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{{Short description|British American colonies
{{redirect|Anglia Nova|the medieval Black Sea colony|Nova Anglia}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = New England Colonies
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| date_end =
| year_end = 1776
| event1 = [[Mayflower#
| date_event1 = 1620
| event2 = Founding of [[Boston]]
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| event5 = [[Dominion of New England]]
| date_event5 = 1686-1689
| event6 = [[
| date_event6 = 1776
| event_pre = [[Popham Colony]]
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| footnote_a =
}}
The '''New England Colonies''' of [[British America]] included [[Connecticut Colony]], the [[Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]], [[Plymouth Colony]], and the [[Province of New Hampshire]], as well as a few smaller short-lived colonies. The New England colonies were part of the [[Thirteen Colonies]] and eventually became five of the six states in [[New England]], with Plymouth Colony absorbed into Massachusetts and [[Maine]] separating from it.<ref>Gipson</ref>
In 1616, [[John Smith (explorer)|Captain John Smith]] ==Arriving in America==
[[Image:Wpdms king james grants.png|
England, France, and the Netherlands made several attempts to colonize New England early in the 17th century, and those nations were often in contention over lands in the New World. French nobleman [[Pierre Dugua Sieur de Monts]] established a settlement on [[Saint Croix Island, Maine]] in June 1604 under the authority of the King of France. Nearly half the settlers perished due to the harsh winter and [[scurvy]], and the survivors moved north out of New England to [[Port
[[King James VI and I|King James I of England]] recognized the need for a permanent settlement in New England, and he granted competing royal charters to the [[Plymouth Company]] and the [[London Company]]. The Plymouth Company ships arrived at the
Colony leader Captain [[George Popham]] died, and
Conflict over land rights continued through the early 17th century, with the French constructing [[Fort Pentagouet]] near Castine, Maine in 1613. The fort protected a trading post and a fishing station and was the first longer-term settlement in New England. It changed hands multiple times throughout the 17th century among the English, French, and Dutch colonists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.champlain2004.org/html/06/0603_e.html|title=New France Forts|publisher= New France New Horizons|access-date=2009-01-10}}</ref>
In 1614, Dutch explorer [[Adriaen Block]] traveled along the coast of Long Island Sound and then up the [[Connecticut River]] as far as [[Hartford, Connecticut]]. By 1623, the [[Dutch West India Company]] regularly traded for furs there, and they eventually fortified it for protection from the [[Pequot]] Indians and named the site "House of Hope" (also identified as "[[Fort Hoop]]," "Good Hope," and "Hope").<ref>New York Historical Society, p. 260</ref>
==Establishing the New England Colonies==
A group of Puritans commonly called [[Pilgrim (Plymouth Colony)|the Pilgrims]] arrived on the ''[[Mayflower]]'' from England and the Netherlands to establish [[Plymouth Colony]] in Massachusetts, the second successful English colony in America following [[Jamestown, Virginia]]. About half of the 102 passengers on the ''Mayflower'' died that first winter, mostly because of diseases contracted on the voyage followed by a harsh winter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.histarch.uiuc.edu/plymouth/Maysource.html
|title=Passengers on the Mayflower: Ages & Occupations, Origins & Connections
|last=Deetz
|first=Patricia Scot
|work=The Plymouth Colony Archive Project
|author2=James F. Deetz
|access-date=2008-11-10}}</ref> In 1621, an Indian named [[Squanto]] taught the colonists how to grow corn and where to catch eels and fish. His assistance was invaluable and helped them to survive the early years of colonization. The Pilgrims lived on the same site where Squanto's [[Wampanoag people|Patuxet]] tribe had established a village before they were wiped out from diseases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nativeamericans.com/Squanto.htm |last=NativeAmericans.com |title=Squanto (The History of Tisquantum) |access-date=September 20, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605025252/http://www.nativeamericans.com/Squanto.htm |archive-date=June 5, 2007 }}</ref>
The Plymouth settlement faced great hardships and earned few profits, but it enjoyed a positive reputation in England and may have sown the seeds for further immigration. [[Edward Winslow]] and [[William Bradford (Plymouth governor)|William Bradford]] published an account of their experiences called [[Mourt's Relation]] (1622).<ref>{{cite book | last = Bradford| first = William | title = Mourt's Relation, or Journal of the Plantation at Plymouth | publisher = J. K. Wiggin | location = Boston | year = 1865 | url = https://archive.org/details/mourtsrelationo00dextgoog | access-date = 2008-12-23}}</ref> This book was only a small glimpse of the hardships and dangers encountered by the Pilgrims, but it encouraged other Puritans to immigrate during the [[Puritan migration to New England (1620–40)|Great Migration]] between 1620 and 1640.
