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{{Short description|Method of determining when the economy has entered a recession}}
[[File:Sahm rule.webp|thumb|Sahm rule 1949-
In macroeconomics, the '''Sahm rule''', or '''Sahm rule recession indicator''', is a [[heuristic]] measure by the United States' [[Federal Reserve]] for determining when an economy has entered a [[recession]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-10-04 |title='Sahm Rule' enters Fed lexicon as fast, real-time recession flag |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-fed-sahm-idUSKBN1WJ12J |access-date=2023-01-12}}</ref> It is useful in real-time evaluation of the [[business cycle]] and relies on monthly unemployment data from the [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] (BLS). It is named after economist [[Claudia Sahm]], formerly of the Federal Reserve and [[Council of Economic Advisers|Council of Economic Advisors]].
The Sahm rule states:<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dr. Sahm|first=Claudia|date=2022-12-30|title=The Sahm rule: I created a monster.|url=https://stayathomemacro.substack.com/p/the-sahm-rule-i-created-a-monster|access-date=2024-07-31|website=Substack|language=en-US}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=When the three-month moving average of the national unemployment rate is 0.5 percentage point or more above its low over the prior twelve months, we are in the early months of recession.}}
The Sahm rule originates from a chapter in the [[Brookings Institution]]'s report on the use of fiscal policy to stabilize the economy during recessions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shambaugh|first=Heather Boushey, Ryan Nunn, and Jay|date=2019-05-16|title=Recession ready: Fiscal policies to stabilize the American economy|url=https://www.brookings.edu/multi-chapter-report/recession-ready-fiscal-policies-to-stabilize-the-american-economy/|access-date=2020-12-20|website=Brookings|language=en-US}}</ref> The chapter, written by Sahm, proposes fiscal policy to automatically send stabilizing payments to citizens to boost economic well-being. Instead of relying on human intuition to determine when such payments should be sent, Sahm outlines a condition to trigger the payments.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Sahm|first=Claudia|date=2019-05-16|title=Direct stimulus payments to individuals|url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/direct-stimulus-payments-to-individuals/|access-date=2020-12-20|website=Brookings|language=en-US}}</ref> The trigger suggested indicates an economy beginning a recession and is now known as the ''Sahm rule''. The Sahm rule recession indicator was also featured early in a Goldman Sachs U.S. economic research report by economist [[William C. Dudley]] with a recommended trigger of 0.33%<ref>{{Cite web|last=van Vuuren|first=Dwaine|date=2024-01-01|title=The Sahm Rule Redux|url=https://recessionalert.com/sahm-rule-redux/|access-date=2024-07-31|website=RecessionALERT|language=en-US}}</ref> (the nowadays more commonly used rule triggers a recession signal when the Sahm metric is crossing above 0.5%).▼
==
▲The Sahm rule originates from a chapter in the [[Brookings Institution]]'s report on the use of fiscal policy to stabilize the economy during recessions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shambaugh|first=Heather Boushey, Ryan Nunn, and Jay|date=2019-05-16|title=Recession ready: Fiscal policies to stabilize the American economy|url=https://www.brookings.edu/multi-chapter-report/recession-ready-fiscal-policies-to-stabilize-the-american-economy/|access-date=2020-12-20|website=Brookings|language=en-US}}</ref> The chapter, written by Sahm, proposes fiscal policy to automatically send stabilizing payments to citizens to boost economic well-being.
Instead of relying on human intuition to determine when such payments should be sent, Sahm outlines a method-based case to trigger the payments.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Sahm|first=Claudia|date=2019-05-16|title=Direct stimulus payments to individuals|url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/direct-stimulus-payments-to-individuals/|access-date=2020-12-20|website=Brookings|language=en-US}}</ref> The trigger suggested indicates an economy beginning a recession and is now known as the ''Sahm rule''. Different thresholds have been used for similar purposes—for example [[William C. Dudley]] wrote in 2000 an increase in the unemployment of over one-third of a percent would predict a recession—but Sahm has written that her rule (and its accompanying threshold) is specifically suited as an indicator of the early stages of a recession for the purposes of a fiscal policy response.<ref name="u905">{{cite web | last=Sahm | first=Claudia | title=No, you didn't invent the Sahm rule and that's ok, we need more tools! | website=Substack | date=2024-03-29 | url=https://stayathomemacro.substack.com/p/no-you-didnt-invent-the-sahm-rule?utm_source=profile&utm_medium=reader2 | access-date=2024-09-10}}</ref>
Sahm cautioned: {{blockquote|"The Sahm rule is an empirical regularity. It’s not a proposition; it’s not a law of nature."
