Starogard Gdański: Difference between revisions

| name = Starogard Gdański

| image_skyline = {{Photomontage

| color = #ffffff

| photo1a = Starogard ratusz.jpg{{!}}City Hall

| photo2a = Starogard kosciol Mateusza z boku.jpg{{!}}Saint Matthew church

| photo2b = Pałac Wiechertów w Starogardzie Gd..jpg{{!}}Wiechert Palace

| photo3a = Starogard Gdański, Rynek, noční pohled.JPG{{!}}Market Square at night

| photo3b = Starogard Gdański, Pomorska, kostel sv. Wojciecha.JPG{{!}}Saint Adalbert church

| spacing = 1

| border = 0

| size = 280

| imagesize = 250px

| image_caption = {{hlist|From top, left to right: City Hall|Saint Matthew church|Wiechert Palace|Market Square|Saint Adalbert church}}

| image_flag = POL Starogard Gdański flag old (basic version).svg

| image_shield = POL Starogard Gdański COA.svg

| pushpin_map = Poland#Poland Pomeranian Voivodeship#Europe#Baltic Sea

| pushpin_label_position = bottom

| subdivision_type = Country

| subdivision_name = {{POL}}

| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]

| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Pomeranian Voivodeship|name=Pomeranian}}

| subdivision_type2 = [[Powiat|County]]

| subdivision_name2 = [[Starogard County|Starogard]]

| subdivision_type3 = [[Gmina]]

| subdivision_name3 = Starogard Gdański <small>(urban gmina)</small>

| leader_title = City mayor

| leader_name = Janusz Stankowiak

| established_title = Established

| established_date = 1198

| established_title2 = City rights

| established_date2 = 1348

| area_total_km2 = 25.27

| population_as_of = 2020

| population_total = 47272

| population_density_km2 = auto

| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]

| utc_offset = +1

| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]

| utc_offset_DST = +2

| coordinates = {{coord|53|58|N|18|32|E|region:PL|display=inline,titleit}}

| postal_code_type = Postal code

| postal_code = 83-200

| area_code = +48 58

| blank_name = [[Polish car number plates|Car plates]]

| blank_info = GST

| website = http://www.starogard.pl

Starogard Gdański is located in [[Pomerania]] on the small river Wierzyca, about {{convert|21|km|0|abbr=off}} south-west of [[Tczew]], {{convert|40|km|0|abbr=on}} south of [[Gdańsk]] and {{convert|67|km|0|abbr=on}} north-east of [[Chojnice]]. It is {{convert|50|km|0|abbr=on}} from the [[Tricity, Poland|Tricity]] ({{lang-pl|Trójmiasto}}) agglomeration on the coast of [[Gdańsk Bay]].

The name ''Starogard'' means "old city" in the [[Pomeranian language]]. ''Gdański'' is appended in the 20th century to the name to differentiate it from other places named Starogard. The German name ''Preußisch Stargard'' (Prussian Stargard) iswas similarly used to disambiguate from other places named Stargard. (''See'' [[Stargard (disambiguation)]]).

The area became part of the emerging Polish state under its first ruler [[Mieszko I of Poland]] in the 10th century, and during the fragmentation period in Poland it was part of a Pomeranian duchy, which separated from Poland in 1227. Starogrod (as Starigrod) was first mentioned in 1198 when [[Dukes of Pomerania|Duke]] [[Grzymisław II]] of [[Pomerania]] granted the settlement to the [[Knights Hospitaller]].{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} The Slavic name Stargarde was mentioned in 1269. In 1282, [[Mestwin II, Duke of Pomerania|Mestwin II]] and Polish Duke [[Przemysł II]] signed the [[Treaty of Kępno]], which transferred the suzerainty over [[Gdańsk Pomerania]] including Starogard to Przemysł II and reunited the region with Poland. Together with the rest of [[Pomerelia|Gdańsk Pomerania]] it came under the rule of the [[Teutonic Knights]] during the 1308 [[Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)|Teutonic takeover of Gdańsk]]. In 1348 the town received city rights under [[Kulm Law]] by Grandmaster [[Heinrich Dusemer]].

