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{{Lead too short|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Oran
| native_name = وهران
| native_name_lang = ar
| other_name = Wahrān
| settlement_type = [[Communes of Algeria|City]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
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| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 1/2/2/2
| image1 =
| alt1 = View of Oran's port
| image2 = Oran, Mobilar.jpg
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| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Algeria
<!-- Location ------------------>
| coordinates = {{coord|35|41|49|N|0|37|59|W|region:DZ-31_type:city|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Algeria}}
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}}
'''Oran''' ({{lang-ar|وَهران|Wahrān}}){{efn|{{IPAc-en|ɔː|ˈ|r|ɑː|n|}} <small>also</small> {{IPAc-en|UK|ə|ˈ|r|ɑː|n|,_|ə|ˈ|r|æ|n}}, {{IPAc-en|US|oʊ|ˈ|r|ɑː|n|,_|oʊ|ˈ|r|æ|n|,_|ɔː|ˈ|r|ɑ̃}},<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Oran|access-date=15 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/oran|title=Oran|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=15 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415105405/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/oran|archive-date=15 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Oran "Oran"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415103902/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Oran |date=2019-04-15 }} (US) and {{Cite
==Etymology==
[[File:Barbary_lion.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Barbary lion]], from which Oran takes its name
The word ''Wahran'' comes from the Berber expression ''wa - iharan'' (place of lions).<ref name="Kees Versteegh">{{cite book|author=Kees Versteegh|title=Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics: (Q-Z)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQOAQAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Brill
==History==
===Overview===
During the [[Roman Empire]], a small settlement called ''Unica Colonia'' existed in the area of the current Oran, but this settlement disappeared as the [[Maghreb]] was conquered by a succession of regional powers, beginning with the [[Vandals]] in [[Vandal conquest of Roman Africa|435]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Syvänne |first=Ilkka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHD7DwAAQBAJ&dq=435+vandals+peace&pg=PA35 |title=Military History of Late Rome 425–457 |date=19 September 2020 |publisher=Pen and Sword Military |isbn=978-1-4738-7217-2 |language=en |access-date=4 May 2023 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504002915/https://books.google.com/books?id=fHD7DwAAQBAJ&dq=435+vandals+peace&pg=PA35 |url-status=live }}</ref> followed by the [[Berbers]] of the [[Mauro-Roman Kingdom]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wolfram |first1=Herwig |title=The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples |date=November 1997 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24490-0 |page=170 |edition=Paperback |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7EwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA170 |access-date=4 May 2023 |chapter=Seven - The Vandals: A Unique Case |archive-date=25 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725012933/https://books.google.com/books?id=_7EwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA170#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> and finally the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Arabs]] around [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|the start of the 8th century]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Schwartz |first1=Carl |title=Mission Stations of the British Society |magazine=The Scattered Nation and Jewish Christian |date=1 March 1867 |publisher=Elliot Stock |location=London |page=76 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n9_NAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22Unica+Colonia%22+Roman+%22Oran%22&pg=PA76 |access-date=3 May 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009034018/https://books.google.com/books?id=n9_NAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22Unica+Colonia%22+Roman+%22Oran%22&pg=PA76 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Present-day Oran was founded in 903 by the
Under [[French Algeria|French rule]] during the 19th and 20th centuries, Oran was the capital of a ''[[département]]'' of the same name (number 92). In July 1940, the [[Royal Navy|British navy]] [[Destruction of the French Fleet at Mers-el-Kebir|shelled French warships]] in the port after they refused a British ultimatum to surrender; this action was taken to ensure the fleet would not fall into German hands, as the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]] had defeated France and occupied Paris. The action increased the hatred of the Vichy regime for [[United Kingdom|Britain]] but convinced the world that the British would fight alone against [[Nazi Germany]] and its allies. The [[Vichy France|Vichy government]] held Oran during [[World War II]] until its capture by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] in late 1942, during [[Operation Torch]].
