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{{Infobox bilateral relations|French–Spanish|France|Spain}}
 
'''France–Spain relations''' ({{lang-fr|Relations France-Esapgne}}; {{lang-es|Relaciones Francia-España}}) are [[bilateral relations]] between [[France]] and [[Spain]], in which both share a long [[France–Spain_borderFrance–Spain border|border]] across the [[Pyrenees]], other than one point which is cut off by [[Andorra]]. As two of the most powerful kingdoms of the [[Early modern period|early modern era]], France and Spain fought a 24-year war (the [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–59)|Franco-Spanish War]]) until the signing of the [[Treaty of the Pyrenees]] in 1659. The treaty was signed on the [[Pheasant Island]] between the two nations, which has since been a [[Condominium (international law)|condominium]], changing its allegiances each six months.
 
Both nations are member states of the [[European Union]] (and both nations utilize the [[euro]] as currency) and are both members of the [[Council of Europe]], [[OECD]], [[NATO]], [[Union for the Mediterranean]], and the [[United Nations]].
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While the term "Spain" may be improper when used to refer to France–Spain relations before the union of the [[Crown of Castile]] and the [[Crown of Aragon]] in 1476, there has always been important relations between what are now France and Spain.
 
One important feature of those early relations was that [[count]]s from the [[Spanish March|Marca Hispanica]] and [[Navarre]] fought shoulder to shoulder with [[Frankish King]]s (during the [[Carolingian dynasty]]), to protect Europe fromagainst the [[Al Andalus]] [[Muslim]] kingdom. Barcelona was [[County of Barcelona|a County]] of the [[Frankish Empire]], under protection of the FrancFrankish ImperatorKing/Emperor.
 
This vassalityvassalty of Marca Hispanica and Navarre to the Frankish empire remained effective up to 985. At that point, because his armies were mobilized in the Verdum's{{Clarify|reason=verdun? term unclear|date=January 2018}} county, [[Lothair of France]] and his Byzantine allies did not assist Navarre and Marca Hispanica in its defense against the Caliph, implying that they failed to defend Barcelona from the Arabs. [[Almanzor]] did not stay in the cities (the first assault was launched 6 July 985; withdrew their troops 23 July), but this incursion was arguably the first step of a process of independence of the county of Barcelona from the kingdom of France, and heralded what would become the [[Aragon kingdom]]. While independent of France and integrated in the Crown of Aragon, Barcelona remained legally a county of France and the King of France retained a ''de jure'' right to vote in the Barcelone Courts in the next centuries. This situation generated numerous territorial conflicts between the two kingdoms<ref>Bernerd C. Weber, ''The Conference of Bayonne, 1565: An Episode in Franco-Spanish Diplomacy'', The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 11, No. 1 (Mar., 1939), pp. 1-22.</ref> to control what is now the south of France and the north of Spain (the support of Aragon to the Count of Toulouse, death in Perpignan of [[Philip III of France]] married to [[Isabella of Aragon, Queen of France|Isabel of Aragon]], and [[Albigenses Crusade]]s are some of the most famous examples) and played a significant political role in the start of the [[Reapers' War|Catalan Revolt]] which ended with the [[treaty of Pyrenees]]. [[File:Traite-Pyrenees.jpg|right|thumb|[[Louis XIV of France]] and [[Philip IV of Spain]] signing the [[Treaty of the Pyrenees]] in 1659, ending the 24-year [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–59)|Franco-Spanish War]].]]
 
=== 17th century===
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===18th century===
{{Main|War of the Spanish Succession|International relations, 1648–1814}}
In 1701, after the death of the last [[Habsburg]] king of Spain, [[Charles II of Spain|Charles II]], the French [[House of Bourbon]], led by [[Louis XIV]], staked a claim to the Spanish throne. The war ended with the Bourbon [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]] being recognised as King of Spain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spanishsuccession.nl/ |title=The Spanish Succession and the War of the Spanish Succession |website=Spanishsuccession.nl |access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> The House of Bourbon remains on the Spanish throne to the present day.<ref>James Falkner, ''The War of the Spanish Succession 1701–1714'' (2015) [https://www.amazon.com/War-Spanish-Succession-1701-1714/dp/1781590311/ excerpt]</ref>[[File:El Tres de Mayo, by Francisco de Goya, from Prado thin black margin.jpg|thumb|[[Francisco Goya]] painting, ''[[The Third of May 1808]]'' (1814), depicting French soldiers executing civilians defending Madrid.|alt=]] The wars were very expensive; despite Mexican silver Spain declines economically.<ref>Carlos Marichal, ''Bankruptcy of empire: Mexican silver and the wars between Spain, Britain, and France, 1760-1810'' (Cambridge University Press, 2007). </ref>
 
