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{{Use Australian English|date=August 2020}}<!-- IUPAC spelling for chemical elements (aluminium, sulfur, caesium, etc). -->
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox mountain|name=Ijen|photo=Sulfur mining in Kawah Ijen - Indonesia - 20110608.jpg|photo_caption=Ijen volcano|map=Indonesia Java|map_caption=Location in Java|location=Border on between [[Banyuwangi Regency]] and [[Bondowoso Regency]],<br> [[JavaEast (island)|Java]], [[Indonesia]]|label_position=left|elevation_m=2,769|elevation_ref=|prominence=|listing=[[Ribu|Spesial Ribu]]|range=|coordinates={{coord|8.058|S|114.242|E|type:mountain}}|topo=|type=[[Stratovolcano]]|age=|last_eruption=1999<ref name=gvp/>|first_ascent=|easiest_route=|relief=1}}
[[File:Ijen 3D.gif|thumb|right|290px|Ijen in 3D]]
[[image:Kawah Ijen.JPG|thumb|right|Map of Ijen Crater, where sulfur is mined]]
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Since ''[[National Geographic]]'' mentioned the [[blue lava|electric-blue flame]] of Ijen, tourist numbers have increased.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bromoeastjava.com/blue-flame-ijen-crater-volcano.html|title=Blue Flame Ijen Crater Volcano | website=bromoeastjava.com |date=4 June 2016 }}</ref> The phenomenon has long been known, but midnight hiking tours are a more recent offering. A two-hour hike is required to reach the rim of the crater, followed by a 45-minute hike down to the bank of the crater.
 
The blue fire is ignited sulfuric gas, which emerges from cracks at temperatures up to {{convert|600|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. The flames can be up to {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us|spell=in}} high; some of the gas condenses to liquid and is still ignited.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/01/140130-kawah-ijen-blue-flame-volcanoes-sulfur-indonesia-pictures/ | work=[[National Geographic]] | date=30 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207100020/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/01/140130-kawah-ijen-blue-flame-volcanoes-sulfur-indonesia-pictures/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 February 2014 |title=Stunning Electric-Blue Flames Erupt From Volcanoes |first=Brian Clark |last=Howard |access-date=13 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://leaveyourdailyhell.com/2014/02/21/how-to-visit-indonesia-blue-fire-volcano-kawah-ijen/ |title=The Dark Secret of Indonesia's Blue-Fire Volcano |first=Robert |last=Schrader | work=Leave Your Daily Hell |access-date=13 June 2014}}</ref>
 
Ijen is the largest blue flame area in the world. Local people refer to it as ''Api Biru'' (Blue Fire).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gunung Ijen - Selain Rahasia Api Biru, Inilah 4 Fakta Menarik tentang Gunung Berapi Aktif Ini| date=27 December 2016 |url=https://travel.tribunnews.com/2016/12/27/gunung-ijen-selain-rahasia-api-biru-inilah-4-fakta-menarik-tentang-gunung-berapi-aktif-ini|access-date=2020-06-08|website=Tribun Travel[[Tribunnews.com]]|language=id-ID}}</ref> The other location at which blue fire can be seen is in [[Dallol (volcano)|Dallol]] Mountain, [[Ethiopia]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=tourbanyuwangi.com|date=2019-11-08|title=Blue Fire Ijen Crater - Tour Banyuwangi|url=http://tourbanyuwangi.com/blue-fire-ijen-crater/|access-date=2020-06-08|website=paket wisata banyuwangi, paket tour banyuwangi|language=en-US}}</ref>
 
== Sulfur mining at Ijen ==
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The sulfur, which is deep red when molten, pours slowly from the ends of these pipes and pools on the ground, turning bright yellow as it cools. The miners break the cooled material into large pieces and carry it away in baskets. Miners carry loads ranging from {{convert|75|to|90|kg|lb}} up {{convert|300|m|ft}} to the crater rim, with a gradient of 45 to 60 degrees, and then {{convert|3|km|miles}} down the mountain for weighing. Most miners make this journey twice a day.
 
A nearby sulfur refinery pays the miners by the weight of sulfur transported; as of September 2010, the typical daily earnings were equivalent to approximately $13 US. The miners often receive insufficient protection while working around the volcano<ref>{{Citecite web | title=Kawah Ijen by night | date=8 December 2010 | author=Olivier Grunewald | website=Boston.com | url=http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2010/12/kawah_ijen_by_night.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231080147/http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2010/12/kawah_ijen_by_night.html | archive-date=31 December 2011 | url-status=dead }}</ref> and complain of numerous respiratory afflictions. There are 200 miners, who extract 14 tons per day — about 20% of the continuous daily deposit.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/12/19/kawah-ijen-between-potential-threat.html |title=Kawah Ijen: Between potential & threat | author=Indra Harsaputra |newspaper=[[The Jakarta Post]] |date=19 December 2011}}</ref>
| last = Grunewald
| first = Olivier
| author-link = Olivier Grunewald
| title = Kawah Ijen by night
| work = Boston Globe
| access-date = 11 October 2013
| date = 8 December 2010
| url = http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2010/12/kawah_ijen_by_night.html
}}</ref> and complain of numerous respiratory afflictions. There are 200 miners, who extract 14 tons per day — about 20% of the continuous daily deposit.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/12/19/kawah-ijen-between-potential-threat.html |title=Kawah Ijen: Between potential & threat |newspaper=The Jakarta Post |date=19 December 2011}}</ref>
 
==Media==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}
Ijen and its sulfur mining was featured in the 1991 [[IMAX]] film ''[[Ring of Fire (1991 documentary film)|Ring of Fire]]'', and as a topic on the 5th episode of the [[BBC]] television documentary ''[[Human Planet]]''.
 
In the documentary film ''[[War Photographer]]'', [[journalist]] [[James Nachtwey]] visits Ijen and struggles with noxious fumes while trying to photograph workers. [[Michael Glawogger]]'s film ''[[Workingman's Death]]'' is about sulfur workers.
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| url = https://news.yahoo.com/photos/traditional-sulfur-mining-in-kawah-ijen-1381485234-slideshow/
}}
* [http://www.ijendiscovery.com/ijen-crater.php More sulfur mining pictures at Ijen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924081915/http://ijendiscovery.com/ijen-crater.php |date=24 September 2010 }}
* [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/16/blue-lava-volcano-photos-kawah-ijen-indonesia-_n_4610337.html?icid=maing-grid7|main5|dl6|sec3_lnk3%26pLid%3D431398 Spectacular Neon Blue Lava Pours From Indonesia's Kawah Ijen Volcano At Night (PHOTOS)]
 
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