=Brasseur|first=Roland|number=234|date=April 2011|location=Paris}}</ref>
The ranks of the school were significantly reduced during the [[First World War]], but the 1920s marked a degree of expansion of the school, which had among its students at this time such figures as [[Raymond Aron]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], [[Vladimir Jankélévitch]] and [[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]].
The high sacrifice paid by normaliens in the First World War was recognized by the award of the croix de guerre avec citation à l ordre de l armée in 1925.<ref>
AUx oRIGINES DE IJ\ KHAGNE 31
grecque, soit une explication d'allemand, ou d'anglais, ou d'italien, ou d'espagnol, soit une seconde interrogation sur I'histoire ou la philosophie ,. On avait donc tenté, semble-t-il, d'éliminer de l'écrit la plupart des épreuves qui demandaient un travail de révision trop intense, incompatible avec les quelques mois de préparation passés dans les centres de préparation mili- taires. Ces épreuves, reléguées a l'oral, voyaient d'ailleurs leur programme considérablement limité par rapport a celui des concours ordinaires. Ainsi, en histoire, les connaissances exigées portaient sur la France de 1789 a la fin du Directoire et sur u I'Empire allemand, I'Autriche-Hongrie, l'Angleterre et l'Amérique dans la seconde moitié du xrx" siècle >.
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Du fait de la guerre, se cÒtoyèrent donc a l'École normale supérieure, en 1919 et dans les années suivantes, des élèves d'àges et d'expériences très différents. La promotion spéciale de 1919 comprenait des mobilisés de l'été 1914 et des soldats appelés sous les drapeaux au cours des années suivantes. Des élèves reQus au Concours de 1914 ei mobilisés aussitót après, tel Marcel Déat, commengaient, en réalité, eux aussi leur scolarité rue d'Ulm en 1919. Les survivants des promotions 1912 et 1913 reprenaient leurs années de scolarité a I'Ecole, interrompues par la guerre avant I'agrégation. Les élèves des promo- tions 191ó, 1917 ou 1918 continuaient leurs études ou les reprenaient, certains
ayant été mobilisés après leur réussite au concours. Enfin, les élèves du concours normal de 1919 entamaient, eux aussi, leurs années d'études. Un texte de Paul Dupuy, qui fut pendant plusieurs décennies < surveillant
13. Joumal Officiel, 21 juillet 1925, p. ó859.
=== Twentieth century ===
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== Organisation ==
École normale supérieure is a ''grande école'', a French institution of [[higher education]] that is separate from, but parallel and connected to the main framework of the [[List of public universities in France|French public university system]]. Similar to the [[Ivy League]] in the United States, [[Oxbridge]] in the UK, and [[C9 League]] in China, ''grandes écoles'' are elite academic institutions that admit students through an extremely competitive process.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/4190728/Frances-educational-elite.html|title=France's educational elite|date=17 November 2003|access-date=5 February 2019|work=Daily Telegraph|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727033935/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/4190728/Frances-educational-elite.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Pierre Bourdieu|title=The State Nobility: Elite Schools in the Field of Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=do9o-jIrzXgC&pg=PA133|year=1998|publisher=Stanford UP|pages=133–35|isbn=9780804733465|access-date=5 February 2022|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928192817/https://books.google.com/books?id=do9o-jIrzXgC&pg=PA133#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.mbacrystalball.com/blog/2019/04/19/grand-ecoles-france/, What are Grandes Ecoles Institutes in France?]</ref> ''Grandes écoles'' typically have much smaller class sizes and student bodies than public universities in France, and many of their programs are taught in English, and while most are more expensive than French universities, École normale supérieure charges the same tuition fees: for 2021/2022, they were €243 to register for the master's degree.<ref>{{cite web |title=FAQ about International selection |url=https://www.ens.psl.eu/en/academics/admissions/international-selection/faq-about-international-selection |website=PSL |publisher=École normale supérieure |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205124336/https://www.ens.psl.eu/en/academics/admissions/international-selection/faq-about-international-selection |url-status=live }}</ref> International internships, study abroad opportunities, and close ties with government and the corporate world are a hallmark of the ''grandes écoles''.<ref>{{cite news |title=FT European Business Schools Ranking 2021: France dominates |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8afb073d-2f5e-45d6-a6bd-4efc32ff3895 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/8afb073d-2f5e-45d6-a6bd-4efc32ff3895 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |date=5 December 2021 |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Higher Education in France |url=https://global.bsb-education.com/burgundy-school-of-business/?tabs=about-us |publisher=BSB |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125225700/https://global.bsb-education.com/burgundy-school-of-business/?tabs=about-us |url-status=live }}</ref> Degrees from École normale supérieure are accredited by the Conférence des Grandes Écoles<ref>{{cite web |title=Conférence des grandes écoles: commission Accréditation |url=https://www.cge.asso.fr/commissions/accreditation/ |publisher=Conférence des grandes écoles |access-date=21 January 2022 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120102012/https://www.cge.asso.fr/commissions/accreditation/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and awarded by the [[Ministry of National Education (France)]] ({{lang-fr|Le Ministère de L'éducation Nationale}}).