===19th century===
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Revolutionary France and Bourbon Spain signed the [[Second Treaty of San Ildefonso|Treaty of San Ildefonso]] in 1796 as part of their shared opposition to Britain. The relationship spoiled after defeat in 1805 at the [[Battle of Trafalgar]], and in 1808, French Emperor [[Napoleon]] invaded Spain and named his brother Joseph as King of Spain as part of a plan to get closer to invading Britain's ally, Portugal. The British under the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]] drove the French out of Spain in 1813 following the [[Battle of Vitoria]].
 
The Bourbon king [[Ferdinand VII]] was imprisoned by Napoleon, but still remained recognisedrecognized as Spanish monarch by Napoleon's adversaries. He returned to the throne in 1813 after the defeat of the French in the [[Peninsular War]].<ref>Charles Esdaile, ''Fighting Napoleon: Guerrillas, Bandits and Adventurers in Spain, 1808–1814'' (Yale UP, 2004). </ref>
 
In 1820, a military uprising in Spain lead to a liberal government, the [[Trienio Liberal]], to come to power. Two years later, [[Ferdinand VII]] lobbied the monarchs of Europe to help him restore his power, to which France responded by sending 60,000 troops which [[Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis|overthrew the liberal government]] and re-installed Ferdinand as the [[Absolute monarchy|absolute monarch]].
 
===20th century===
 
==== Aftermath of the Nationalist Victory in the Spanish Civil War and the outbreak of World War II, 1939–1945 ====
[[File:Frontera España-Francia, por el enclave de Llívia.png|thumb|Border stone between France and the Spanish city of Llívia. After a stalled deal to allow the defeated Republican Army control the city, France permitted Spain to control it.|alt=]]{{Main|Bérard-Jordana Agreement}}
When the [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalist]] forces of [[General Francisco Franco]] were victorious at the end of the [[Spanish Civil War]] in 1939, there was discussion of [[Llívia]], a small exclaved Spanish city {{convert|3|km|0|abbr=on}} into France, becoming territory of the defeated Republican Army. No conclusion was reached and the French authorities allowed the Nationalists to occupy Llívia.<ref name="iberianature1" />
 
France had tentatively supported the [[Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)|Spanish Republicans]] during the civil war, and had to readjust its foreign policy towards Spain in the fact of the Nationalists' imminent victory. On 25 February 1939, France and Francoist Spain signed the [[Bérard-Jordana Agreement]], in which France recognized the Franco government as the legitimate government of Spain and agreed to return Spanish property of various types (including, among others. weapons and munitions, gold reserves, art and livestock) previously in the possession of the Republicans to the Nationalists. In return, the new Spanish government agreed to good neighborly relations, colonial cooperation in Morocco, and made informal assurances to repatriate the more than 400,000 refugees that had fled from the Nationalists' [[Catalonia Offensive]] into France in early 1939.<ref name=":3">{{Cite wikisource|title=fr:Accords Bérard-Jordana}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of The United Nations and International Relations|last=Osmanczyk|first=Edmund J.|publisher=Taylor and Francis|year=1990|isbn=0850668336|edition=2nd|location=Bristol|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofun00osmarich/page/92 92]|chapter=Berard-Jordan Agreement, 1939|orig-year=1985|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofun00osmarich/page/92}}</ref> [[Philippe Pétain]], later the leader of the [[Vichy France|Vichy regime]] during the [[German occupation of France]], became the French ambassador to the new Spanish government.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Catala|first=Michel|date=1997|title=L'ambassade de Pétain (mars 1939 - mai 1940)|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/xxs_0294-1759_1997_num_55_1_3661|journal=Vintième Siècle. Revue d'Histoire|language=French|volume=55|issue=55|pages=29–42|doi=10.2307/3770543|jstor=3770543}}</ref> Spain would later undermine the spirit of the Bérard-Jordana Agreement when the Spanish entry into the [[Anti-Comintern Pact]] and subsequent alignment with the German and Italian fascists resulted in a military buildup in colonial Morocco, in spite of the promise of cooperative policy in that area.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Paths to War: New Essays on the Origins of the Second World War|last=Stone|first=Glyn|publisher=Macmillan|year=1989|isbn=9781349203338|editor-last=Boyce|editor-first=Robert|location=Houndmills|pages=221|chapter=The European Great Powers and The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939|editor-last2=Robertson|editor-first2=Esmonde M.}}</ref> Spain was however unwilling to be drawn into [[World War II]], and had announced its intentions to remain neutral in German expansionist designs to France as early as the 1938 [[Sudeten crisis]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=France and the Nazi Threat: The Collapse of French Diplomacy 1932-1939|last=Duroselle|first=Jean-Baptiste|publisher=Enigma Books|year=2004|isbn=1929631154|chapter=Chapter XIII: The Failure of the Grand Alliance (March–August 1939)}}</ref> This scepticism towards Spanish involvement on German behalf was further strengthened when the Spanish government got news of German cooperation with the Soviet Union, formerly a supporter of the Spanish Republicans during the civil war, under the 1939 [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|title=The Second World War|last=Beevor|first=Antony|publisher=Little, Brown and Company|year=2012|location=New York City|chapter=The Outbreak of War: June–August 1939}}</ref> Although Spain remained neutral, Spanish volunteers were allowed to fight on the side of the [[Axis powers]] as part of the [[250th Infantry Division|German "Blue" 250th Infantry Division]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hitler's Spanish Legion: The Blue Division in Russia|lastlast1=Kleinfeld|firstfirst1=Gerald R.|last2=Tambs|first2=Lewis A.|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|year=1979|isbn=0809308657}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Krammer|first=Arnold|date=1973|title=Spanish Volunteers against Bolshevism|journal=The Russian Review|volume=32|issue=4|pages=388–402|jstor=127582|doi=10.2307/127582}}</ref>
 
