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[[File:Drive to the Collective Farm.jpg|thumb|"Drive to the Collective Farm!" – 1920s [[Yiddish]]-language poster featuring women kolkhoz workers]]
[[File:Колхозница с тыквами. 1930 г..jpg|thumb|"Kolkhoz-woman with [[pumpkins]]", 1930 painting]]
'''Collective farming''' and '''communal farming''' are various types of
== Pre-20th century history ==
{{main|Communal land|Property|Commons}}
=== Case studies ===
==== Mexico ====
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== Collectivization under state socialism ==
The Soviet Union introduced collective farming in its constituent [[Republics of the Soviet Union|republic]]s between 1927 and 1933. The [[Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)|Baltic states]] and most of the [[Eastern Bloc]] (except [[Polish People's Republic|Poland]]) adopted collective farming after [[World War II]], with the accession of [[communist regimes]] to power. In Asia ([[People's Republic of China]], [[North Korea]], [[Laos]], and [[Vietnam]]) the adoption of collective farming was also driven by communist government policies.
=== Soviet Union ===
{{main|Collectivization in the Soviet Union|Collectivization in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic}}
[[File:Famine en URSS 1933.jpg|thumb|right|[[Soviet famine of 1932–33]]. Areas of most disastrous famine marked with black.]]
[[Leon Trotsky]] and the Opposition bloc had originally advocated a programme of industrialization which also proposed [[agricultural cooperatives]] and the formation of collective farms on a [[volunteering|voluntary]] basis.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kemp |first1=Tom |title=Industrialisation in the Non-Western World |date=14 January 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-90133-4 |pages=1–150 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjWtAgAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+progressive+tax+left+opposition&pg=PT67 |language=en}}</ref> According to [[Sheila Fitzpatrick]], the scholarly consensus was that Stalin appropriated the position of the Left Opposition on such matters as [[industrialisation]] and [[collectivisation]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Sheila |author-link=Sheila Fitzpatrick |title=The Old Man |journal=London Review of Books |date=22 April 2010 |volume=32 |issue=8 |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v32/n08/sheila-fitzpatrick/the-old-man |language=en |issn=0260-9592}}</ref> Other scholars have argued the economic programme of Trotsky differed from the forced [[Stalinism|policy of collectivisation]] implemented by Stalin after 1928 due to the levels of brutality associated with its enforcement.{{sfn|Mandel|1995|p=59}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Daniels |first1=Robert V. |title=The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia |date=1 October 2008 |publisher=Yale University Press |page=195 |isbn=978-0-300-13493-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=27JGzAoMLjoC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rubenstein |first1=Joshua |title=Leon Trotsky : a revolutionary's life |date=2011 |publisher=New Haven : Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-13724-8 |page=161 |url=https://archive.org/details/leontrotskyrevol0000rube/page/160/mode/2up?q=forced+collectivization}}</ref>
As part of the [[first five-year plan]], collectivization was introduced in the [[Soviet Union]] by [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|general secretary]] [[Joseph Stalin]] in the late 1920s as a way, according to the policies of socialist leaders, to boost agricultural production through the organization of land and labor into large-scale collective farms ([[kolkhoz]]y). At the same time, Joseph Stalin argued that collectivization would free poor peasants from economic servitude under the ''[[kulak]]s'' (farmland owners).▼
▲As part of the [[first five-year plan]], forced collectivization was introduced in the [[Soviet Union]] by [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|general secretary]] [[Joseph Stalin]] in the late 1920s as a way, according to the policies of socialist leaders, to boost agricultural production through the organization of land and labor into large-scale collective farms ([[kolkhoz]]y). At the same time, Joseph Stalin argued that collectivization would free poor peasants from economic servitude under the ''[[kulak]]s'' (farmland owners).
The [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Soviet Communist Party]] resorted to the execution and [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|mass deportation]] of defiant ''[[kulaks]]'' to [[Siberia]] in order to implement the plan (see: ''[[Dekulakization]]''). The centuries-old system of farming was destroyed in Ukraine.
