João Rodrigues Tçuzu: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox person

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==Name==

 

In Japan and China, Rodrigues used the [[Chinese name]] {{nowrap|'''Lu Ruohan'''}} ({{lang|zh-Hant|{{linktext|陸|若|漢}}}}), abbreviating his [[family name]] to a single [[Chinese character|character]] ''[[Lu (surname 陸)|Lu]]'' in the [[Chinese surname|Chinese style]] and [[transcription into Chinese characters|transcribing]] his [[given name]]'s [[Latin language|Latin]] form ''{{lang|la|[[Iohannes]]}}'' to ''Ruohan''. In modern Korean sources, Rodrigues's name is written with the pronunciation {{nowrap|'''Yuk Yakhan'''}}<ref name=parka>{{harvp|Park|2000|p=33}}.</ref> ({{lang|ko|육약한}}), although at the time his Chinese surname would have been pronounced ''Ryuk'' ({{lang|ko|륙}}). In 19th-{{sfnp|''EB''|1878|p=394}} and early 20th-century sources,{{sfnp|Hulbert|1905|loc=Ch. iv}} his name appears as "Jean Niouk", a blend of the [[Jean (male given name)|French form of his given name]] and [[Charles Dallet|Dallet]]'s French transcription of the Korean pronunciation of the Chinese form of his surname.{{sfnp|Dallet|1874}}

[[File:NanbanGroup.JPG|thumb|right|200px|A 17th-century [[Japanese painting]] of a Portuguese visitor in Western attire.]]

 

 

Ōtomo [[divorce in Japan|divorced]] his [[Shinto priestess|Shinto-priestess]] wife<ref name=warc>{{harvp|Ward|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=saX0gHc91fkC&pg=PA124 124]}}.</ref> and converted to [[Catholicism in Japan|Catholicism]] in 1578.<ref name=wara>{{harvp|Ward|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=saX0gHc91fkC&pg=PA111 111]}}.</ref> In December 1580,<ref name=chana/> around age 19,{{sfnp|Cooper|1973|p=56}} Rodrigues joined the [[Jesuit]] [[novitiate]] at [[Ōita, Ōita|Ōita]] ("[[Funai Castle|Funai]]").<ref name=chana/> At the time, the [[Society of Jesus]] reckoned a [[Christianity in Japan|Christian community in Japan]] of about 100,000 converts.<ref name=zwara/>

 

==Works==

[[File:Arte da Lingoa de Iapam.pdf|thumb|200px|page=5|left|''[[The Art of the Japanese Language]]'']]

{{main|Arte da Lingoa de Iapam}}

''[[Arte da Lingoa de Iapam|The Art of the Japanese Language]]'' ({{lang-pt|Arte da Lingoa de Iapam}}) was published at [[Nagasaki]] in three volumes from 1604 to 1608. In addition to vocabulary and grammar, it includes details on the country's [[list of rulers of Japan|dynasties]], [[history of Japanese currency|currency]], [[Japanese measures|measures]], and other commercial information.<ref name=chanb/> Although it was preceded by some manuscript glossaries and grammars, such as those given to the Philippine Jesuits who settled at [[Kyoto]] in 1593, it was apparently the first printed Japanese grammar.<ref name=zwarb/> A manuscript edition is in the [[Vatican Library]]; the two surviving copies of the printed version are in [[Oxford University|Oxford]]'s [[Bodleian Library]] and the private collection of the [[Earl of Crawford]].<ref name=zward/> It was translated into Japanese by Tadao Doi ([[:ja:土井忠生|土井忠生]]) in 1955.<ref name=chanb/>

 

''The Short Art of the Japanese Language'' (''{{lang|pt|Arte Breve da Lingoa Iapoa}}''), distinguishing the earlier grammar as the ''Great Art'' (''{{lang|pt|Arte Grande}}''), was published on [[Portuguese Macao|Macao]] in 1620. It does not mere abridge the earlier work but reformulates its treatment of grammar, establishing clear and concise rules regarding the principal features of the Japanese language.<ref name=chanb/> There is a manuscript edition in the [[Bibliotheque Nationale|French National Library]]; the two surviving printed editions are in the [[Ajuda Library]] in [[Lisbon]] and the library of the [[School of Oriental and African Studies]] in [[London]].<ref name=zward/> It was translated into [[French language|French]] by M.C. Landresse as ''Elements of Japanese Grammar'' (''{{lang|fr|Elémens de la Grammaire Japonaise}}'') in 1825, with a supplement added the next year.<ref name=chanb/>