With the restoration of the French government in the latter part of the Second World War, relations between Spain and France became more complex. Exiled Spanish Communists had infiltrated northern Spain from France via the [[Val d'Aran]] but were repelled by Franco's army and police forces.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Payne, S.|first1=Stanley G. ''|title=The Franco Regime:, 1936–1939''.1936–1975 Madison:|date=1987 University|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin, 1987Press |isbn=978-0-299-11070-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgDWLYcTYIAC p|language=en |page=345.}}</ref> The border between the two countries was temporarily closed by the French in June 1945.{{cn|date=May 2024}}
 
==== Between World War and Cold War, 1945–1949 ====
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==== The Franco regime during the Cold War, 1949–1975 ====
With the advent of the [[Cold War]], relations gradually improved. The Pyrenean border was re-opened again in February 1948.{{sfn|Payne|1987|p=381}} Several months later France (along with Britain) signed a commercial agreement with the Franco government.{{sfn|Payne|1987|p=382}} Relations further improved in 1950 when the French government, concerned about international subversion, forced the [[Communist Party of Spain (main)|Spanish Communist Party]] to leave France.{{sfn|Payne|1987|p=397}}
 
Franco-Spanish relations would become more tense with the rise to power of [[Charles de Gaulle]], especially when the rebel French general [[Raoul Salan]] found sanctuary among [[FalangeFalangism|Falangists]] in Spain for six months in 1960–61. Nevertheless, some commercial relations were done, the [[Valery Giscard d'Estaing|French finance minister]] visited Madrid in April 1963 to conclude a new commercial treaty.{{sfn|Payne|1987|p=530}} Nevertheless, it is undoubted that the aggressive rhetoric that both Franco and de Gaulle used against each other did not improve the relationship between the countries.
 
==== Post-Francoist Spain, 1975–2000 ====
When Spain was led by general Francisco Franco, the French believed that [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]] attacks were aimed at overthrowing the government of Franco, and did not feel targeted by ETA. The reason for this was the help that regime of Franco gave to the terrorist organization OAS and because of that when ETA started to kill people de Gaulle gave them shelter in the French Basque Country, the so-called ''Le Sanctuaire''. However, when the attacks continued after the death of Franco, France started a collaboration with the Spanish government against ETA.
 