Also, during French rule, Jews were encouraged to modernize and take on jobs they had not before, including agriculture, while Muslims were forced out of the city and their ancestral fertile lands were confiscated and given to Colons.<ref name="EB">{{cite web | title=Algeria - French Rule, Colonization, and Occupation in Algeria | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | date=12 Aug 1998 | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Algeria | access-date=22 Jun 2023 | archive-date=17 November 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117181437/https://www.britannica.com/place/Algeria | url-status=live }}</ref> Jews in the city were allowed to join the French Army starting October 24, 1870, while Muslims were forced to do [[military service]]. Algerian Jews were granted citizenship while Algerian Muslims were not. Jews would soon be targeted after the war for not supporting the struggle for independence against France.<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary.org">{{cite web |title=Oran |url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0015_0_15167.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113090003/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0015_0_15167.html |archive-date=2016-11-13 |url-status=live |work=Jewish Virtual Library }}</ref>
Before the [[Algerian War]] of 1954–1962, Oran had one of the highest proportions of Europeans of any city in North Africa. In July 1962, after a ceasefire and accords with France, the [[FLN (Algeria)|FLN]] entered Oran and were shot at by Europeans. A mob attacked [[pied-noir]] neighborhoods in response to the incident and during the subsequent [[Oran massacre of 1962]] at least 95 and as many as 365 were killed;<ref>Benjamin Stora, ''Algeria, 1830–2000: A Short History'' (Cornell University Press, 2004) p105</ref> many others are reported to have "disappeared."<ref name="lexpress">{{cite web|url=http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/la-verite-sur-les-massacres-d-oran_460144.html|title=Algérie 1962: La vérité sur les massacres d'Oran|last=Thiolay|first=Boris|date=2006-09-13|work=[[L'Express (France)|L'Express]]|access-date=12 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813004854/http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/la-verite-sur-les-massacres-d-oran_460144.html|archive-date=13 August 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> This triggered a larger exodus of Europeans to France, which was already underway. Shortly after the end of the war, most of the Europeans and [[Algerian Jews]] living in Oran fled to France. In less than three months, Oran lost about half its population.<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary.org"/>
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In April 1669 the Spanish governor, the 6th [[Marquis of Los Vélez|Marquess of Los Vélez]], expelled all the Jews who lived in Oran and [[Mers El Kébir]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Jonathan Israel |title=The Jews of Spanish Oran and Their Expulsion in 1669 |journal=Mediterranean Historical Review |volume=9 |issue=2 |date=1994 |pages=235–255|doi=10.1080/09518969408569672 }}</ref> sending them to be resettled in either [[Nice]], or [[History of the Jews in Livorno|Livorno]].
The Spanish rebuilt [[Fort Santa Cruz, Oran|Santa Cruz Fort]] to accommodate their city governors. "The fortifications of the place were composed of thick and continuous walls of over two and a half km in circumference, surmounted by strong towers spaced between them," with a central castle or ''[[kasbah]]'' where the Spanish governor had his headquarters.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} Under Spanish rule, the city continued to grow, requiring enlargement of the city walls. In spite of the improved fortifications, the city was the object of repeated attacks. Notable in this regard, Moroccan Sharif [[Moulay Ismail]] tried to force his way past the defences in 1707, only to see his army decimated. In 1739, trade with the surroundings was forbidden for years due to the plague. In 1744, king [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]] asked the governor Tomás du Rollet de la tour for dromedaries to replenish the stock at the [[Royal Palace of Aranjuez]]. However, the former [[bey]] of Oran had banned trade with the Spaniards and those dromedaries gradually sent to the king had been sold by thieving tribesmen. Most of the maintenance of the place was paid by the [[bull of the Crusade]], a contribution of the Spanish Catholic church.<ref name="Gómez">{{cite journal |last1=Gómez-Centurión Jiménez |first1=Carlos |title=Exóticos pero útiles: los camellos reales de Aranjuez durante el siglo XVIII |journal=Cuadernos Dieciochistas |date=2008 |issue=9 |pages=155–180 |url=https://gredos.usal.es/bitstream/handle/10366/79244/Exoticos_pero_utiles_los_camellos_reales.pdf;sequence=1 |access-date=19 July 2022 |trans-title=Exotic but Useful: The Royal Camels of Aranjuez during the 18th Century |language=es-ES |issn=1576-7914 |archive-date=25 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725012810/https://gredos.usal.es/bitstream/handle/10366/79244/Exoticos_pero_utiles_los_camellos_reales.pdf;sequence=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Beylikal period (1708–1732, 1792–1831)===