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Collectivization throughout the [[Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic]] was not aggressively pursued until the early 1960s because of the Soviet leadership's focus on a policy of [[Russification]] of [[Moldovans|Moldavians]] into the Russian way of life{{No source|date=April 2020}}. Much of the collectivization in Moldova had undergone in [[Transnistria]], in [[Chişinău]], the present-day capital city of Moldova. Most of the directors who regulated and conducted the process of collectivization were placed by officials from Moscow.{{No source|date=April 2020}}
The efficiency of collective farms in the USSR is debatable. A Soviet article in March 1975 found that 27% of the total value of Soviet agricultural produce was produced by
=== Romania ===
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In [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]], land collectivization began in 1948 and continued for over more than a decade until its virtual eradication in 1962.<ref>A. Sarris and D. Gavrilescu, "Restructuring of farms and agricultural systems in Romania", in: J. Swinnen, A. Buckwell, and E. Mathijs, eds., ''Agricultural Privatisation, Land Reform and Farm Restructuring in [[Central and Eastern Europe]]'', Ashgate, Aldershot, UK, 1997.</ref>
In Romania, force sometimes had to be used to enforce collective agricultural practices. Collective farming in Romania was an attempt to implement the USSR's communist blueprint.
On the other hand, as Kligman and Verdery explain, "Collectivization brought undeniable benefits to some rural inhabitants, especially those who had owned little or no land. It freed them from laboring on the fields of others, and it increased their control over wages, lending to their daily existence a stability previously unknown to them."<ref name="Kligman, G. 2011"/>
=== Bulgaria ===
Collective farms in the [[People's Republic of Bulgaria]], introduced in 1945, were called ''Labour cooperative agricultural holdings'' ({{Lang-bg|Трудово кооперативно земеделско стопанство|translit=Trudovo kooperativno zemedelsko stopanstvo}}).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-23 |title=Безплатен Държавен Вестник издание - Официален раздел , брой 95 от 25.IV.1945 |url=https://www.ciela.net/svobodna-zona-darjaven-vestnik/document/2135734302/issue/4629/naredba-zakon-za-trudovi-kooperativni-zemedelski-stopanstva |access-date=2023-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023181510/https://www.ciela.net/svobodna-zona-darjaven-vestnik/document/2135734302/issue/4629/naredba-zakon-za-trudovi-kooperativni-zemedelski-stopanstva |archive-date=23 October 2023 }}</ref>
=== Hungary ===
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=== Czechoslovakia ===
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2006}}
In [[First Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovakia]], centralized land reforms after World War I allowed for the distribution of most of the land to peasants and the poor, and created large groups of relatively well-to-do farmers (though village poor still existed). These groups showed no support for communist ideals. In 1945, immediately after World War II, new land reform started with the [[Third Czechoslovak Republic|new socialist government]]. The first phase involved a confiscation of properties of [[Germans in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)|Germans]], [[Hungarians in Czechoslovakia|Hungarians]], and [[Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy|collaborators]] with the [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia|Nazi regime]] in accordance with the so-called [[Beneš decrees]]. The second phase, promulgated by so-called ''Ďuriš's laws'' (after the Communist Minister of Agriculture), in fact meant a complete revision of the pre-war land reform and tried to reduce maximal private property to {{convert|150|ha}} of agricultural land and {{convert|250|ha}} of any land.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/7037369.pdf|title=Czech
The third and final phase forbade possession of land above {{convert|50|ha}} for one family. This phase was carried out in April 1948, two months after the [[Communist Party of Czechoslovakia]] [[1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état|took power by force]]. Farms started to be collectivized, mostly under the threat of sanctions. The most obstinate farmers were persecuted and imprisoned. The most common form of collectivization was ''[[agricultural cooperative]]'' ({{lang-cz|Jednotné zemědělské družstvo}}, JZD; {{lang-sk|Jednotné roľnícke družstvo}}, JRD). The collectivization was implemented in three stages (1949–1952, 1953–1956, 1956–1969) and officially ended with the 1960 implementation of the constitution establishing the [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic]], which made private ownership illegal.
Many early cooperatives collapsed and were recreated
Subsidies and constant pressure destroyed the remaining private farmers; only a handful of them remained after the 1960s. The lifestyle of villagers had eventually reached the level of cities, and village poverty was eliminated. Czechoslovakia was again able to produce enough food for its citizens. The price of this success was a huge waste of resources because the cooperatives had no incentive to improve efficiency. Every piece of land was cultivated regardless of the expense involved, and the soil became heavily polluted with chemicals. Also, the intensive use of heavy machinery damaged topsoil. Furthermore, the cooperatives were infamous for over-employment.