In recent years, due to an improving economy in Spain, the balance between France and Spain has shifted somewhat. The balance has also changed because of the democratization of Spain since the death of Franco in 1975. [[France]], [[Spain]], and the [[United Kingdom]] were the main [[European Union]] (EU) member countries that classified the ETA organization as a [[List of designated terrorist groups|terrorist group]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-05-16|title=Leader of Eta Basque rebels arrested in France|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-48293187|access-date=2020-08-24}}</ref><ref name="legislation2000">{{cite act |title=[[Terrorism Act 2000]] |numbertitle-link=11Terrorism Act 2000 |yeardate=2000-07-20 |articleorig-section=sched. 2 |articletypechapter=ScheduleProscribed Organisations |reporter=UK Public General Acts |volume=2000 c. 11 |chapter-url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/schedule/2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121085241/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/schedule/2 |archive-date=2013-01-21 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="eu-list">{{cite web|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/compos/2009/468/ojact |title=Council Common Position 2009/468/CFSP of 15 June 2009 updatingUpdating Common Position 2001/931/CFSP on the application of specific measures to combat terrorism and repealing Common Position 2009/67/CFSP |worktype=Council Common Position |index=2009/468/CFSP |date=15 June 2009 |legislature=[[Council of the European Union]] |datereporter=15[[Official JuneJournal of the European Union|OJEU]] |volume=L 151 |publication-date=2009-06-16 <!-- |firstpage=45 --> |id = [http://data.europa.eu/eli/compos/2009/468/oj 32009E0468] <!-- access-date=9 March 2020 --> }}</ref> In addition, this group was also associated with the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army|IRA]] terrorist group.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-10-24|title=Veinte años del desarme del IRA, la organización terrorista que inspiró a ETA|language=es|newspaper=Vozpópuli|url=https://www.vozpopuli.com/espana/20-anos-desarme-ira-eta.html|access-date=2020-08-24}}</ref>
 
===21st century===
[[File:Sánchez y Macron se reúnen en La Moncloa La Moncloa, Madrid, jueves 26 de julio de 2018 (03).jpg|thumb|Spanish Prime Minister [[Pedro Sánchez (politician)|Pedro Sánchez]] and French President [[Emmanuel Macron]] meeting at the [[Palace of Moncloa|Moncloa Palace]] in [[Madrid]]; on 26 July 2018.]]
 
Currently, France is one of the largest trading partners of Spain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://atlas.media.mit.edu/profile/country/esp/ |title=OEC - Spain (ESP) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners |website=Atlas.media.mit.edu |access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> In March 2015, [[Philip VI of Spain]] chose to go to France as its first diplomatic visit since his accession. The visit was widely regarded as a way to hail the excellent bilateral relations between France and Spain.<ref>{{cite webnews|url=http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2015/03/23/actualidad/1427114923_934125.html |title=Felipe VI elige Francia para su primera gran visita de Estado &#124; España &#124; EL PAÍS |websitenewspaper=Politica.elpais.comEl País |date=2015-03-23 |access-date=2016-08-01 |last1=Yárnoz |first1=Carlos }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2015/03/24/01003-20150324ARTFIG00096-premiere-visite-d-etat-en-france-du-roi-d-espagne.php |title=Première visite d'Etat en France du roi d'Espagne |website=Le Figaro|date=2015-03-24 |access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref>
 
Since May 2022, both countries finalize their first ''Friendship Treaty''. In this way, Spain would be the third country with which France reaches such a status in its diplomatic relations, after [[Germany]] (1963) and [[Italy]] (2021).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.es/espana/abci-francia-y-espana-ultiman-primer-tratado-amistad-202204170107_noticia.html|newspaper=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]|title=Francia y España ultiman su primer Tratado de Amistad|date=2022-05-17}}</ref> As a consequence of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of Ukraine]], new proposals for the transport of [[natural gas]] through [[Europe]] were reconsidered. In this sense, [[France]], [[Portugal]] and [[Spain]] would discuss the distribution of costs and the deadlines for new energy projects, which would bring [[green hydrogen]] from the [[Iberian Peninsula]] to the rest of the continent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://es.euronews.com/2022/10/20/acuerdo-entre-espana-francia-y-portugal-para-un-corredor-energetico-entre-barcelona-y-mars|title=Acuerdo entre España, Francia y Portugal para un corredor energético entre Barcelona y Marsella|newspaper=[[Euronews]]|date=20 October 2022}}</ref>
 
On 19 January 2023, Spanish Prime Minister [[Pedro Sánchez]] and French President [[Emmanuel Macron]] signed a Treaty of Friendship between both countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/spanish-french-leaders-meet-sign-friendship-treaty-96526146|website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|date=19 January 2023|first=Joseph|last=Wilson|title=Spanish, French leaders sign friendship treaty in Barcelona}}</ref>
 