}}
And further explained: {{blockquote|"I created the Sahm rule to send out stimulus checks automatically. The idea was to act fast to make the recession less severe and help families. The star was always the stimulus check, not the indicator that other people named after me.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dr. Sahm|first=Claudia|date=2022-12-30|title=The Sahm rule: I created a monster.|url=https://stayathomemacro.substack.com/p/the-sahm-rule-i-created-a-monster|access-date=2024-07-31|website=Substack|language=en-US}}</ref>"
}}
=== Implementation ===
The Sahm rule was published by The [[Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis|St. Louis Federal Reserve]] bank's [[Federal Reserve Economic Data]] (FRED) system in October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-16|title=FRED Adds Sahm Rule Recession Indicators {{!}} St. Louis Fed|url=https://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/research-news/fred-adds-sahm-rule-recession-indicators|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016192630/https://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/research-news/fred-adds-sahm-rule-recession-indicators|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-10-16|access-date=2020-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=FRED Adds Sahm Rule Recession Indicators {{!}} St. Louis Fed Economic Research|date=2 October 2019 |url=https://news.research.stlouisfed.org/2019/10/fred-adds-sahm-rule-recession-indicators/|access-date=2020-12-21|language=en-US}}</ref> It is retroactively calculated to evaluate performance from past recessions. The recession rule is defined as:
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The rule only relies on a single data series, national unemployment, which is published monthly by the [[Bureau of Labor Statistics|BLS]]. This differentiates the index from other recession indicators based on statistical models, which may rely on dozens of inputs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Berge|first=Travis J.|date=2015-05-13|title=Predicting Recessions with Leading Indicators: Model Averaging and Selection over the Business Cycle|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/for.2345|journal=Journal of Forecasting|volume=34|issue=6|pages=455–471|doi=10.1002/for.2345|issn=0277-6693|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Further, unemployment can be more easily understood than complex financial series.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Schneider|first=Howard|date=2019-10-04|title='Sahm Rule' enters Fed lexicon as fast, real-time recession flag|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-fed-sahm-idUSKBN1WJ12J|access-date=2020-12-20}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The Sahm Rule With The Eponymous Economist : The Indicator from Planet Money|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/11/26/783120728/the-sahm-rule-with-the-eponymous-economist|access-date=2020-12-21|website=NPR.org|language=en}}</ref>
== Historical accuracy ==
The Sahm rule is a robust tool that has been very accurate in identifying a downturn in the [[business cycle]] and almost always doesn't trigger outside of a recession. The simplicity of the calculation contributes to its reliability. The Sahm rule signals the early stages (onset) of a recession and generated only two false positive recession alerts since the year 1959 (there have been 11 recessions since 1950); in both instances — in 1959 and 1969 — it was just a little untimely, with the recession warning appearing a few months before a slide in the U.S. economy began.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-08-02|title=U.S. employers likely added 175,000 jobs in July as labor market cools gradually|url=https://apnews.com/article/economy-jobs-unemployment-federal-reserve-inflation-22095766804d9c1532b4fcc29565be49|access-date=2024-08-02|website=AP - The Associated Press, Washington|language=en}}</ref> In the case of the false positive warning related to the year 1959 it was followed by an actual recession six months later. The Sahm rule typically signals a recession before [[GDP]] data makes it clear.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-01|title=Sahm Rule Recession Indicator|url=https://www.currentmarketvaluation.com/models/sahm-rule.php|website=Current Market Valuation (CMV) by Gramalam, LLC|language=en-US}}</ref>
The Sahm rule is designed to indicate that the U.S. economy is in the early months of a recession, rather than forecasting future recessions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sahm|first=Claudia|date=2024-03-29|title=No, you didn't invent the Sahm rule and that's ok, we need more tools!|url=https://stayathomemacro.substack.com/p/no-you-didnt-invent-the-sahm-rule|website=Substack|language=en-US}}</ref> While the historical performance and timeliness of the Sahm rule has been very accurate, the reliability of the Sahm rule in today's economy has been questioned by many economists (including Claudia Sahm) due to several distortions and there is reason to believe that the economy might act differently this time around due to unique unusual conditions.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-29|last=Hetzner