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=== East Germany ===
{{Main|Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaft}}
Collective farms in the [[German Democratic Republic]] were typically called {{lang|de|[[Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaft]]}} (LPG), and corresponded closely to the Soviet kolkhoz. East Germany also had a few state-owned farms which were equivalent to the Soviet {{lang|ru-Latn|sovkhoz}}, which were called the {{lang|de|[[Volkseigenes Gut]]}} (VEG). The structure of farms in what was called [[East Elbia]] until German partition was dominated by [[latifundia]], and thus the [[land reform]] which was justified on [[denazification]] grounds<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hdg.de/lemo/bestand/objekt/plakat-enteignung-volksentscheid.html|title = Gerade auf LeMO gesehen: LeMO Objekt: Plakat Volksentscheid über Enteignungen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hdg.de/lemo/bestand/objekt/plakat-bodenreform.html|title = Gerade auf LeMO gesehen: LeMO Objekt: Plakat Bodenreform}}</ref> and with the aim of destroying the Prussian ''[[Junker]]'' class – which had been hated by the left during the [[Weimar Republic]] and which was blamed for Prussian militarism and the authoritarian tendencies of the [[German Empire]] and later [[Nazi Germany]] – was initially popular with many small farmers and landless peasants. East German President [[Wilhelm Pieck]] coined the slogan {{lang|de|Junkerland in Bauernhand!}} ("Junker land into farmer's hand!") to promote land reform, which was initially pledged to be more moderate than full-scale collectivization. Although the ruling [[Socialist Unity Party of Germany|Socialist Unity Party]] and the [[Soviet Military Administration in Germany]] promised to allow large landowners to keep their land, they were expelled as the LPG were introduced in 1953. After 1959 all farmers were required to surrender independently owned land and join the LPGs.<ref>Naimark, Norman M. (1995). ''The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949''. Cambridge: Belknap Press. pp. 86, 164–166</ref> Similarly to the Soviet Union, ultimately most of the land was transferred into ''de jure'' or ''de facto'' state controlled entities with the former farmers becoming employees – now of the state instead of the erstwhile ''Junker'' class.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/hintergrund-die-bodenreform-von-1945-1214490.html|title = Hintergrund: Die Bodenreform von 1945|newspaper = Faz.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hdg.de/lemo/kapitel/nachkriegsjahre/doppelte-staatsgruendung/anfaenge-der-planwirtschaft.html|title=Gerade auf LeMO gesehen: LeMO Kapitel: Anfänge der Planwirtschaft|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deutschlandfunknova.de/beitrag/ddr-bodenreform-und-gruendung-von-lpg|title = DDR-Geschichte: Bodenreform und Gründung von LPG| date=29 January 2021 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bpb.de/geschichte/zeitgeschichte/deutschlandarchiv/144983/friedrich-ii-friedrich-der-grosse|title = Friedrich II. – Friedrich der Große| date=26 October 2012 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite
=== Poland ===
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=== China ===
{{main|People's commune|Production brigade|Production team (China)}}
During 1954–1955, farmers in many areas began pooling their land, capital resources, and labor into beginning-level agricultural producers' cooperatives (''chuji nongye hezuoshe'').<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=109}} In the complex system of beginning-level agricultural producers' cooperatives, farmers received a share of the harvest based on a combination of how much labor and how much land they contributed to the cooperative.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|pages=109–110}}
Later, the country was hit by massive floods and droughts. This, combined with the usage of severely flawed policies of [[Lysenkoism]] and the [[Four Pests Campaign]], caused "[[The Great Chinese Famine]] of 1959," where nearly 30 million people died of hunger. The party officially blamed floods and droughts for the famine; however, it was clear to the party members at the party meetings that famine was caused mostly by their own policies.<ref>Sue Williams "China: A Century of Revolution. Part 2", 1994</ref> Recent studies also demonstrate that it was career incentives within the politburo system as well as political radicalism that led to the great famine.<ref>Kung, James Kai-Sing, and Shuo Chen. "The tragedy of the nomenklatura: Career incentives and political radicalism during China's Great Leap famine." American Political Science Review 105, no. 1 (2011): 27-45.</ref>▼