==Cultural exchange==
{{see also|Spaniards in France}}
 
During the ''[[Roaring Twenties|Roaring' 20s]]'', France was the scene of major [[art exhibition]]s attended by famous Spanish artists, such as [[Joan Miró]], [[Joaquín Sorolla]], [[Pablo Picasso]] or [[Salvador Dalí]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vozpopuli.com/altavoz/cultura/joaquin-sorolla-historia-valenciano-paris_0_974003202.html|title=Joaquín Sorolla, el valenciano que triunfó en el París de comienzo de siglo|newspaper=Vozpópuli|date=2016-11-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedaliuniverse.com/es/news-dali-y-el-grupo-surrelista-en-paris|title=Dalí y el grupo surrealista en París|website=Dalí Universe}}</ref>
 
The [[Spanish Civil War]] and hardship immediately after spurred Spanish migration to the more developed and democratic France, which had a labour shortage in the aftermath of the [[Second World War]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Hamilton |first=Kimberly |url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?id=266 |title=The Challenge of French Diversity &#124; migrationpolicy.org |website=Migrationinformation.org |access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> The Spanish artist Pablo Picasso, resident in the French capital Paris since 1901, was refused naturalisation shortly after Franco took control of Spain, but remained in Paris until his death in 1973.<ref>{{cite news|last=Riding |first=Alan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/28/arts/picasso-in-paris-a-suspect-never-a-citizen.html |title=Picasso in Paris - A Suspect, Never a Citizen |location=FRANCE |website=NYTimes.com[[The New York Times]] |date=2003-05-28 |access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref>
 
A [[Eurostat]] publication in 2016, estimated that 122,385 [[French people|French citizens]] live in Spain and 128,000 [[Spaniards|Spanish citizens]] live in France,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/jan/26/europe-population-who-lives-where |title=Europe: where do people live? &#124; World news |website=Theguardian.com |date=26 January 2012 |access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> while it is also estimated that 144,039 people in France were born in Spain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/migration/mig/34792376.xls |format=XLS |title=Document of statistics |website=Oecd.org |access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> Currently, it is estimated that there are more than 125,000 French residents in Spain and more than 275,000 Spanish residents in France.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://confilegal.com/20220402-los-espanoles-ya-pueden-ser-franceses-sin-tener-que-renunciar-a-su-nacionalidad-y-viceversa/|title=Los españoles ya pueden ser franceses sin tener que renunciar a su nacionalidad, y viceversa|date=2 April 2022|newspaper=Confilegal}}</ref> Furthermore, after [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]] is the second most studied foreign language in Spain, while [[Spanish language|Spanish]] is the second most studied foreign language in France.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tourinews.es/mercados-turismo/idiomas-mas-estudiados-en-la-secundaria-en-europa_4455911_102.html#:~:text=Obviando%20el%20ingl%C3%A9s%2C%20el%20espa%C3%B1ol,m%C3%A1s%20aprendidos%20por%20los%20estudiantes&text=En%20Europa%20hay%20m%C3%A1s%20de,superan%20el%20mill%C3%B3n%20de%20hablantes|title=Los idiomas más estudiados en la escuela secundaria en Europa|date=2019 }}.</ref>
 
With a [[dual nationality]] agreement, French and Spaniards can acquire nationality without giving up their nationality. [[France]] is the first country outside the [[Ibero-America]]n sphere with which [[Spain]] signed an agreement of this nature, strengthening the friendship between both countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://judicial.elconfidencialdigital.com/articulo/ministerio/entra-vigor-convenio-nacionalidad-espana-francia/20220401152835014564.html|website=Confidencial Judicial|title=Entra en vigor el convenio de nacionalidad entre España y Francia|date=2022-04-02}}</ref>
 
==Resident diplomatic missions==
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{{div col end|2}}
{{col-end}}
 
 
<gallery class="center">
Line 102 ⟶ 105:
<gallery class="center">
File:Ambassade d'Espagne en France 1.jpg|Embassy of Spain in Paris
File:163 boulevard Malesherbes.JPG|Consulate-General of Spain in Paris
File:Bordeaux - Consulat général d'Espagne 01.jpg|Consulate-General of Spain in Bordeaux
File:Consulat d'Espagne à Villeurbanne - entrée (2019).jpg|Consulate-General of Spain in Lyon
Line 108 ⟶ 112:
 
