Go (game): Difference between revisions

| kanji = {{unbulleted list|{{linktext|囲碁}}| or| {{linktext|碁}}}}

| hiragana = {{unbulleted list|いご| or| ご}}

| romaji = {{unbulleted list|igo| or| go}}

| katakana = {{unbulleted list|イゴ| or| ゴ}}

The Korean wordname {{transliteration|ko|baduk}} (바둑) derives from the [[Middle Korean]] word {{transliteration|ko|Badok}}, the origin of which is controversial; the more plausible etymologies include the suffix {{transliteration|ko|dok}} added to {{transliteration|ko|Ba}} to mean 'flat and wide board', or the joining of {{transliteration|ko|Bat}}, meaning 'field', and {{transliteration|ko|Dok}}, meaning 'stone'. Less plausible etymologies include a derivation of {{transliteration|ko|Badukdok}}, referring to the playing pieces of the game, or a derivation from Chinese {{transliteration|zh|páizi}} ({{lang|zh|排子}}), meaning 'to arrange pieces'.<ref>{{cite book |last=조 |first=항범 |date=October 8, 2005 |title=그런 우리말은 없다 |url=http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=982836&cid=85&categoryId=2641 |publisher=태학사 |isbn=9788959660148 |access-date=June 3, 2014}}</ref>

Initially the board is bare, and players alternate turns to place one stone per turn. As the game proceeds, players try to link their stones together into "living" formations (meaning that they are permanently safe from capture), as well as threaten to capture their opponent's stones and formations. Stones have both offensive and defensive characteristics, depending on the situation.

An essential tacticconcept is that a formation of stones must incorporatehave, or be capable of making, at least two enclosed open points (known as [[List of Go terms#eyesEyes|''eyes'']]) to preserve itself from eliminationbeing oncaptured. theA board.formation Twohaving orat moreleast two eyes incorporatedcannot intobe acaptured, groupeven after it is surrounded by the opponent on the outside,{{sfn|Iwamoto|1977|p=77}} because each eye (calledconstitutes a [[List of Go terms#Liberty|''liberty'']]) {{Anchor|unconditionally-alive}}andthat amust groupbe withfilled twoby orthe moreopponent eyesas cannotthe befinal captured,step evenin ifcapture. it'sA surroundedformation onhaving thetwo outside.or {{sfn|Iwamoto|1977|p=77}}more Sucheyes groups areis said to be unconditionally [[#Life and death|''alive'']].,{{sfn|Cho Chikun|1997|p=21}} so it can evade capture indefinitely, and a group that cannot form two eyes is said to be ''dead'' and can be captured.

A 2004 review of literature by [[Fernand Gobet]], de Voogt and [[Jean Retschitzki]] shows that relatively little scientific research has been carried out on the [[psychology]] of Go, compared with other traditional board games such as [[chess]].<ref name="Moves in mind">{{citation | last1= Gobet | first1 = F | last2 = de Voogt | first2 = A. J | last3 = Retschitzki | first3 = J |year = 2004 | title = Moves in Mind: The Psychology of Board Games | publisher = Hove, UK: Psychology Press | isbn = 978-1-84169-336-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fR7xZlGnyl0C}}</ref> Computer Go research has shown that given the large search tree, knowledge and pattern recognition are more important in Go than in other strategy games, such as chess.<ref name="Moves in mind" /> A study of the effects of age on Go-playing<ref>{{Citation | last1 = Masunaga | first1 = H | last2 = Horn | first2 =J. |year = 2001 | journal = Psychology and Aging | issue = 2 | pages = 293–311 | title = Expertise and age-related changes in components of intelligence | doi = 10.1037/0882-7974.16.2.293 | pmid = 11405317 | volume = 16 | issn=0882-7974}}</ref> has shown that mental decline is milder with strong players than with weaker players. According to the review of Gobet and colleagues, the pattern of brain activity observed with techniques such as [[Positron emission tomography|PET]] and [[Functional magnetic resonance imaging|fMRI]] does not show large differences between Go and chess. On the other hand, a study by Xiangchuan Chen et al.<ref>{{citation | author = Chen | journal = Cognitive Brain Research | title = A functional MRI study of high-level cognition II. The game of GO | year = 2003 | doi = 10.1016/S0926-6410(02)00206-9 |pmid = 12589886| volume = 16 |issue = 1|pages = 32–7| display-authors = etal}}</ref> showed greater activation in the right hemisphere among Go players than among chess players, but the research was inconclusive because strong players from Go were hired while very weak chess players were hired in the original study.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Atherton |first1=Michael |last2=Zhuang |first2=Jiancheng |last3=Bart |first3=William M |last4=Hu |first4=Xiaoping |last5=He |first5=Sheng |date=March 2003 |title=A functional MRI study of high-level cognition. I. The game of chess |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0926641002002070 |journal=Cognitive Brain Research |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=26–31 |doi=10.1016/S0926-6410(02)00207-0|pmid=12589885 }}</ref> There is some evidence to suggest a correlation between playing board games and reduced risk of [[Alzheimer's disease]] and [[dementia]].<ref>{{citation | author = Verghese | title = Leisure Activities and the Risk of Dementia in the Elderly | journal =[[New England Journal of Medicine]] | pmid = 12815136 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa022252 | year = 2003 | volume = 348 | pages = 2508–16 | last2 = Lipton | first2 = RB | last3 = Katz | first3 = MJ | last4 = Hall | first4 = CB | last5 = Derby | first5 = CA | last6 = Kuslansky | first6 = G | last7 = Ambrose | first7 = AF | last8 = Sliwinski | first8 = M | last9 = Buschke | first9 = H | issue = 25 | display-authors = 1| doi-access = free }}</ref>

Arthur Mary, a French researcher in clinical [[psychopathology]], reports on his psychotherapeutic approaches using the game of Go with patients in private practice and in a psychiatric ward.<ref>{{citation | last = Mary | first = Arthur | title = Le jeu de go, une voie royale vers l'inconscient | year = 2024 |publisher = L'Harmattan}}</ref> Drawing on [[neuroscience]] research and employing a [[psychoanalytic]] ([[Lacanian]]) and [[Phenomenology (psychology)|phenomenological]] approach, he demonstrates how [[drive theory|drives]] are expressed on the goban.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mary |first=arthur |date=2020 |title=Eros et Thanatos autour du goban |journal=Revue française de go |language=fr |issue=151 }}</ref> He offers some suggestions to therapists for defining ways of playing go that lead to therapeutic effects.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mary |first=arthur |date=2022 |title=Sous le plateau de go, ce je qui vague |journal=Une praxis de la psychanalyse |publisher = L'Harmattan |language=fr }}</ref>