By June 1956, over 60% of rural households had been collectivized into higher-level agricultural producers' cooperatives (''gaoji nongye hezuoshe''), a structure that was similar to Soviet collective farmering via ''kolkhozy''.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=110}} In these cooperatives, tens of households pooled land and draft animals.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=110}} Adult members of the cooperative were credited with work points based on how much labor they had provided at which tasks.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=110}} At the end of the year, the collective deducted taxes and fixed-price sales to the state, and the cooperative retained seed for the next year as well as some investment and welfare funds.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=110}} The collective then distributed to the households the remainder of the harvest and some of the money received from sales to the state.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=110}} The distribution was based partly on work points accrued by the adult members of a household, and partly at a standard rate by age and sex.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=110}} These cooperatives also lent small amounts of land back to households individually on which the households could grow crops to consume directly or sell at market.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|pages=110–111}} Apart from the large-scale communization during the Great Leap Forward, higher-level agricultural producers' collective were generally the dominant form of rural collectivization in China.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=111}}
Collectivization of land via the commune system facilitated China's rapid industrialization through the state's control of food production and procurement.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |title=CPC Futures The New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics |date=2022 |publisher=[[National University of Singapore Press]] |isbn=978-981-18-5206-0 |editor-last1=Pieke |editor-first1=Frank N |location=Singapore |pages=55 |doi=10.56159/eai.52060 |oclc=1354535847 |editor-last2=Hofman |editor-first2=Bert |doi-access=free}}</ref> This allowed the state to accelerate the process of capital accumulation, ultimately laying the successful foundation of physical and [[human capital]] for the economic growth of China's [[reform and opening up]].<ref name=":12" />▼
▲During [[The Great Leap Forward]], the [[Mao Zedong]]-led Communist Party rapidly convert the [[Economy of China|Chinese economy]] to a socialist society through rapid industrialization and large scale collectivization.<ref>[https://www.ncas.rutgers.edu/mao-and-great-leap-forwardf] {{Dead link|date=July 2019|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Later, the country was hit by massive floods and droughts. This, combined with the usage of severely flawed policies of [[Lysenkoism]] and the [[Four Pests Campaign]], caused "[[The Great Chinese Famine]] of 1959," where nearly 30 million people died of hunger. The party officially blamed floods and droughts for the famine; however, it was clear to the party members at the party meetings that famine was caused mostly by their own policies.<ref>Sue Williams "China: A Century of Revolution. Part 2", 1994</ref> Recent studies also demonstrate that it was career incentives within the politburo system as well as political radicalism that led to the great famine.<ref>Kung, James Kai-Sing, and Shuo Chen. "The tragedy of the nomenklatura: Career incentives and political radicalism during China's Great Leap famine
After the [[death of Mao Zedong]], [[Deng Xiaoping]] reformed the collective farming method. From this time, nearly all Chinese crops began to blossom, not just grain. The reform included the removal of land from rich land owners for use of agricultural land for peasants, but not ownership. This policy increased production and helped reverse the effects of The Great Leap Forward. The two main reasons why China succeeded was because 1) the government chose to make gradual changes, which kept the monopoly of the [[Chinese Communist Party]] and 2) because the reform process began from the bottom and later expanded to the top. Throughout the reform process, the Communist Party reacted positively to the bottom-up reform initiatives that emerged from the rural population. Deng Xiaoping described the reform process as, "fording the river by feeling for the stones." This statement refers to the Chinese people who called for the reforms they wanted, by "placing the stones at his feet" and he would then just approve the reforms the people wanted. The peasants started their own "household responsibility system" apart from the government. After Chinese trade was privately deemed successful, all Deng had to do was approve its legalization. This increased competition between farmers domestically and internationally, meaning the low wage working class began to be known worldwide, increasing the Chinese FDI.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hoover.org/research/how-china-won-and-russia-lost?_sm_au_=iVVk5Rjq7ZW33QN6|title=How China Won and Russia Lost|website=hoover.org|access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref>▼
▲Collectivization of land via the commune system facilitated China's rapid industrialization through the state's control of food production and procurement.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |title=CPC Futures The New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics |date=2022 |publisher=[[National University of Singapore Press]] |isbn=978-981-18-5206-0 |editor-last1=Pieke |editor-first1=Frank N |location=Singapore |pages=55 |doi=10.56159/eai.52060 |oclc=1354535847 |editor-last2=Hofman |editor-first2=Bert |doi-access=free}}</ref> This allowed the state to accelerate the process of [[capital accumulation]], ultimately laying the successful foundation of physical and [[human capital]] for the economic growth of China's [[reform and opening up]].<ref name=":12" /> During the early and middle 1950s, collectivization was an important factor in the major change in [[History of agriculture in China|Chinese agriculture]] during that period, the dramatic increase in irrigated land.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=111}} For example, collectivization was a factor that contributed to the introduction of [[Double-cropping|double cropping]] in the south, a labor-intensive process which greatly increased agricultural yields.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=116}}