== Summits ==
{{ExpandIncomplete list|date=March 2021}}
* 23rd French–Spanish Summit; 27 November 2013 in [[Madrid]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cadenaser.com/ser/2013/11/27/espana/1385513435_850215.html|website=[[Cadena SER]]|title=El Gobierno, dispuesto a cambiar las cuchillas por otro método igual de eficaz|date=27 November 2013}}</ref>
* 24th French–Spanish Summit; 1 December 2014 in [[Paris]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lne.es/espana/2014/12/01/espana-francia-impulsaran-conexiones-energeticas-19910942.html|website=[[La Nueva España]]|date=1 December 2014|title=España y Francia impulsarán las conexiones energéticas}}</ref>
* 25th French–Spanish Summit; 20 February 2017 in [[Málaga]].<ref>{{Cite webnews|url=https://elpais.com/ccaa/2017/02/20/andalucia/1487596117_817324.html|website=[[El País]]|title=‘La'La Marsellesa’Marsellesa', entre cotorras argentinas en la Costa del Sol|first=Esperanza|last=Codina|date=20 February 2017}}</ref>
* 26th French–Spanish Summit; 15 March 2021 in [[Montauban]]: Spain and France signed an agreement on dual citizenship.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euroefe.euractiv.es/section/exteriores-y-defensa/news/espana-y-francia-rubrican-el-convenio-que-permitira-la-doble-nacionalidad/|website=Euro EFE|publisher=[[Agencia EFE]]|title=España y Francia rubrican el convenio que permitirá la doble nacionalidad|first=José Miguel|last=Blanco|date=15 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eldiario.es/politica/macron-recibe-sanchez-montauban-presidir-cumbre-bilateral_1_7310266.html|website=[[eldiario.es]]|title=Macron recibe a Sánchez en Montauban para presidir la cumbre bilateral|date=15 March 2021}}</ref>
 
== Country comparison ==
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainrowheaders"
|+ style="text-align:left;" |
|'''Official name'''
| style="text-align:center" |'''[[French Republic]]'''
| style="text-align:center" |'''[[Kingdom of Spain]]'''
|-
|'''Flag'''
| style="text-align:center" |{{Flagicon|France|size=145px}}
| style="text-align:center" |{{Flagicon|Spain|size=145px}}
|-
|'''Coat of Arms'''
| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Blason fr république française (pelta).svg|Blason fr république française (pelta)|218x240px]]
| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Escudo de España (mazonado).svg|Escudo de España (mazonado)|240x240px]]
|-
|'''Anthem'''
|[[La Marseillaise]]
|[[Marcha Real]]
|-
|'''National day'''
|[[Bastille Day|14 July]]
|[[National Day of Spain|12 October]]
|-
|'''[[Capital city]]'''
|[[Paris]]
|[[Madrid]]
|-
|'''Largest city'''
|[[Paris]] – 2,175,601 (13,064,617 Metro)<ref>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-001 Comparateur de territoire: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris (001)], 2018 population, INSEE</ref>
|[[Madrid]] – 3,223,334 (6,791,667 Metro)
|-
|'''[[Government]]'''
|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[Republic|constitutional republic]]
|[[Constitutional monarchy]] [[Bicameralism|bicameral parliament]]
|-
|'''Head of State'''
|[[Emmanuel Macron]]
|[[Felipe VI]]
|-
|'''Head of Government'''
|[[Jean Castex]]
|[[Pedro Sánchez]]
|-
|'''Official language'''
|[[French of France|French]] (''de facto'' and ''de jure'')
|[[Peninsular Spanish|Spanish]]
|-
|'''Main [[Religion|religions]]'''
|47% [[Christianity in France|Christianity]]
 
40% [[Irreligion in France|No religion]]
 
5% [[Islam in France|Islam]]
 
7% [[Immigration to France|Others]]
|56.6% [[Religion in Spain|Christianity]]
 
38.5% [[Irreligion in Spain|No religion]]
 
1.0% [[Islam in Spain|Islam]]
 
