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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox Olympic games|1896|Summer|Olympics|
| image_size=
| image =
| caption = Cover of the official report for the 1896 Summer Olympics
| host_city = [[Athens]], Greece
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| athletes = 241 (all men){{ref label|athletes|note2|none}}
| events = 43 in 9 [[Olympic sports|sports]] (10 disciplines)
| opening = [[Gregorian Calendar]]: 6 April 1896<br/>[[Julian Calendar]]: 24 March 1896
| closing = [[Gregorian Calendar]]: 15 April 1896<br/>[[Julian Calendar]]: 2 April 1896
| opened_by = [[List of kings of Greece|King]] [[George I of Greece|George I]]<ref>{{cite press release |title=Factsheet – Opening Ceremony of the Games of the Olympiad|url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/Opening_ceremony_of_the_Games_of_the_Olympiad.pdf|url-status=live |publisher=International Olympic Committee|date=September 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814215458/https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/Opening_ceremony_of_the_Games_of_the_Olympiad.pdf |archive-date=14 August 2016|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref>
| stadium = [[Panathenaic Stadium]]
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}}
The '''1896 Summer Olympics''' ({{lang-el|Θερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 1896|Therinoí Olympiakoí Agónes 1896}}), officially known as the '''Games of the I Olympiad''' ({{lang-el|Αγώνες της 1ης Ολυμπιάδας|Agónes tis 1is Olympiádas}}) and commonly known as '''Athens 1896''' ({{lang-el|Αθήνα 1896}}), were the first international [[Olympic Games]] held in [[modern history]]. Organised by the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC), which had been created by French aristocrat [[Pierre de Coubertin]], the event was held in [[Athens]], Greece, from 6 to 15 April 1896.
Fourteen nations (according to the IOC, though the number is subject to interpretation) and 241 athletes (all males; this number is also disputed) took part in the games.<ref name="IOC1896">{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/athens-1896 |title=Athens 1896 Summer Olympics|publisher=International Olympic Committee |access-date=6 April 2021}}</ref>
Athens had been unanimously chosen to stage the inaugural modern Games during a congress organised by Coubertin in [[Paris]] on 23 June 1894
The 1896 Olympics were regarded as a great success. The Games had the largest international participation of any sporting event to that date. The Panathenaic Stadium overflowed with the largest crowd ever to watch a sporting event.<ref name="Young">{{Cite book | first=David C. | last=Young | title=The Modern Olympics: A Struggle for Revival | year=1996 | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | isbn=0-8018-7207-3 | location= Baltimore}}</ref>{{rp|153}} After the Games, Coubertin and the IOC were petitioned by several prominent figures, including Greece's [[George I of Greece|King George]] and some of the American competitors in Athens, to hold all the following Games in Athens. However, the [[1900 Summer Olympics]] were already planned for Paris, and, with the exception of the [[1906 Intercalated Games|Intercalated Games of 1906]], the Olympics did not return to Greece until the [[2004 Summer Olympics]], 108 years later.
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== Reviving the Games ==
During the 19th century, several small-scale sports festivals across Europe were named after the [[Ancient Olympic Games]]. The 1870 [[Zappas Olympics|Olympics]] at the Panathenaic stadium, which had been refurbished for the occasion, had an audience of 30,000 people.{{r|Young|pp=43-44}} [[Pierre de Coubertin]], a French [[Pedagogy|pedagogue]] and historian, adopted [[William Penny Brookes]]' idea to establish a multi-national and [[multi-sport event]]—the ancient games only allowed male athletes of Greek origin to participate.<ref>Bijkerk (2004), 457</ref><ref>Toohey (2007), 20</ref> In 1890, Coubertin wrote an article in ''La Revue
{{blockquote|quote=With deep feeling towards Baron de Coubertin's courteous petition, I send him and the members of the Congress, with my sincere thanks, my best wishes for the revival of the Olympic Games.|source=[[George I of Greece|King George]] of Greece (21 June 1894).{{r|Young|p=102}}}}
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[[File:Demetrius Vikelas.jpg|thumb|left|[[Demetrius Vikelas]], the first president of the International Olympic Committee, was credited with the successful organisation of the 1896 Games]]
With the prospect of reviving the Olympic games very much in doubt, Coubertin and Vikelas commenced a campaign to keep the Olympic movement alive. Their efforts culminated on 7 January 1895 when Vikelas announced that crown prince Constantine would assume the presidency of the organising committee. His first responsibility was to raise the funds necessary to host the Games. He relied on the patriotism of the Greek people to motivate them to provide the required finances.{{r|Young|p=118}}<ref>According to Young (2004), 153, "Vikelas and the other Greeks did most of the work. Coubertin did very little."</ref> Constantine's enthusiasm sparked a wave of contributions from the Greek public. This grassroots effort raised 330,000 drachmas. A special set of postage stamps
Some of the athletes would take part in the Games because they happened to be in Athens at the time the Games were held, either on holiday or for work (e.g., some of the British competitors worked for the British [[diplomatic mission|embassy]]). A designated [[Olympic Village]] for the athletes did not appear until the [[1932 Summer Olympics]]. Consequently, the athletes had to provide their own lodging.
