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== Pre-20th century history ==
{{main|Communal land|Property|Commons}}
A small group of farming or herding families living together on a jointly managed piece of land is one of the most common living arrangements in all of human history, having co-existed and competed with more individualistic forms of ownership (as well as organized state ownership) since the beginnings of agriculture.
 
Private ownership came to predominate in much of the Western world and is therefore better studied. The process by which Western Europe's communal land and other property became private is a fundamental question behind views of property. [[Karl Marx]] believed that the system he called [[primitive communism]] (joint ownership) was unjustly ended by exploitative means he called [[primitive accumulation]]. By contrast, capitalist thinkers posit that by the [[homestead principle]] whoever is first to work on the land is the rightful owner.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}
 
=== Case studies ===
==== Mexico ====
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{{main|Collectivization in the Soviet Union|Collectivization in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic}}
[[File:Famine en URSS 1933.jpg|thumb|right|[[Soviet famine of 1932–33]]. Areas of most disastrous famine marked with black.]]
[[Leon Trotsky]] and the Opposition bloc had originally advocated a programme of industrialization which also proposed [[agricultural cooperatives]] and the formation of collective farms on a [[volunteering|voluntary]] basis.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kemp |first1=Tom |title=Industrialisation in the Non-Western World |date=14 January 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-90133-4 |pages=1–150 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjWtAgAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+progressive+tax+left+opposition&pg=PT67 |language=en}}</ref> According to [[Sheila Fitzpatrick]], the scholarly consensus was that Stalin appropriated the position of the Left Opposition on such matters as [[industrialisation]] and [[collectivisation]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Sheila |author-link=Sheila Fitzpatrick |title=The Old Man |journal=London Review of Books |date=22 April 2010 |volume=32 |issue=8 |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v32/n08/sheila-fitzpatrick/the-old-man |language=en |issn=0260-9592}}</ref> Other scholars have argued the economic programme of Trotsky differed from the forced [[Stalinism|policy of collectivisation]] implemented by Stalin after 1928 due to the levels of brutality associated with its enforcement.{{sfn|Mandel|1995|p=59}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Daniels |first1=Robert V. |title=The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia |date=1 October 2008 |publisher=Yale University Press |page=195 |isbn=978-0-300-13493-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=27JGzAoMLjoC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rubenstein |first1=Joshua |title=Leon Trotsky : a revolutionary's life |date=2011 |publisher=New Haven : Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-13724-8 |page=161 |url=https://archive.org/details/leontrotskyrevol0000rube/page/160/mode/2up?q=forced+collectivization}}</ref>▼
[[File:Trotskyist Left Opposition-1927.jpg|left|thumb|Trotsky and Left Opposition supported an alternative programme to Stalin which proposed a [[progressive taxation|voluntary tax-based approach]] to collectivization.]]
▲[[Leon Trotsky]] and the Opposition bloc had originally advocated a programme of industrialization which also proposed [[agricultural cooperatives]] and the formation of collective farms on a [[volunteering|voluntary]] basis.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kemp |first1=Tom |title=Industrialisation in the Non-Western World |date=14 January 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-90133-4 |pages=1–150 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjWtAgAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+progressive+tax+left+opposition&pg=PT67 |language=en}}</ref> According to Fitzpatrick, the scholarly consensus was that Stalin appropriated the position of the Left Opposition on such matters as [[industrialisation]] and [[collectivisation]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Sheila |title=The Old Man |journal=London Review of Books |date=22 April 2010 |volume=32 |issue=8 |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v32/n08/sheila-fitzpatrick/the-old-man |language=en |issn=0260-9592}}</ref> Other scholars have argued the economic programme of Trotsky differed from the forced [[Stalinism|policy of collectivisation]] implemented by Stalin after 1928 due to the levels of brutality associated with its enforcement.{{sfn|Mandel|1995|p=59}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Daniels |first1=Robert V. |title=The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia |date=1 October 2008 |publisher=Yale University Press |page=195 |isbn=978-0-300-13493-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=27JGzAoMLjoC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rubenstein |first1=Joshua |title=Leon Trotsky : a revolutionary's life |date=2011 |publisher=New Haven : Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-13724-8 |page=161 |url=https://archive.org/details/leontrotskyrevol0000rube/page/160/mode/2up?q=forced+collectivization}}</ref>
 
As part of the [[first five-year plan]], forced collectivization was introduced in the [[Soviet Union]] by [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|general secretary]] [[Joseph Stalin]] in the late 1920s as a way, according to the policies of socialist leaders, to boost agricultural production through the organization of land and labor into large-scale collective farms ([[kolkhoz]]y). At the same time, Joseph Stalin argued that collectivization would free poor peasants from economic servitude under the ''[[kulak]]s'' (farmland owners).
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=== China ===
{{main|People's commune|Production brigade|Production team (China)}}
At the end of the [[Land Reform Movement (China)|Land Reform movement]], individual families in China owned the land they farmed, paid taxes as households, and sold grain at prices set by the state.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Harrell |first=Stevan |title=An Ecological History of Modern China |date=2023 |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |isbn=978-0-295-75171-9 |location=Seattle}}</ref>{{Rp|page=109}} the [[People's Republic of China]] experienced an era of collectivization. Rural collectivization began soon after the CCP announced its 1953 "general line for the transition to socialism".<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Lin |first=Chun |url= |title=The Transformation of Chinese Socialism |date=2006 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8223-3785-0 |location=Durham [N.C.] |pages=78–79 |oclc=63178961}}</ref> Over the next six years, collectivization took several incrementally progressing forms: mutual aid groups, primitive cooperatives, and people's communes.<ref name=":1" /> As London School of Economics and Political Science Professor Lin Chun notes, researchers agree that communization proceeded on a largely voluntary basis that avoided both the violence and sabotage that occurred during the Soviet collectivization.<ref name=":1" /> Like Professor [[Barry Naughton]], she observes that China's collectivization proceeded smoothly in part because, unlike the Soviet experience, a network of state institutions already existed in the countryside.<ref name=":1" /> Similarly, Professor Edward Friedman describes China's collectivization process as a "miracle of miracles".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/956466048 |title=The transition to socialism in China |date=1982 |publisher=Routledge |others=Mark Selden, Victor D. Lippit, Association for Asian Studies. Meeting |isbn=978-1-315-62791-5 |location=Abingdon, Oxon |pages=205 |oclc=956466048}}</ref>
 
During 1954–1955, farmers in many areas began pooling their land, capital resources, and labor into beginning-level agricultural producers' cooperatives (''chuji nongye hezuoshe'').<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=109}} In the complex system of beginning-level agricultural producers' cooperatives, farmers received a share of the harvest based on a combination of how much labor and how much land they contributed to the cooperative.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|pages=109–110}}
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In the 2021 [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]] ''[[Sreekaram]]'', the main protagonist encourages people for a community farming.
 
The 1929 Soviet film ''[[The General Line]]'' features Martha and a group of peasants organizing a kolkhoz. The film began production as a promotion of the [[Trotskyism|TrotskyiteTrotskyist]] [[Left Opposition]] viewpoint on collectivization. After the [[rise of Joseph Stalin]] and expulsion of his rival [[Leon Trotsky]], it was heavily re-edited into the pro-[[Stalinism|Stalinist]] film ''The Old and the New''.
 
The 1930 Soviet Ukrainian film [[Earth (1930 film)|''Earth'']] features a peasant encouraging his village in the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] to embrace collectivization, which they do after he is killed by [[kulak]]s.
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