1.8% Others
|-
| '''Ethnic groups'''
| 84% [[French people|French]], 7% other European, 10% North African, [[Demographics of France#Ethnic groups|Other]] Sub-Saharan African, 4-7% Black, 5-10% Arab, 2% Asian, 1.2% Latin American and Pacific Islander.<ref>[[Yazid Sabeg]] et Laurence Méhaignerie, [http://www.conventioncitoyenne.com/documents/oubliesdelegalite.pdf Les oubliés de l'égalité des chances], [[Institut Montaigne]], January 2004</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1887106,00.html|first=Bruce|last=Crumley|title=Should France Count Its Minority Population?|work=Time|date=24 March 2009|accessdate=11 October 2014}}</ref>
| 84.8% [[Spaniards]], 15.2% [[Immigration to Spain|Others]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=/t20/e245/p08/l0/&file=01006.px#!tabs-tabla|title=Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Población (españoles/extranjeros) por País de Nacimiento, sexo y año|publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|Instituto Nacional de Estadística]]|website=ine.es}}</ref>
|-
|'''Current Constitution'''
|[[Constitution of France|4 October 1958]]
|[[Constitution of Spain|29 December 1978]]
|-
|'''[[List of countries and dependencies by area|Area]]'''
|{{convert|640679|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|505992|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
|'''[[Exclusive economic zone|EEZ]]'''
|{{convert|11691000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|1039233|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
|'''[[List of time zones by country|Time zones]]'''
|12
|2
|-
|'''[[List of countries and dependencies by population|Population]]'''
|68,035,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/001641607?idbank=001641607|title=Titre &#124; Insee|website=www.insee.fr}}</ref>
|47,394,000
|-
|'''[[List of countries and dependencies by population density|Population density]]'''
|118/km<sup>2</sup>
|92/km<sup>2</sup>
|-
|'''[[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|GDP (nominal)]]'''
|$3.154 trillion<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October/weo-report?c=132,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIPCH,&sy=2018&ey=2025&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref>
|$1.461 trillion
|-
|'''[[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|GDP (nominal) per capita]]'''
|$46,358<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October/weo-report?c=132,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIPCH,&sy=2018&ey=2025&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref>
|$30,996
|-
|'''[[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|GDP (PPP)]]'''
|$3.231 trillion
|$1.959 trillion
|-
|'''[[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP (PPP) per capita]]'''
|$49,492
|$41,546
|-
| '''Expatriate populations'''
| 270,000 French people in Spain (2021 data)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ine.es/prensa/pere_2021.pdf|title=Estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero (PERE)a 1 de enero de 2021|website=www.ine.es|access-date= 1 January 2021}}</ref>
| 2,500,000-4,000,000 (with Spanish ancestry) 279,988 (2021) Spanish-born (2021)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ine.es/prensa/pere_2021.pdf|title=Estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero (PERE)a 1 de enero de 2021|website=www.ine.es|access-date= 1 January 2021}}</ref> [[Spanish immigration to France| Spanish people in France]]
|-
|'''[[List of countries by Human Development Index|HDI]]'''
|0.901
|0.904
|-
|'''[[List of circulating currencies|Currency]]'''
|[[Euro]] and [[CFP franc]]
|[[Euro]]
|}
 
==See also==
* [[Foreign relations of France]]
* [[Foreign relations of Spain]]
* [[France–Spain border]]
* [[List of ambassadors of France to Spain]]
* [[List of ambassadors of Spain to France]]
 
== References ==
Line 250 ⟶ 136:
* Fernández-de-Pinedo, Nadia, and Corinne Thépaut-Cabasset. "A Taste for French Style in Bourbon Spain: Food, Drink and Clothing in 1740s Madrid." in ''A Taste for Luxury in Early Modern Europe, Londres, à paraître'' (2017) [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/269292955.pdf online].
* Folmer, Henry D. ''Franco-Spanish Rivalry in North America, 1524-1763'' (1953)
* Gallagher, Matthew D. "Leon Blum and the Spanish Civil War." ''Journal of Contemporary History'' 6.3 (1971): 56-6456–64.
 
* Hill, David Jayne. ''A history of diplomacy in the international development of Europe'' (3 vol. 1914) [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=lang_en|lang_fr&id=LtABAAAAYAAJ online v 3, 1648–1775].
* Ilie, Paul. "Toward a concept of literary relations: Spain and France in the 18th century." ''Neohelicon'' 12.2 (1985): 149-170149–170.
* Israel, Jonathan. "A Revolutionary Era: Napoleon, Spain, and the Americas (1808–15)." in ''The Expanding Blaze'' (Princeton University Press, 2017) pp 423–455.
 