Since 31 March 1440 Starogard was a member of the [[Prussian Confederation]].<ref>Paweł Czaplewski ''Senatorowie świeccy, podskarbiowie i starostowie Prus Królewskich, 1454-1772'', Tomy 26-28 z Roczniki Towarzystwa Naukowego w Toruniu, 1921, p. 178 [https://books.google.com/books?ei=G1giUIGiNMTPhAeWuYDIDQ&hl=en&id=b85ZAAAAIAAJ&dq=Starogard+związek+pruski&q=Toeppen%2C+St.-T.+II%2C176#search_anchor Google Books]</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Górski|first=Karol|title=Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych|year=1949|publisher=Instytut Zachodni|location=[[Poznań]]|language=pl|page=XXXVII}}</ref> It took an active part in the 1454 uprising against the [[Teutonic Order]] that led to the [[Thirteen Years' War (1454–66)]]. In 1454, Polish King [[Casimir IV Jagiellon]] re-incorporated the region to the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Kingdom of Poland]] upon the request of the Confederation, and the city recognized the King as the rightful ruler. In 1461 the Teutonic Knights took over Starogard, which was then eventually recaptured by Poland in July 1466. In the [[Second Peace of Thorn (1466)|peace treaty]] signed in [[Toruń]] a few months later in 1466, the Teutonic Knights renounced any claims to the city, and recognized it as part of Poland.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Górski|first=Karol|title=Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych|year=1949|publisher=Instytut Zachodni|location=[[Poznań]]|language=pl|pages=89, 207}}</ref> It became part of the [[Pomeranian Voivodeship (1466–1772)|Pomeranian Voivodeship]] in the province of [[Royal Prussia]] in the larger [[Greater Poland Province, Crown of the PolishKingdom Crownof Poland|Greater Poland Province]]. It remained under Polish rule until the [[First Partition of Poland]] in 1772, when it became part of the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] under the name ''Preußisch Stargard''. The city was subjected to [[Germanisation of Poles during the Partitions|Germanisation]] policies. One of the main escape routes for insurgents of the unsuccessful Polish [[November Uprising]] from partitioned Poland to the [[Great Emigration]] led through the city.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Umiński|first=Janusz|year=1998|title=Losy internowanych na Pomorzu żołnierzy powstania listopadowego|magazine=Jantarowe Szlaki|volume=4 |language=pl|issue=250|page=16}}</ref>

In 1871, a large [[vodka]] distillery was built on the western end of city, which survived both world wars and today produces [[Sobieski (vodka)|Sobieski]] and [[Krupnik]]. It is one of Europe's oldest continuously- run vodka distilleries, and one of only a very small handful of vodka distilleries predating 1945.<ref>{{cite web|title=Destylarnia Sobieski S.A. w Starogardzie Gdańskim|url=http://www.wodki.gda.pl/final/historia_1.html|website=www.wodki.gda.pl|access-date=19 April 2018|language=pl}}</ref> In 1871, with the Prussian-led [[Unificationunification of Germany]], Preußisch Stargard became part of the [[German Empire]]. In the same year, it was connected to the rail network and in 1900 a water and gas network was built in the city. At the beginning of the 20th century, the city had a Protestant church, a Catholic church, a synagogue, a grammar school, a preparatory institute, a district court, a [[Reichsbank]] branch, a main tax office and a number of commercial operations.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zeno|title=Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon. meyers-1905-018-0857.|url=http://www.zeno.org/Meyers-1905/K/meyers-1905-018-0857|access-date=2021-07-04|website=www.zeno.org|language=de}}</ref> According to the census of 1905, the town had a population of 10,485, of which 6,297 (60.1%) were [[Germans]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/258355436|title=Ost- und Westpreußen|date=1981|publisher=Kröner|others=Erich Weise|isbn=3-520-31701-X|location=Stuttgart|oclc=258355436}}</ref> In 1906–1907, local Polish children joined the children school strikes against Germanisation that spread throughout the Prussian Partition of Poland.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Korda|first=Krzysztof|title=Strajk szkolny na Kociewiu 1906–1907|magazine=Kociewski Magazyn Regionalny|year=2019|volume=2 |language=pl|issue=105|page=5}}</ref>