{{Main
[[File:Minaret de la perle.jpg|left|thumb|The Bey Othmane El Kebir Mosque (Minaret de la perle)]]
The Spanish occupied the city until 1708, when the [[Western Beylik|Bey of Mascara]], [[Mustapha Ben Youssef]] (''Bouchelaghem''), vassal of the [[Deylik of Algiers]], and who was an [[Arabized Berber]] from the Mascara region<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-09-10|title=Le sépulcre du Bey Bouchelaghem (16?? - 1734): PATRIMOINE EN PÉRIL.|url=https://algerienetwork.com/blog/le-sepulcre-du-bey-bouchelaghem-16-1734-patrimoine-en-peril/|access-date=2021-03-14|website=Algerie network Blog|language=fr-FR|archive-date=2021-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409143232/https://algerienetwork.com/blog/le-sepulcre-du-bey-bouchelaghem-16-1734-patrimoine-en-peril/|url-status=live}}</ref> took advantage of the [[War of Spanish Succession]] to [[Recapture of Oran (1708)|drive the Spanish out]].<ref name="Terki Hassaine 197–222">{{Cite journal|last=Terki Hassaine|first=Ismet|date=2004-06-30|title=Oran au xviiie siècle: du désarroi à la clairvoyance politique de l'Espagne|url=http://journals.openedition.org/insaniyat/5625|journal=Insaniyat / إنسانيات. Revue algérienne d'anthropologie et de sciences sociales|language=fr|issue=23–24|pages=197–222|doi=10.4000/insaniyat.5625|issn=1111-2050|doi-access=free|access-date=2021-03-14|archive-date=2021-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517042741/https://journals.openedition.org/insaniyat/5625|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Epalza|first1=Miguel de|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocL9o0VrNyAC&q=Oran+1708+Bouchlaghem|title=Planos y mapas hispánicos de Argelia: siglos XVI-XVII|last2=Vilar|first2=Juan Bautista|date=1988|publisher=Instituto Hispano-Arabe de Cultura|isbn=978-84-7472-081-5|language=fr|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=25 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725012935/https://books.google.com/books?id=ocL9o0VrNyAC&q=Oran+1708+Bouchlaghem|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 1732, Spanish forces returned under [[José Carrillo de Albornoz, 1st Duke of Montemar|José Carrillo de Albornoz]], [[Spanish conquest of Oran (1732)|capturing the city from Bouchelaghem]]. Spain maintained its hold over Oran for the next six decades.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chitour|first=Chems-Eddine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TxyAAAAMAAJ&q=Oran+1732+Bouchlaghem|title=Algérie: le passé revisité|date=1998|publisher=Casbah Editions|isbn=978-9961-64-100-2|language=fr|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=25 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725012937/https://books.google.com/books?id=7TxyAAAAMAAJ&q=Oran+1732+Bouchlaghem|url-status=live}}</ref>
In the night after October 8, 1790, [[1790 Oran earthquake|a violent earthquake]] claimed more than 3,000 victims in less than seven minutes. [[Charles IV of Spain|Charles IV]] saw no advantage in continuing the occupation of the city, which had become increasingly expensive and perilous. He initiated discussions with the [[Dey of Algiers]].
==== Siege of Oran and Mers el-Kébir (1790–1792) ====
After another earthquake damaged the Spanish defences, the forces of the new Bey of Oran, [[Mohammed el Kebir]] besieged the city. By the end of 1790, there was a clear Algerian advantage.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Notice sur le Bey d'Oran, Mohammed el Kebir Revue africaine{{!}} Bulletin de la Société historique algérienne|url=http://revueafricaine.mmsh.univ-aix.fr/n/Pages/1858_009_004.aspx|access-date=2021-03-14|website=revueafricaine.mmsh.univ-aix.fr|archive-date=2019-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909091937/http://revueafricaine.mmsh.univ-aix.fr/n/Pages/1858_009_004.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> The Spanish, not wanting to risk their troops, signed an agreement with the Algerians on 12 September in Algiers, and on 12 December in [[Madrid]], which recognized Algerian control over the city.<ref name="Terki Hassaine 197–222"/> By February all Spanish troops evacuated. The capital was moved there the same year. In 1792, the Bey settled a Jewish community there. In 1796, the [[Hassan Pasha Mosque|Pasha Mosque]] (in honour of [[Hasan Pasha (son of Barbarossa)|Hassan Pasha]], [[Beylerbey]] of [[Ottoman Algeria|Algiers]]) was built by the Bey with ransom money paid for the release of Spanish prisoners after Spain's final departure.