* Luis, Jean-Philippe. "France and Spain: A Common Territory of Anti-Revolution (End of the 18th Century–1880)." in ''Cosmopolitan Conservatisms'' (Brill, 2021) pp.&nbsp;261–282.
* Israel, Jonathan. "A Revolutionary Era: Napoleon, Spain, and the Americas (1808–15)." in ''The Expanding Blaze'' (Princeton University Press, 2017) pp 423-455.
* Luis, Jean-Philippe. "France and Spain: A Common Territory of Anti-Revolution (End of the 18th Century–1880)." in ''Cosmopolitan Conservatisms'' (Brill, 2021) pp. 261-282.
 
* Kamen, Henry. ''Empire: how Spain became a world power, 1492-1763'' (2004).
* McKay, Derek, and Hamish M. Scott. ''The rise of the great powers 1648–1815'' (1983).
Line 266 ⟶ 149:
* Petrie, Charles. ''Earlier Diplomatic History, 1492–1713'' (1949) [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015027344731;view=1up;seq=5 online]
* Price, Roger. ''A Concise History of France'' (1993) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/052136809X/ excerpt and text search]
* Puig, Núria, and Rafael Castro. "Patterns of international investment in Spain, 1850–2005." ''Business History Review'' 83.3 (2009): 505-537505–537. [http://s3.amazonaws.com/ProductionContentBucket/pdf/20100407122207.pdf online]
* Raymond, Gino. ''Historical Dictionary of France'' (2nd ed. 2008) 528pp
* Reilly, Bernard F. "Santiago and Saint Denis: The French Presence in Eleventh-Century Spain." ''Catholic Historical Review'' 54.3 (1968): 467-483467–483. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25018245 online]
* Rousselot, Nathan. "A diplomat facing the Spanish Civil War: Eirik Labonne’s embassy (October 1937-October 1938)." ''Relations internationales'' 2 (2017): 9-24.
 
* Sánchez, Esther, and Rafael Castro. "Foreign Assistance to a ‘Closed Economy.’The Case of French Firms in Spain, c. 1941–1963." ''Enterprise & Society'' 14.3 (2013): 606–641. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Esther-Sanchez-Sanchez/publication/265892500_Foreign_Assistance_to_a_%27Closed_Economy%27_The_Case_of_French_Firms_in_Spain_c_1941-1963/links/5715f2d608ae8ab56695bdea/Foreign-Assistance-to-a-Closed-Economy-The-Case-of-French-Firms-in-Spain-c-1941-1963.pdf online]
* Rousselot, Nathan. "A diplomat facing the Spanish Civil War: Eirik Labonne’s embassy (October 1937-October 1938)." ''Relations internationales'' 2 (2017): 9-24.
* Sánchez, Esther M. "French Military Action in Spain from Dictatorship to Democracy: Arms, Technology and Convergence." ''Journal of Contemporary History'' (2015): 376–399. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Esther-Sanchez-Sanchez/publication/273911077_French_Military_Action_in_Spain_from_Dictatorship_to_Democracy_Arms_Technology_and_Convergence/links/5715f28308ae16479d8adb53/French-Military-Action-in-Spain-from-Dictatorship-to-Democracy-Arms-Technology-and-Convergence.pdf online]
 
* Sánchez, Esther, and Rafael Castro. "Foreign Assistance to a ‘Closed Economy.’The Case of French Firms in Spain, c. 1941–1963." ''Enterprise & Society'' 14.3 (2013): 606-641. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Esther-Sanchez-Sanchez/publication/265892500_Foreign_Assistance_to_a_%27Closed_Economy%27_The_Case_of_French_Firms_in_Spain_c_1941-1963/links/5715f2d608ae8ab56695bdea/Foreign-Assistance-to-a-Closed-Economy-The-Case-of-French-Firms-in-Spain-c-1941-1963.pdf online]
 
* Sánchez, Esther M. "French Military Action in Spain from Dictatorship to Democracy: Arms, Technology and Convergence." ''Journal of Contemporary History'' (2015): 376-399. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Esther-Sanchez-Sanchez/publication/273911077_French_Military_Action_in_Spain_from_Dictatorship_to_Democracy_Arms_Technology_and_Convergence/links/5715f28308ae16479d8adb53/French-Military-Action-in-Spain-from-Dictatorship-to-Democracy-Arms-Technology-and-Convergence.pdf online]
* Soo, Scott. ''The routes to exile: France and the Spanish Civil War refugees, 1939–2009'' (Manchester University Press, 2016).
 
 
{{Foreign relations of France}}
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