|first=Christiaan|title=Wall Street is worrying about the ‘Sahm Rule,’ which predicts recessions—but its creator is not, yet|url=https://fortune.com/2024/07/29/sahm-rule-recession-unemployment/|website=Fortune|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-08-02|last=Leonhardt
|first=Megan|title=Today’s Jobs Report Triggered a Recession Indicator. But Even Its Creator Doesn’t Think There Is a Downturn.|url=https://www.barrons.com/amp/articles/sahm-rule-recession-4b114b90|website=Barron's|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-08-02|last=Daniel
|first=Will|title=This recession indicator is flashing red, but the ‘Sahm Rule’ creator says ‘this time really could be different’|url=https://fortune.com/2024/08/02/recession-indicator-claudia-sahm-rule-trigger-unemployment-rate-jobs-report/|website=Fortune|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-08-04|last=Jones
|first=Charisse|title=Are we in a recession? The Sahm rule explained|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2024/08/02/sahm-rule-recession-indicator-explained/74651239007/|website=USA Today|language=en}}</ref>This suggests that caution should be exercised when interpreting the Sahm rule in the current unprecedented economic situation. Like all economic indicators, it should be considered alongside other economic data and indicators. However, the Sahm Rule remains a valuable tool for economists and policymakers for early detection of economic downturns.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Table: Historical accuracy of the Sahm rule; Alert coincides with recession:
(U.S. unemployment rate, dates when the Sahm rule triggered & actual recession time)<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-08-02|last=Goldstein
|first=Steve|title=A closely tracked recession indicator, the Sahm rule, has now been triggered. Here’s what that means.|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/a-closely-tracked-recession-indicator-the-sahm-rule-has-now-been-triggered-heres-what-that-means-7d689d07|website=Marketwatch|language=en}}</ref>
|-
! Unemployment rate % !! Sahm value !! Time when Sahm > 0.5 !! Recession starts...
|-
| 3.50% || 0.63 || Nov 1953 || 4 months prior (Jul 1953)
|-
| 4.50% || 0.50 || Oct 1957 || 2 months prior (Aug 1957)
|-
| 5.80% || 0.60 || Nov 1959 || 5 months ''later'' (Apr 1960)
|-
| 4.40% || 0.77 || Mar 1970 || 3 months prior (Dec 1969)
|-
| 5.50% || 0.60 || Jul 1974 || 8 months prior (Nov 1973)
|-
| 6.30% || 0.53 || Feb 1980 || 1 month prior (Jan 1980)
|-
| 8.30% || 0.60 || Nov 1981 || 4 months prior (Jul 1981)
|-
| 5.90% || 0.53 || Oct 1990 || 3 months prior (Jul 1990)
|-
| 4.50% || 0.50 || Jun 2001 || 3 months prior (Mar 2001)
|-
| 4.90% || 0.53 || Feb 2008 || 2 months prior (Dec 2007)
|-
| 14.80% || 4.00 || Apr 2020 || 2 months prior (Feb 2020)
|-
| 4.30% || 0.53 || Aug 2024 || -
|-
|}
In summary, the Sahm rule's reliability lies in its consistent performance throughout various economic climates, particularly in signaling the beginning of a recession with a high degree of accuracy.
==Two-sided Sahm rule modifications==
Economists Pascal Michaillat and [[Emmanuel Saez]] have created a two-sided Sahm rule-based indicator<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-08-11|title=General Economics - Has the Recession Started?|last1=Michaillat|first1=Pascal|last2=Saez|first2=Emmanuel|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.05856|access-date=2024-08-17|website=arXiv|language=en}}</ref> (which the Financial Times named the 'Michez rule'<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-08-16|title=Simple indicators of whether the US is in recession are flawed - Investors are going to have to live with some uncertainty|last=Keynes|first=Soumaya|url=https://www.ft.com/content/8e8f22b7-9234-4fdf-a5c4-0a5e18fb65fb|access-date=2024-08-17|website=Financial Times|language=en}}</ref>), using both the unemployment rate and also the vacancy rate for jobs. The economists noted that their modified indicator functioned for recessions going back to the year 1930,<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-08-12|title=There's a 40% chance the US economy is already in a recession, according to a new indicator|last=Cloonan|first=Kelly|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/sahm-rule-claudia-recession-new-indicator-michaillat-saez-unemployment-jobs-2024-8|access-date=2024-08-17|website=Business Insider|language=en}}</ref> while Sahm's worked only back to the 1950s. Another notable difference: The 'Michez rule' is usually triggered earlier than the Sahm rule as it detects recessions on average 1.4 months after they have started.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-08-11|title=General Economics - Has the Recession Started?|last1=Michaillat|first1=Pascal|last2=Saez|first2=Emmanuel|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.05856|access-date=2024-08-17|website=arXiv|language=en}}</ref>
==Employment-to-population Sahm rule modifications==
Morgan Stanley economists have constructed an indicator which has the same 0.5% recession threshold as the Sahm rule, but uses the employment-to-population, or EPR, ratio. It emphasizes the ratio of employed individuals to the total working-age population and may provide a more accurate picture of the labor market's state. The Morgan Stanley economists combined their approach with the modification made by Michaillat and Saez, which uses two thresholds, to create the 'Triumvirate rule'. "The Triumvirate rule has moved to 100% probability of recession within 2 to 6 months after rising above 20% historically, with an average of 3.7 months."<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-08-19|title=Soft landing still in sight as Sahm Rule recession indicator misses more than hits|last=Ebrahim|first=Yasin|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/soft-landing-still-sight-sahm-210843473.html|website=Yahoo! finance|language=en}}</ref>