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[[File:Panathinaiko Stadium panorama.jpg|thumb|Panorama of the [[Panathenaic Stadium]]]]
Seven venues were used for the 1896 Summer Olympics. [[Panathenaic Stadium]] was the main venue, hosting four of the nine sports contested. The
The Bay of Zea is a [[seaport]] and [[marina]] in the Athens area;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zea marina|url=http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/maps/GRC_Zea_marina_4635.php|access-date=2023-02-09|website=World Port Source|archive-date=10 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110014306/http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/maps/GRC_Zea_marina_4635.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> it was used as the swimming venue because the organizers of the Games wanted to avoid spending money on constructing a special purpose swimming venue.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement|editor=John E. Findling, Kimberly D. Pelle|last=Lennartz|first=Karl|author2=Wassong, Stephen |year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|chapter=Athens 1896|isbn=0-313-32278-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmXi_-Jujj0C&q=1896+games,+cycling |oclc=52418065}}. p. 23.</ref>
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# {{flagIOC|AUS|1896 Summer|1}} – [[Federation of Australia|Prior to 1901]] Australia was not a unified nation but six separately administered British colonies, but the results of [[Edwin Flack]] are typically given with him listed as Australian. This is a modern convention, because the [[Australian Olympic Committee]] was only founded in 1920. The concept of "national teams" chosen by [[National Olympic Committee]]s did not exist at this point in time.
# {{flagIOC|AUT|1896 Summer|3}}
# {{flagIOC|BUL|1896 Summer|1}} – The [[Bulgarian Olympic Committee]] claims that gymnast [[Charles Champaud]] was competing as a Bulgarian.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgolympic.org/fce/index.shtml?s=001&p=0039&n=000001 |title=Athens 1896 |publisher=[[Bulgarian Olympic Committee]] |access-date=7 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312003309/http://www.bgolympic.org/fce/index.shtml?s=001&p=0039&n=000001 |archive-date=2007-03-12}}</ref> Champaud was a Swiss national living in Bulgaria. Mallon and de Wael both list Champaud as Swiss.<ref>De Wael, KONRAD [http://users.skynet.be/hermandw/olymp/gym1896.html Gymnastics 1896]</ref> Olympedia listed him as a member of the Bulgarian team of Swiss nationality.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.olympedia.org/athletes/31002 |title=Charles Champaud|publisher=Olympedia.org |access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref>
# {{flagIOC|CHI|1896 Summer|1}} – The Chilean Olympic Committee claims to have had one athlete, [[Luis Subercaseaux]], compete in the 100, 400, and 800-meter races in the athletics programme.{{r|LUN}}<ref>Guttmann (1994), 128; {{cite web|url=http://www.coch.cl/museo.htm |title=La Presencia de Chile en los Juegos Olimpicos |access-date=2006-12-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080702073204/http://www.coch.cl/museo.htm |archive-date= 2 July 2008 }}, Olympic Committee of Chile; McGehee (2000), 107</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aboutolympics.co.uk/athens-olympics.html |title=1896 Athens Olympics |access-date=21 February 2011 |author=AboutOlympics |quote=Fourteen nations were represented – Australia, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Chile, Denmark, Egypt, USA, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Italy, Sweden and Switzerland |archive-date=28 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128194808/http://www.aboutolympics.co.uk/athens-olympics.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first1=Bill | last1=Mallon | first2=Ture | last2=Widlund | title=The 1896 Olympic Games. Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary | page=39 | year=1988 | publisher=McFarland | location=Jefferson | isbn=0-7864-0379-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/resultsofearlymo00mall | access-date=21 February 2011 | quote=Across the field, in answer to the Herald's trumpet, come two Hungarians, a Chilian, a Frenchman, a German, an Englishman and an American, to run the 100-meters race | df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://olympic-museum.de/part_count/1896.htm | title=Participating Countries – Olympic Games Athens 1896 | access-date=22 May 2011 | author=Olympic Games Museum | year=2011 | publisher=olympic-museum.de | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127142910/http://olympic-museum.de/part_count/1896.htm | archive-date=2011-11-27}}</ref> If so, he was 13 years old at the Olympics. No further details are given, and no mention is made of Subercaseaux in de Wael, or the Official Report. Olympedia claims that he was entered to compete in the 100m, 400m and 800m events but did not start.{{r|Subercaseaux}}
# {{flagIOC|DEN|1896 Summer|3}}
# {{flagIOC|FRA|1896 Summer|12}}
# {{flagIOC|GER|1896 Summer|19}}
# {{flagIOC|GBR|1896 Summer|10}}
# {{flagIOC|GRE|1896 Summer|169}} – Greek results typically include the results of competitors from Cyprus, [[Smyrna]] and Egypt.<ref>Gillmeister (1998), 364</ref> Some sources give Cypriot results separately, though most count [[Anastasios Andreou]], a Greek-Cypriot and the only athlete from Cyprus, as Greek (Cyprus was a protectorate of the United Kingdom at the time). Kasdaglis, an athlete of Greek origins living in [[Alexandria]], Egypt, is listed by the IOC as Greek during both his competition in the [[Tennis at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|singles tennis]] competition and the [[Tennis at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|doubles tennis]] competition along with his teammate, the Greek athlete [[Demetrios Petrokokkinos]].<ref name="IOCTennisDoubles">{{Cite web|title=Athens 1896 Tennis Doubles Men Results|url=https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/athens-1896/results/tennis/doubles-men|access-date=2021-09-02|website=Olympics.com|language=en}}</ref>
# {{flagIOC|HUN|1896 Summer|7}}
# {{flagIOC|ITA|1896 Summer|1}} – The most prominent Italian involved with the games, [[Carlo Airoldi]], was deemed a professional and excluded from competition. However, the shooter [[Giuseppe Rivabella]] was also Italian and did compete.<ref>De Wael, [http://users.skynet.be/hermandw/olymp/sho1896.html Shooting 1896] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422194906/http://users.skynet.be/hermandw/olymp/sho1896.html |date=22 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ri/giuseppe-rivabella-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418014440/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ri/giuseppe-rivabella-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Giuseppe Rivabella |access-date=24 February 2009 |work=Sports-Reference}}</ref>
# {{flagIOC|SWE|1896 Summer|1}}
# {{flagIOC|SUI|1896 Summer|3}}
# {{flagIOC|USA|1896 Summer|14}}
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