<ref>{{cite web |title=Etablissements dispensant des formations supérieures initiales diplômantes conférant le grade de master |url=https://www.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/fr/etablissements-dispensant-des-formations-superieures-initiales-diplomantes-conferant-le-grade-de-46529 |website=Ministry of France, Higher Education |publisher=Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur, de la Recherche et de l'Innovation |access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref> Alums go on to occupy elite positions within government, administration, and corporate firms in France.<ref name="sociologie">[[Monique de Saint-Martin]], « Les recherches sociologiques sur les grandes écoles : de la reproduction à la recherche de justice », Éducation et sociétés 1/2008 (
=== Sites ===
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=== Divisions ===
{{stack|[[File:Cour aux Ernests sous la neige.jpg|thumb|The school's ''Cour aux Ernests'' under a coat of snow (2013).]]}}
Founded to train high school teachers through the ''[[agrégation]]'', ENS is now an institution training researchers, professors, high-level civil servants, and business and political leaders. It focuses on the association of training and research, with an emphasis on freedom of curriculum. The school's resources are equally divided between its "Letters" (social and human sciences and literature) and its "Sciences" (natural sciences and mathematics) sections. The school's fifteen departments and its thirty-five units of research (''unités mixtes de recherches'' or ''UMR'' in French) work in close coordination with other public French research institutions such as the [[CNRS]].{{
The school has seven departments in its "Sciences" section: [[mathematics]];<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dma.ens.fr/ |title=DMA – Department of Mathematics |access-date=21 November 2014 |archive-date=15 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115062043/http://www.dma.ens.fr/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[physics]];<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://fip.phys.ens.fr/ |title=FIP – Department of Physics |access-date=21 November 2014 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129040023/http://fip.phys.ens.fr/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[computer science]];<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.di.ens.fr/ |title=DI – Department of Computer Science |access-date=23 August 2019 |archive-date=5 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505215618/https://www.di.ens.fr/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[chemistry]];<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chimie.ens.fr/ |title=Department of Chemistry |access-date=21 November 2014 |archive-date=22 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622164602/http://www.chimie.ens.fr/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[biology]];<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.biologie.ens.fr/depbio/ |title=Department of Biology |access-date=21 November 2014 |archive-date=18 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218070405/http://www.biologie.ens.fr/depbio/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[geoscience]];<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tao.ens.fr/ |title=TAO – Department of Geoscience |access-date=21 November 2014 |archive-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516075928/http://www.tao.ens.fr/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[cognitive science]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cognition.ens.fr/ |title=DEC – Department of Cognitive Science |access-date=21 November 2014 |archive-date=30 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330012635/http://www.cognition.ens.fr/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It also has eight departments in its "Letters" section: [[philosophy]];<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.philosophie.ens.fr/ |title=Department of Philosophy |access-date=21 November 2014 |archive-date=18 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218061232/http://www.philosophie.ens.fr/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[literature]];<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lila.ens.fr/ |title=LILA – Department of Literature and Language |access-date=21 November 2014 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503140538/http://www.lila.ens.fr/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[history]];<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.histoire.ens.fr/ |title=Department of History |access-date=21 November 2014 |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811071552/http://www.histoire.ens.fr/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[classics]];<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.antiquite.ens.fr/ |title=CEA – Department of Classics |access-date=21 November 2014 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121170400/http://www.antiquite.ens.fr/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[social science]];<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.paris-jourdan.ens.fr/accuei/?%20DSS |title=Jourdan – Department of Social Science |access-date=21 November 2014 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129040023/http://www.paris-jourdan.ens.fr/accuei/?