===French period (1831–1962)===
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[[File:ORAN - La ville arabe, 1880.jpg|thumb|[[Fantasia (performance)|Fantasia]] in Oran, 1880]]
[[File:Hotel Ville de Oran.jpg|thumb|Oran's [[city hall]], dating from the French period]]
The town of 10,000 inhabitants was still in the possession of the [[Ottoman Empire]] when a squadron under the command of captain Bourmand seized el-Kébir on December 14, 1830. The city was in a wretched state. On January 4, 1831, the French commanded by General [[Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont|Damrémont]] occupied Oran. In September 1831, [[Pierre Berthezène, Baron Berthezène|General Berthezène]] appointed Mr. Pujol as [[List of mayors of Oran|mayor]] of Oran; he had been captain of cavalry in retirement and was wounded in the right hand under the Empire.{{
In 1832, leading a force of five thousand men, the young Emir [[Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza'iri|Abd al-Qadir]] attacked Oran. In April 1833, commander-in-chief, General Boyer, was replaced by the baron [[Louis Alexis Desmichels]]. The city's defenders, under attack by Abd al Qadir, held their ground.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} Many Europeans settled in Oran during the French period, and by the early 20th century they formed a majority of the city's population.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hourani|first1=Albert|last2=Hourani|first2=Albert Habib |title=A History of the Arab Peoples|year=2022|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Harvard|isbn=9780674010178|pages=323}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | author=Cook, Bernard A. | title=Europe since 1945: an encyclopedia | url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaeuro01acoo | url-access=limited | year=2001 | publisher=Garland | location=New York | isbn=0-8153-4057-5 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaeuro01acoo/page/n461 398]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Making Algeria French|first=David|last=Prochaska|year=2002|isbn=9780521531283|page =11|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref>
In [[World War II]], Oran was one of the landing points in [[Operation Torch]], the first American action in the [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II|Europe-North Africa theatre]] in November 1942. The Task Force suffered some damage to its fleet, trying to land in shallow water, but the enemy ships were sunk or driven off, and Oran surrendered after heavy fire from British battleships.<ref name="R&C">Rohwer & Hummelchen 1992 p. 175.</ref>
===Since independence (1962)===
Due to the exodus of [[Pieds-Noirs]], the [[Cathédrale du Sacré-Cœur d'Oran]] was converted into a public library, [[Aubert Library of Oran]], in 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.visitoran.com/city/attractions.asp?id=cathedrale |title=Cathédrale de Sacré Coeur |website=Visit Oran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109224206/http://www.visitoran.com/city/attractions.asp?id=cathedrale |archive-date=2016-11-09 |access-date=2016-11-09}}</ref>
Today, Oran is a major port and a commercial centre, and has three universities. The old quarter of Oran has a [[casbah]] and an 18th-century [[mosque]]. The modern section of Oran is referred to as La Ville Nouvelle and was built after 1831; this section contrasts with the older section, La Blanca.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Oran|title=Oran {{!}} Algeria|newspaper=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2016-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114171914/https://www.britannica.com/place/Oran|archive-date=2016-11-14|url-status=live}}</ref>
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=== Climate ===
Oran features a [[hot semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]:
▲Oran features a [[semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BSk''/''BSh''). Oran's climate does show influences of a [[Mediterranean climate]]; however, the combination of the city's relatively high average annual temperature and relatively low annual precipitation precludes it from falling under that climate category. Oran averages {{convert|326|mm|0|abbr=on}} of precipitation annually, the bulk of which falls between November and May. Summers are the warmest times of the year, with average high temperatures in the warmest month (August) approaching 32 degrees Celsius. Winters are the coolest times of the year in Oran, with high temperatures in the coolest month (January) at around 17 degrees Celsius.