Beginning in September 1939 in nearby [[Szpęgawski Forest]] (north-east of the city) Germans killed in mass executions about 7,000 [[Polish people|Poles]], among them 1,680 Kocborowo (district of Starogard) and [[Świecie]] [[psychiatric hospital]]s patients. About 500 handicapped children were killed in the hospital, in [[Action T4]]. 2,842 patients died between 1940- and 1944.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} Polish hospital staff was either murdered in the Szpęgawski Forest or deported to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]] or to [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] to Germany.<ref>Wardzyńska (2009), p. 151-152</ref> A local parish priest was murdered in a massacre of around 230 Poles in [[Płutowo]].<ref>Wardzyńska (2009), p. 166</ref> The Germans also established and operated a subcamp of the [[Stutthof concentration camp]] in the town.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tenhumbergreinhard.de/1933-1945-lager-1/1933-1945-lager-p/preuisch-stargard-starogard.html|title=Preußisch-Stargard (Starogard)|access-date=2 January 2021|language=de}}</ref>

The Jord-Just youth [[Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)|anti-communist resistance]] organization was established in Starogard in 1951 by 16-year -old girl Teresa Block.<ref name=jj>{{cite web|url=https://gdansk.ipn.gov.pl/pl2/aktualnosci/66712,Uroczyste-odsloniecie-tablicy-upamietniajacej-czlonkow-Mlodziezowej-Antykomunist.html|title=Uroczyste odsłonięcie tablicy upamiętniającej członków Młodzieżowej Antykomunistycznej Organizacji Jord-Just – Starogard Gdański, 1 marca 2019|website=IPN|access-date=2 January 2021|language=pl}}</ref> The organization was eventually crushed by the communists, who sentenced 17 teenage members to 1.5 to 9 years in prison.<ref name=jj/>

Note that the above table is based on primary, possibly biased, sources.<ref name="JFG">[[Johann Friedrich Goldbeck]]: ''Volständige Topographie des Königreichs Preußen''. Part II: ''Topographie von West-Preussen'', Marienwerder 1789, [https://books.google.decom/books?id=SQw_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA62 pp. 62–63.]</ref><ref name="MKL" >''Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon'', 6th edition, Vol. 18, Leipzig and Vienna 1909, p. 857.</ref><ref name="VWG" >Michael Rademacher: ''[http://www.verwaltungsgeschichte.de/dan_stargard.html Deutsche Verwaltungsgeschichte Westpreußen, Kreis Preußisch Stargard]'' (2006).</ref><ref name="AEP" >August Eduard Preuß: ''Preußische Landes- und Volkskunde''. Königsberg 1835, [https://books.google.decom/books?id=L_sAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA388 S. 388–389, Nr. 21.]</ref>

[[File:Starogard_Gdański_-_mural_Kazimierz_Deyna.JPG|thumb|185pxupright|[[Kazimierz Deyna]] [[mural]] on his birth house]]

* [[Adolf Lesser]] (1851–1926) a, German physician who specialized in forensic medicine

* [[Adolf Wallenberg]] (1862–1949) a, German internist and neurologist

* [[John S. Flizikowski]], (1868–1934) a, Chicago architect

* [[Theo Mackeben]] (1897–1953) a, German pianist, conductor and composer, particularly of film music

* [[Kazimierz Kropidłowski]] (1931–1998) a, Polish long jumper, competed at the [[1956 Summer Olympics]]

* [[Henryk Jankowski]] (1936-20101936–2010) a, Polish Roman Catholic priest and Member of Solidarity movement

* [[Władysław Wojtakajtis]] (1949–2016) a, Polish swimmer, competed at the [[1968 Summer Olympics|1968]] and [[1972 Summer Olympics]]

* [[Andrzej Grubba]] (1958–2005) a, Polish table tennis player

* [[Maria Kamrowska]] (born 1966) a, retired Polish heptathlete.

* [[Paweł Papke]] (born 1977), a formerretired Polish volleyball player

* [[Piotr Wiśniewski]] (born 1982) a, Polish footballer, who played 230 games for Lechia Gdańsk

* [[Oktawia Nowacka]] (born 1991) a, Polish modern pentathlete and bronze medalist in the [[2016 Summer Olympics]]

== PartnershipTwin towns – sister cities==

*{{flagicon|PRCGER}} [[FoshanDiepholz]], ChinaGermany

*{{flagicon|GERCHN}} [[OschatzLuohe]], GermanyChina

[[Category:PomeranianIntelligenzaktion Voivodeshipmassacre (1919–1939)locations]]