%20DSS |url-status=live }}</ref> [[economics]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://economie.ens.fr/?lang=en/ |title=Department of Economics |access-date=12 October 2016 |archive-date=12 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012153450/http://economie.ens.fr/?lang=en/ |url-status=live }}</ref> (this section is the base of [[Paris School of Economics]]);<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.parisschoolofeconomics.eu/ |title=Paris School of Economics |access-date=21 November 2014 |archive-date=12 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012024027/http://g-mond.parisschoolofeconomics.eu/topincomes/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[geography]];<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.geographie.ens.fr/ |title=Department of Geography |access-date=21 November 2014 |archive-date=4 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104061611/http://www.geographie.ens.fr/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[art history]] and [[art theory|theory]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dhta.ens.fr/ |title=Passerelle des arts – Department for the History and Theory of Art |access-date=21 November 2014 |archive-date=16 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416143458/http://www.dhta.ens.fr/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to these fifteen departments, a language laboratory<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ecla.ens.fr/ |title=ECLA - ENS Language Laboratory |access-date=12 October 2016 |archive-date=9 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009115921/http://ecla.ens.fr/ |url-status=live }}</ref> for non-specialists offers courses in most major world languages to all the students. Additional centres of research and laboratories gravitate around the departments, which function as nodes of research.{{
The emphasis is placed squarely on [[interdisciplinarity]]. Students who entered from a scientific ''concours'' (thus having mainly studied in their preparatory school [[mathematics|maths]], [[physics]], and chemistry or biology) are encouraged to attend courses in the literary departments. Conversely, [[mathematics|maths]] and [[physics]] introductory courses are on offer for the students from the "literary" departments. The school's diploma, instituted in 2006, requires students to attend a certain number of courses not related to their major.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ens.fr/admission/diplome-de-l-ens/?lang=en |title=The ENS diploma |access-date=22 November 2014 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129042319/http://www.ens.fr/admission/diplome-de-l-ens/?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
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=== Rankings and reputation ===
{{
In France, ENS has been regarded since the late 19th century as one of foremost ''grandes écoles''. However, the ENS system is different from that of most higher education systems outside France, thus making it difficult to compare with foreign institutions; in particular, it is much smaller than a typical English collegiate university. It is ranked as the second "small university" worldwide behind [[California Institute of Technology]] by the 2016 Times Higher Education Smaller Universities Ranking (a ranking of institutions of fewer than 5000 students).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/news/worlds-best-small-universities-2016 |title=Times Higher Education Ranking of Small Universities |work=THE Times |date=25 January 2016 |access-date=15 October 2016 |archive-date=21 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421224039/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/news/worlds-best-small-universities-2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is generally regarded as the premier French institute for higher education and research, and it is currently ranked first among French universities by the ARWU and Times.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/best-universities-france |title=Times Ranking of French Universities |work=THE Times |date=18 May 2016 |access-date=15 October 2016 |archive-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509125218/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/best-universities-france |url-status=live }}</ref>
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* Hummel, Pascale, ''Pour une histoire de l'École normale supérieure : sources d'archives (1794–1993)'', National Archives, ''Presses de l'École normale supérieure'', 1995.
* Israël, Stéphane, ''Les Études et la guerre. Les normaliens dans la tourmente'', ''Éditions Rue d'Ulm'', 2005.
* Judson Ladd, Adoniram, ''École normale supérieure: An Historical Sketch'', Herald Publications Company, Grand Forks, N.D., 1907.
* [[Gustave Lanson|Lanson, Gustave]], " L'École normale supérieure ", ''La Revue des deux Mondes'', 1926.
* Masson, Nicole, ''L'École normale supérieure : Les chemins de la liberté'', collection « [[Découvertes Gallimard]] » (nº 221), série Mémoire des lieux. [[Gallimard]], 1994.
* Méchoulan, Eric & Mourier, Pierre-FrançoisÉric Méchoulan, ''Normales Sup' : des élites pour quoi faire ?'', ''L'Aube'', 1994.
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* [[Clément Rosset|Rosset, Clément]], ''En ce temps-là'', [[Editions de Minuit|Minuit]], 1992.
* Sirinelli, Jean-François, ''Génération intellectuelle. Khâgneux et normaliens dans l'entre-deux-guerres'', Fayard, 1988.
* Sirinelli, Jean-François (ed.), ''École normale supérieure
{{Refend}}
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