== Reception ==
The Sahm rule has received recognition by popular economics news sources.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-06-11|title=How to spot a recession|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2019/06/11/how-to-spot-a-recession|access-date=2020-12-21|issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-23|title=America's recession indicators are more busted than ever|url=https://www.axios.com/2024/07/23/recession-indicators-signals-not-working-employment-trends|access-date=2024-08-01|website=Axios|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-30|title=Keep Sahm and Carry On|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/30/opinion/sahm-rule-unemployment-recession.html|access-date=2024-08-01|website=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref>American financial weekly newspaper [[Barron's]] describes the metric as a "well-regarded economic rule",<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-08-01|title=Every Rule Has Its Exception. That May Be the Case for This Recession Indicator.|url=https://www.barrons.com/amp/articles/sahm-rule-recession-4b114b90|access-date=2024-08-01|website=Barron's|language=en}}</ref> American financial news channel [[CNBC]] labels the recession indicator as a "fail-safe gauge,"<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-24|title=Why an indicator that has foretold almost every recession doesn’t seem to be working anymore|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/07/24/why-an-indicator-that-has-foretold-almost-every-recession-doesnt-seem-to-be-working-anymore.html|access-date=2024-08-01|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref> while [[Investopedia]] writes that "economists love the indicator for its simplicity and reliability".<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-29|title=This Week's Jobs Report Could Trigger a Usually Reliable Recession Indicator|url=https://www.investopedia.com/july-2024-us-jobs-report-could-trigger-recession-indicator-8685109|access-date=2024-08-01|website=Investopedia|language=en}}</ref>
Its low rate of false positives are attractive features. Federal Reserve Chair [[Jerome Powell]] characterized the Sahm rule as a "statistical regularity" at a press conference in late July 2024.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-31|title=Jobs report could trigger closely watched recession indicator|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/jobs-report-could-trigger-closely-watched-recession-indicator-144917689.html|access-date=2024-08-01|website=yahoo! finance|language=en}}</ref>
While the Sahm rule indicates recessions sooner than the formal NBER recession indications, which can take anywhere from half to two years, it is by no means predictive.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Business Cycle Dating|url=https://www.nber.org/research/business-cycle-dating|access-date=2020-12-21|website=NBER|language=en}}</ref> The rule triggered approximately three months into each of the last several recessions, with the beginning of the recession retroactively determined by the NBER.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brown|first=Randy|title=This New Rule To Identify Recessions Could Give Investors An Edge|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/randybrown/2020/01/09/this-new-rule-to-identify-recessions-could-give-investors-an-edge/|access-date=2020-12-21|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref>▼
▲While the Sahm rule indicates recessions sooner than the formal NBER recession indications, which can take anywhere from half to two years, it is by no means predictive
A lesser-known feature of the Sahm model is that it is particularly useful in assessing recession ends. The standard 3-month smoothed Sahm rule has on average a minimum two month lag to recession ends (while the unsmoothed-Sahm indicator provides for near perfect coincident signalling of [[business cycle]] troughs), according to Dwaine Van Vuuren.
==See also==
* [[Inverted yield curve]] - Economic indicator predicting recessions, which uses yields on 10-year and three-month Treasury securities as well as the Fed's overnight funds rate.
* [[Recession#Predictors|Recession predictors]] - List of other possible recession predictors, like e.g. Smoothed U.S. Recession Probabilities (RECPROUSM156N), which uses data obtained from a dynamic-factor markov-switching model applied to four monthly coincident variables: the index of industrial production and real manufacturing, non-farm payroll employment, real personal income and trade sales.
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* National Unemployment: [https://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.nr0.htm Monthly BLS data]
{{United States – Commonwealth of Nations recessions}}
{{Federal Reserve System}}
[[Category:Economic indicators]]
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