[[Image:Masscolony.png|thumb|right|Major boundaries of Massachusetts Bay and neighboring colonial claims in the 17th and 18th centuries; modern state boundaries are partially overlaid for context]]
The Puritans in England first sent smaller groups in the mid-1620s to establish colonies, buildings, and food supplies, learning from the Pilgrims' harsh experiences of winter in the Plymouth Colony. In 1623, the [[Plymouth Council for New England]] (successor to the Plymouth Company) established a small fishing village at [[Cape Ann]] under the supervision of the [[Dorchester Company]]. The first group of Puritans moved to a new town at nearby [[Naumkeag]] after the Dorchester Company dropped support, and fresh financial support was found by Rev. John White. Other settlements were started in nearby areas; however, the overall Puritan population remained small through the 1620s.<ref>{{cite book | last = Young | first = Alexander | title = Chronicles of the First Planters of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, 1623-1636 | publisher = C. C. Little and J. Brown | location = Boston | year = 1846 | page = [https://archive.org/details/chroniclesfirst01youngoog/page/n36 26] | url = https://archive.org/details/chroniclesfirst01youngoog | access-date = 2008-12-23}}</ref>
A larger group of Puritans arrived in 1630, leaving England because they desired to worship in a manner that differed from the Church of England. Their views were in accord with those of the Pilgrims who arrived on the ''Mayflower'', except that the ''Mayflower'' Pilgrims felt that they needed to separate themselves from the Church of England, whereas the later Puritans were content to remain under the umbrella of the Church. The separate colonies were governed independently of one another until 1691, when Plymouth Colony was absorbed into the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] to form the [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]].
===Spreading out===
The Puritans also established the American public school system for the express purpose of ensuring that future generations would be able to read the Bible for themselves, which was a central tenet of Puritan worship.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel01-2.html
|title=America as a Religious Refuge: The Seventeenth Century
|last=The Library of Congress Web Site
|website=[[Library of Congress]]
|date=4 June 1998
|access-date=2008-11-11
}}</ref> However, dissenters of the Puritan laws were often banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. [[John Wheelwright]] left with his followers to establish a colony in New Hampshire and then went on to Maine.
It was the dead of winter in January 1636 when [[Roger Williams]] was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony because of theological differences. One source of contention was his view that government and religion should be separate; he also believed that the colonies should purchase land at fair prices from the [[Wampanoag people|Wampanoag]] and [[Narragansett (tribe)|Narragansett]] tribes. Massachusetts officials intended to forcibly deport him back to England, but he escaped and walked through deep snow from [[Salem, Massachusetts]] to [[Raynham, Massachusetts]], a distance of 55 miles. The Indian tribes helped him to survive and sold him land for a new colony which he named [[Providence Plantations]] in recognition of the intervention of Divine Providence in establishing the new colony. It was unique in its day in expressly providing for religious freedom and separation of church from state. Other dissenters established two settlements on Rhode Island (now called [[Aquidneck Island]]) and another settlement in [[Warwick, Rhode Island|Warwick]]; these four settlements eventually united to form the [[Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rogerwilliams.org/biography.htm
|title=Biography of Roger Williams
|last=Roger Williams
|first=Family Association
|access-date=2009-02-07
}}</ref>
[[Image:Ctcolony.png|thumb|right|Map of the Connecticut, New Haven, and Saybrook colonies]]
[[Thomas Hooker]] left Massachusetts in 1636 with 100 followers and founded a settlement just north of the Dutch [[Fort Hoop]] which grew into [[Connecticut Colony]]. The community was first named Newtown then renamed [[Hartford]] to honor the English town of [[Hertford]]. One of the reasons why Hooker left Massachusetts Bay was that only members of the church could vote and participate in the government, which he believed should include any adult male owning property. He obtained a royal charter and established [[Fundamental Orders]], considered to be one of the first constitutions in America. Other colonies later merged into the royal charter for the Connecticut Colony, including [[New Haven Colony]] and [[Saybrook Colony]].
==Commerce==
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==Indian slavery in the New England Colonies==
[[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|American Indians]] who were captured during various conflicts in New England
[[Plymouth Colony]] ranger [[Benjamin Church (ranger)|Benjamin Church]] spoke out against the practice of enslaving Indians in the summer of 1675, describing the practice as "an action so hateful... that [I] opposed it to the loss of the goodwill and respect of some that before were good friends." However, Church was not opposed to [[Slavery in the colonial history of the United States|black slavery]], owning black slaves like many of his fellow colonists.<ref>Nathaniel Philbrick. ''Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community and War'' (Viking 2006) pp 253, 345</ref> During King Philip's War, some captured Indians were enslaved and transported aboard New England merchant ships to the [[West Indies]], where they were sold to European planters. Various colonial councils decreed that "no male captive above the age of fourteen years should reside in the colony."<ref>Nathaniel Philbrick. ''Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community and War'' (Viking 2006) p. 345</ref> Margret Ellen Newell estimates that hundreds of Indians were enslaved during the colonial conflicts,<ref>{{cite book |last=Newell |first=Margret Ellen |date=2015 |title=Brethren by Nature: New England Indians, Colonists, and the Origins of American Slavery |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/57597 |location=Ithaca, New York |publisher=Cornell University Press |page=7|isbn=978-0-8014-5648-0 }}</ref> while Nathaniel Philbrick estimates that at least 1,000 New England Indians were sold into slavery during King Philip's War, with more than half coming from Plymouth.<ref>Nathaniel Philbrick. ''Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community and War'' (Viking 2006) p. 332</ref>
==Education==
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* {{cite book|last=Gipson|first= Lawrence|title= The British Empire Before the American Revolution (15 volumes) (1936-1970)|publisher=Knopf}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJtSAAAAcAAJ|title=Collections of the New York Historical Society|year=1841|publisher=H. Ludwig|location = New York}}
* {{cite journal|last=Smith|first= John
{{Thirteen Colonies}}
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