 

His ''History of the Japanese Church'' (''{{lang|pt|Historia da Igreja do Japão}}'') was a monumental attempt to complete the earlier unfinished works of Valignano and [[Luís Fróis]] but was itself uncompleted.<ref name=chanb/> Despite the book's name, the details of the Jesuit efforts in Japan are largely relegated to an appendix entitled "Bishops of the Japanese Church" (''{{lang|pt|Bispos da Igreja do Japao}}''). The main text describes Japanese history and culture, including discussions of the Japanese language, [[kanji|Chinese characters]], and writing styles.<ref name=zwarc/> In Japan, Rodrigues witnessed the expansion of the Portuguese presence, the arrival of the first Englishman [[William Adams (sailor, born 1564)|William Adams]], and the consolidation of the [[Tokugawa Shogunate]]. During this period, he also wrote observations on Japanese life, including political events of the emergence of the shogunate and a detailed description of the [[tea ceremony]]. His writings reveal an open mind about the culture of his host country, including praise of the holiness of the Buddhist monks.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} The autograph manuscript is lost but a 1740 copy<ref name=zwarc/> was discovered by the Jesuit [[Joseph M. Cros|J.M. Cros]] in the [[Ajuda Library]] around 1900. The first 181 pages of the manuscript were published in two volumes as Vol.{{nbsp}}XIII of the series ''Notices from Macao'' (''{{lang|pt|Colecção: Noticias de Macau}}''; 1953 & 1955) in Tokyo.{{sfnp|Chan|1976|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JWpF-dObxW8C&pg=PA1146 1146–47]}} It was translated into English by [[Michael Cooper (historian)|Michael Cooper]] in 2001.{{sfnp|Cooper|2001}}

 

He worked on two treatises—one concerning the [[Buddhism in China|Chinese Buddhist sects]] and their relation to [[Buddhism in Japan|those in Japan]] and another on the [[geography of China]] after the style of [[Abraham Ortelius|Ortelius]]'s ''[[Theatrum Orbis Terrarum|Theater of the World]]''—that have only survived in manuscript fragments.<ref name=chanc>{{harvp|Chan|1976|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JWpF-dObxW8C&pg=PA1147 1147]}}.</ref> His letter to [[Jeong Duwon]] on Western astronomy is also preserved;<ref name=needy/> it was translated into Italian by [[Pasquale d'Elia|d'Elia]] and English by [[Rufus Suter|Suter]] & al.{{sfnp|D'Elia|1960|pp=42 ff}} In China, he also wrote a description of the 8th-century [[Xi'an Stele]] discovered at [[Xi'an]] in 1625<ref name=chanb/> and a treatise opposing [[Matteo Ricci]]'s translation of Christian concepts into Chinese.<ref name=zward>{{harvp|Zwartjes|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2INOV5txvD4C&pg=PA97 97]}}.</ref> His ''Record of Gonçalo the Dutiful'' ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|公沙|効忠|紀}}}}, ''Gōngshā Xiàozhōng Jǐ'') is a Chinese paean to the bravery of [[Gonçalo Teixeira-Correa|Capt. Teixeira]] at Dengzhou.<ref name=chanc/>

 

He was also long supposed to have been the main compiler of the [[Nippo Jisho|first Japanese–Portuguese dictionary]], published in 1603, but this attribution was mistaken<ref name=zward/> and Rodrigues's involvement with any aspect of its compilation has been debated.{{efn|For a recent discussion concerning the compiler of the dictionary, see [[Otto Zwartjes|Zwartjes]].{{sfnp|Zwartjes|2011|p=277}}}}

 

==Legacy==

 

==Notes==