{{Weather box|width=auto
|location = Oran ([[Ahmed Ben Bella Airport]]) (1991–2020
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C =
|Feb record high C = 33.0
|Mar record high C = 36.6
|Apr record high C =
|May record high C = 40.0
|Jun record high C = 42.2
|Jul record high C =
|Aug record high C = 43.0
|Sep record high C = 41.1
|Oct record high C =
|Nov record high C = 33.0
|Dec record high C = 30.8
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|Dec humidity = 78
|year humidity = 73
|Jan sun = 194.1
|Feb sun = 200.5
|Mar sun = 238.1
|Apr sun =
|May sun = 303.8
|Jun sun = 323.8
|Jul sun = 337.0
|Aug sun = 319.9
|Sep sun = 260.7
|Oct sun = 237.7
|Nov sun = 194.3
|Dec sun = 184.2
|year sun =
|source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Algeria/CSV/OranSennia_60490.csv
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|access-date = 9 October 2023
|language = fr
|archive-date = 1 September 2014
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140901020201/http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-667.php
|url-status = live
}}</ref>
|date=January 2011}}
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[[File:quartiers-oran-fr.svg|thumb|Neighborhoods and districts of Oran, old map]]
Since 2019, Oran have 18 communal délégations (ex. districts)
{|class="wikitable"
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===Medina Jedida===
{{
===El Hamri===
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===Sidi El Houari===
The historical district {{
==Oranian agglomeration==
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===Es-Sénia===
[[Es Sénia]], located in the south of Oran, is home to industrial parks, several university institutes (Oran-Es-Sénia University, Institut of Communication, ENPO "National Polytechnic School of Oran", CRASC "Research center in social sciences" etc.) and the international airport.
[[File:Vue d'Oran depuis le sommet du Murdjajo, Algérie.jpg|thumb|View of part of Oran from the Summit of Murdjajo]]
===Bir El-Djir ===
[[Bir El Djir]] is a commune that represents the suburbs of Oran (apart from the districts). It is the future beating heart of the Oranian agglomeration. It has several buildings which are the seats of institutions as the headquarters of [[Sonatrach]]'s downstream activity, the hospital ''Établissement Hospitalo-universitaire'' "November 1st, 1954", the convention center (Palais des Congrès), University of sciences and technology (conceived by the Japanese architect [[Kenzō Tange]]), the Institute of medical sciences, the Court of Justice and the [[National Centre of Research in Social and Cultural Anthropology]]. There is as well a sports complex with an Olympic stadium of 50000 places created for the [[2022 Mediterranean Games]].
Bir El Djir is an urban extension east of Oran, {{convert|8|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} from the city center, with a population of 118,000 inhabitants.
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[[File:Oran train station, Boumlik Messaili, 29-07-2008.jpg|thumb|right|Railway station in Oran]]
The city's public transportation is centered on the [[Oran Metro]] covering coastal neighborhoods with the connecting [[Oran tramway]] covering suburbs not yet served by the metro. There is an extensive network of "clandestine" taxis in the
==Sports==
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==Representation in other media==
[[File:Place d'armes.jpg|thumb|right|Place 1er novembre (ex.Place d'Armes)]]
[[File:
*[[Albert Camus]]' 1939 essay ''
*Albert Camus' 1947 novel ''[[The Plague (novel)|The Plague]]'' presents a fictional tale of observations of a physician during the emergence and recession of bubonic plague in the 1940s in Oran.
*''[[El Gallardo Español]]'' (1615) by [[Miguel de Cervantes]] takes place in Oran. Other works from Cervantes mention the city, and during the first part of ''[[Don Quixote]],'' the story of the captive takes place here.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abi Ayad |first=Reda |date=2020 |title=Orán y Argel en la obra de Cervantes |url=http://rua.ua.es/dspace/handle/10045/112447 |doi=10.14198/RevArgel2020.11.03 |issn=2444-4413 |
*In the movie ''[[Casablanca (film)|Casablanca]]'' (1942), the route for refugees fleeing to the Americas was [[Paris]] to [[Marseille]], across the Mediterranean to Oran, then by train, auto or foot to [[Casablanca]]. If they acquired an exit visa, they went on to [[Lisbon]] from there.
*[[Paul Bowles]]' 1949 novel ''[[The Sheltering Sky]]'' mainly takes place in Oran.
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== Economy and infrastructure ==
Oran has become a major trading centre for the wider area, serving [[Arzew]], the area's oil/gas port as well as Sonatrach, the country's biggest oil and gas company. [[Sonelgaz]] has built a new congress centre in Oran and in 2010 the 16th International Conference & Exhibition on [[Liquefied natural gas|Liquefied Natural Gas]] was held in the city of Oran, which attracted around 3,000 visitors and major companies from around the world.