Both land reform movement and collectivization largely left in place the social systems in the [[Ethnic minorities in China|ethnic minority group]] areas of Chinese [[Central Asia]] and [[Zomia]].<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=118}} These areas generally underwent collectivization in the form of agricultural producers' cooperatives during winter of 1957 through 1958, having skipped the small peasant landholder stage that had followed land reform elsewhere in China.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=122}} Central Tibet was under the joint administration of the [[People's Liberation Army]] and the Dalai Lama's theocracy until 1959, and consequently did not experience land reform or collectivization until 1960 in agricultural areas and 1966 in pastoral areas.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=119}}
▲After the [[death of Mao Zedong]], [[Deng Xiaoping]] reformed the collective farming method. From this time, nearly all Chinese crops began to blossom, not just grain. The reform included the removal of land from rich land owners for use of agricultural land for peasants, but not ownership. This policy increased production and helped reverse the effects of The Great Leap Forward. The two main reasons why China succeeded was because 1) the government chose to make gradual changes, which kept the monopoly of the [[Chinese Communist Party]] and 2) because the reform process began from the bottom and later expanded to the top. Throughout the reform process, the Communist Party reacted positively to the bottom-up reform initiatives that emerged from the rural population. Deng Xiaoping described the reform process as
A 2017 study found that Chinese peasants slaughtered massive numbers of draft animals as a response to collectivization, as this would allow them to keep the meat and hide, and not transfer the draft animals to the collectives.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Chen|first1=Shuo|last2=Lan|first2=Xiaohuan|date=2017|title=There Will Be Killing: Collectivization and Death of Draft Animals|journal=American Economic Journal: Applied Economics|language=en|volume=9|issue=4|pages=58–77|doi=10.1257/app.20160247|issn=1945-7782|doi-access=free}}</ref> The study estimates that "the animal loss during the movement was 12 to 15 percent, or 7.4-9.5 million dead. Grain output dropped by 7 percent due to lower animal inputs and lower productivity."<ref name=":0" />
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=== Vietnam ===
{{main|Land reform in Vietnam}}
The [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] implemented collective farming although ''de jure'' private ownership existed. Starting in 1958 collective farming was pushed such that by 1960, 85% of farmers and 70% of farmlands were collectivized including those seized by force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edu.go.vn/pages/hoc-truc-tuyen/ElearningDetail.aspx?docid=3891&sid=0|title=XÂY DỰNG CHỦ NGHĨA XÃ HỘI Ở MIỀN BẮC (Building socialism in the North)|website=go.vn|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604043349/http://edu.go.vn/pages/hoc-truc-tuyen/ElearningDetail.aspx?docid=3891&sid=0|archive-date=4 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Collectivization however was seen by the communist leadership as a half-measure when compared to full state ownership.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/Home/Tieu-diem/2010/1590/Van-de-van-hoa-trong-tu-tuong-Ho-Chi-Minh-ve-phat.aspx|title=Tạp chí Cộng Sản – Vấn đề văn hóa trong tư tưởng Hồ Chí Minh về phát triển đất nước|website=tapchicongsan.org.vn|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-date=3 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503183954/https://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/Home/Tieu-diem/2010/1590/Van-de-van-hoa-trong-tu-tuong-Ho-Chi-Minh-ve-phat.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Following the [[Fall of Saigon]] on 30 April 1975, [[South Vietnam]] briefly came under the authority of a [[Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam|Provisional Revolutionary Government]], a [[puppet state]] under military occupation by [[North Vietnam]], before being officially reunified with the North under Communist rule as the [[Socialist Republic of Vietnam]] on 2 July 1976. Upon taking control, the Vietnamese communists banned other political parties, arrested suspects believed to have collaborated with the United States and embarked on a mass campaign of [[collectivization]] of farms and factories. Private land ownership was "transformed" to subsume under State and collective ownership.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gdla.gov.vn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1686|title=Tổng Cục Quản Lý Đất Đai|website=gdla.gov.vn}}</ref> Reconstruction of the war-ravaged country was slow and serious humanitarian and economic problems confronted the communist regime.