To accommodate all visitors, new hotels are currently being constructed and floating hotels will be used in the future. With a growth in urbanization, water quality and management is being harmed in Oran; this change in water quality is affecting marine life and the state of beaches in this tourism driven city.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Tayeb A, Chellali M, Hamou A, Debbah S |title=Impact of urban and industrial effluents on the coastal marine environment in Oran, Algeria |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |volume=98 |issue=1–2 |pages=281–288 |date=2015 |doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.07.013|pmid=26164780 |bibcode=2015MarPB..98..281T }}</ref>
The city and region participates in the [[R20 Regions of Climate Action]], with goals focused on reduced [[waste valorization]] and energy efficiency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oran, Algeria - R20 Regions of Climate Action |url=https://regions20.org/oran-algeria/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=R20 - Regions of Climate Action |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819090421/https://regions20.org/oran-algeria/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Tourism===
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=== Water ===
{{Further|Water supply and sanitation in Algeria}}
Water supply in Oran has historically been stressed because of the lack of consistent rainfall.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Baba Hamed |first=Samira |date=March 2021 |title=Impact of water pollution on public health and the environment in Oran |journal=Larhyss Journal |issue=45 |pages=203–222}}</ref> The regional government invested in hydraulic projects in the 2010s to increase retention of water, and installing a desalination plant increased [[water security]].<ref name=":0" /> Oran's region uses a mix of groundwater (11%), surface water (51%) and desalinization (38%).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Magri |first1=Adnane |last2=Berezowska-Azzag |first2=Ewa |date=2019-07-01 |title=New tool for assessing urban water carrying capacity (WCC) in the planning of development programs in the region of Oran, Algeria |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221067071831148X |journal=Sustainable Cities and Society |language=en |volume=48 |pages=101316 |doi=10.1016/j.scs.2018.10.040 |s2cid=116191171 |issn=2210-6707}}</ref> The [[wilaya of Oran]] is also equipped with five desalination plants, including the unit of [[Macta]], with a maximum daily capacity of 500,000 m
==International relations==
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===Twin towns – sister cities===
Oran is [[twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with 21 cities:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apc-oran.dz/la-p-c/jumelage/|title=Jumelage de la ville d'Oran|work=APC d'Oran|language=fr|access-date=2021-02-26|archive-date=2022-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601191159/https://apc-oran.dz/la-p-c/jumelage/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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===Partner cities===
In addition, Oran has partnerships and cooperation with one city:
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==Notable residents==
Below the list of some of many notable personalities of Oran:
*[[Kaddour Bekhloufi]] (
*[[Miloud Mourad Benamara]] (born 1977), actor
*[[Jean Benguigui]] 1944, French Actor
*[[Pierre Bénichou]] (
*Sirat Boumediène (
*Hamou Boutlélis (
*[[Albert Camus]] (
*[[Alain Chabat]] (born 1958), French actor, director, screenwriter, producer and TV presenter
*[[Étienne Daho]] (born 1956), French singer
*Habib Draoua (
*[[Sidi El Houari]] (
*[[Jean-Pierre Elkabbach]] (born 1937), French journalist
*[[Maurice El Mediouni]] (born 1928), pianist, composer and interpreter of Andalusian, Raï, Sephardic and Arab music
*Miloud El Mehadj (
*Tayeb El Mehadj (
*[[Kader Firoud]] (
*Henri Fouques-Duparc (
*[[Miloud Hadefi]] (
*[[Abderrahmane Hadj-Salah]] (
*Caïda Halima (
*[[Cheb Hasni]] (
*[[Blaoui Houari]] (
*[[Khaled (singer)|Khaled]] (born 1960), prominent [[Raï]] singer and multi-instrumentalist
*[[Mustapha Moussa]] (born 1962), former boxer, first Algerian Olympic medalist
*[[Armand Mouyal]] (1925–88), French world champion épée fencer
*Ahmed Saber (
*[[Yves Saint Laurent (designer)|Yves Saint Laurent]] (1936–2008), French fashion designer
*[[Henri Stambouli]] (born 1961), former footballer and current manager
*Ahmed Wahby (
*[[Ahmed Zabana]] (
*Belkacem Zeddour Mohamed Brahim (
==See also==
{{portal|Algeria}}
* [[Cebon]]
* [[European enclaves in North Africa before 1830]]
==Notes==
{{
==References==
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