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In an historic shift in 1986, the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] implemented [[free-market]] reforms known as {{lang|vi|[[Doi Moi|Đổi Mới]]}} (''Renovation''). With the authority of the state remaining unchallenged, private enterprise, deregulation and foreign investment were encouraged. Land ownership nonetheless is the sole prerogative of the state. The [[economy of Vietnam]] has achieved rapid growth in agricultural and industrial production, construction and housing, exports and foreign investment. However, the power of the Communist Party of Vietnam over all organs of government remains firm, preventing full land ownership. Conflicts between the state and private farmers over land rights have grown with the potential to spark social and political instability.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2017/06/15/property-disputes-are-vietnams-biggest-political-problem|title=Property disputes are Vietnam's biggest political problem|date=15 June 2017|newspaper=The Economist}}</ref>
Despite the reforms however, over 50% of all farms in Vietnam remain collective cooperatives (over 15,000 farming cooperatives in Vietnam), and almost all farmers being members of some kind of cooperative.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Working with cooperatives in Vietnam – Interview Luc Groot|url=https://www.smallfarmersbigdeal.com/interviews/working-with-cooperatives-in-vietnam/|access-date=2021-03-11|website=Small Farmers Big Deal|archive-date=18 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518200937/https://www.smallfarmersbigdeal.com/interviews/working-with-cooperatives-in-vietnam/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The state also heavily encourages collective cooperative farming over private farming.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/mMubOw5H-yo Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200605193603/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mMubOw5H-yo Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mMubOw5H-yo| title = Is Vietnam socialist? | via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
=== Cuba ===
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{{main|Agriculture in Laos}}
==
=== Europe ===
In the [[European Union]], collective farming is fairly common and [[agricultural
There are also [[intentional communities]] which practice collective agriculture.<ref>[[Longo Mai]]</ref><ref>[[Camphill movement]]</ref> There is a growing number of [[community supported agriculture]] initiatives, some of which operate under consumer/worker governance, that could be considered collective farms.
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=== Canada and United States ===
The [[Anabaptist]] [[Hutterites]] have farmed communally since the 16th century. Most of them now live on the [[Canadian Prairies]] and the northern [[Great Plains]] of the United States, as well as in [[Southern Ontario]] in Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ualberta.ca/~german/PAA/Hutterites.htm|title=The Hutterian
Until recently [[Western Canada]] had a centralised wheat board where farmers were usually obligated to sell their wheat to the province which sold the product at a high collective price. [[Ontario]] currently has a milk board which obliges most milk producers to sell their milk to the province at a regulated quality and price.
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In the 2021 [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]] ''[[Sreekaram]]'', the main protagonist encourages people for a community farming.
The 1929 Soviet film ''[[The General Line]]'' features Martha and a group of peasants organizing a kolkhoz. The film began production as a promotion of the [[Trotskyism|
The 1930 Soviet Ukrainian film [[Earth (1930 film)|''Earth'']] features a peasant encouraging his village in the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] to embrace collectivization, which they do after he is killed by [[kulak]]s.
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* Conquest, Robert, ''[[The Harvest of Sorrow]]: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine'' (1986).
*{{cite book |editor-last=Johansen |editor-first=Bruce E. |title=The Encyclopedia of Native American Economic History |location=Westport, CT |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1999}}
* {{cite book |last1=Mandel |first1=Ernest |title=Trotsky as alternative |date=1995 |publisher=[[Verso Books]] |location=London |isbn=978-1859840856}}
* McHenry, Dean E.
* {{cite book |first=Sara Henry |last=Stites |title=Economics of the Iroquois |location=Lancaster, Pennsylvania |publisher=The New Era Printing Company |year=1905 |url=https://archive.org/details/economicsiroquoi00stitrich}}
* {{cite book |first=Bruce G. |last=Trigger |title=The Huron Farmers of the North |url=https://archive.org/details/huronfarmersofno0000unse |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston |year=1969 |isbn=9780030795503}}
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== External links ==
* [http://www.scottreid.com/stalin.htm Stalin and Collectivization, by Scott J. Reid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123201741/http://www.scottreid.com/stalin.htm |date=23 November 2016 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041020112709/http://www.plp.org/books/Stalin/node67.html "The Collectivization 'Genocide'", in ''Another View of Stalin'', by Ludo Martens]
* [http://www.marxists.org/archive/cliff/works/1964/xx/index.htm Tony Cliff "Marxism and the collectivisation of agriculture"]
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[[Category:Agrarian politics]]
[[Category:Collectivism|Farming]]
[[bg:Трудово кооперативно земеделско стопанство]]
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