1936 Summer Olympics: Difference between revisions

| image = [[File:1936 Summer Olympics logo.svg|230px|class=skin-invert]]

| motto = ''I Call the Youth of the World!''<br />{{pb}}({{lang-de|Ich rufe die Jugend der Welt!}})

| opened_by = [[ChancellorAdolf of Germany|ChancellorHitler]] <br>{{small|[[AdolfFührer|Führer Hitlerand Chancellor of Germany]]}}<ref name="Opening and Cauldron">{{cite press release |title=Factsheet -– Opening Ceremony of the Games fof the Olympiad|url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/Opening_ceremony_of_the_Games_of_the_Olympiad.pdf|url-status=live |publisher=International Olympic Committee|date=13 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814215458/https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/Opening_ceremony_of_the_Games_of_the_Olympiad.pdf |archive-date=14 August 2016|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref>

| summer_next = [[1948 Summer Olympics|London 1948]] →<br />{{pb}}{{Colored link|grey|1940 Summer Olympics|Tokyo 1940}}

| winter_next = [[1948 Winter Olympics|St. Moritz 1948]] →<br />{{pb}}{{Colored link|grey|1940 Winter Olympics|Sapporo 1940}}

The '''1936 Summer Olympics''' ({{lang-de|Olympische Sommerspiele 1936}}), officially the '''Games of the XI Olympiad''' ({{lang-de|Spiele der XI. Olympiade}}) and officially branded as '''Berlin 1936''', was an international [[multi-sport event]] held from 1 to 16 August 1936 in [[Berlin]], [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]. Berlin won the bid to host the Games over [[Barcelona]] at the 29th [[IOC Session]] on 26 April 1931, two years before the [[Nazi Party]] rose to power in Germany. The 1936 Games marked the second and most recent time the [[International Olympic Committee]] gathered to vote in a city that was bidding to host those Games. Later rule modifications forbade cities hosting the bid vote from being awarded the games.

To outdo the [[1932 Summer Olympics|1932 Los Angeles Games]], ''Reichsführer''[[Führer]] [[Adolf Hitler]] had [[Olympiastadion (Berlin)|a new 100,000-seat track and field stadium]] built, as well as six gymnasiums and other smaller arenas. The Games were the first to be [[Fernsehsender Paul Nipkow|televised]], with radio broadcasts reaching 41 countries.<ref name="ReferenceA">Rader, Benjamin G. "American Sports: From the Age of Folk Games to the Age of Televised Sports", --5th Eded.</ref> Filmmaker [[Leni Riefenstahl]] was commissioned by the German Olympic Committee to film the Games for $7&nbsp;million.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Her film, titled ''[[Olympia (1938 film)|Olympia]]'', pioneered many of the techniques now common in the filming of sports.

Hitler saw the 1936 Games as an opportunity to promote his government and ideals of racial supremacy and [[antisemitism]], and the official [[Nazi Party]] paper, the ''{{lang|de|[[Völkischer Beobachter]]''}}, wrote in the strongest terms that Jews should not be allowed to participate in the Games.<ref name="Hitlerland. p. 188">[[Andrew Nagorski|Nagorski, Andrew]]. ''[[Hitlerland: American Eyewitnesses to the Nazi Rise to Power]]''. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2012, p. 188.</ref><ref name="David Clay Large p. 58">David Clay Large, ''Nazi Games: The Olympics of 1936'', p. 58.</ref> German Jewish athletes were barred or prevented from taking part in the Games by a variety of methods,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nazi Olympics Berlin 1936 |url=https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005680 |website=Ushmm.org|publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|access-date=7 October 2016}}</ref> although some female swimmers from the Jewish sports club [[Hakoah Vienna]] did participate. Jewish athletes from other countries were said to have been sidelined to avoid offending the Nazi regime.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jewish Athletes – Marty Glickman & Sam Stoller|url=https://www.ushmm.org/exhibition/olympics/?content=jewish_athletes_more|website=Ushmm.org|publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|access-date=7 October 2016 |quote=A controversial move at the Games was the benching of two American Jewish runners, Marty Glickman and Sam Stoller. Both had trained for the 4x100-meter relay, but on the day before the event, they were replaced by Jesse Owens and Ralph Metcalfe, the team's two fastest sprinters. Various reasons were given for the change. The coaches claimed they needed their fastest runners to win the race. Glickman has said that Coach Dean Cromwell and Avery Brundage were motivated by antisemitism and the desire to spare the Führer the embarrassing sight of two American Jews on the winning podium. Stoller did not believe antisemitism was involved, but the 21-year-old described the incident in his diary as the "most humiliating episode" in his life.}}</ref> [[Lithuania]] was expelled from the Olympic Games due to Berlin's position regarding Lithuanian anti-Nazi policy, particularly because of the 1934–35 [[Trial of Neumann and Sass]] in Klaipėda.<ref>{{cite web|title=Trial of Neumann and Sass|url=https://annaberger-annalen.de/jahrbuch/2009/6_Jenkis.pdf}}</ref>

Total ticket revenues were 7.5&{{nbsp;}}million [[German Reichsmark|Reichsmark]] (equivalent to €{{Format price|{{#expr:({{Inflation|DE|7.5e6|1936}} / {{FixedEuroRate|DEM}}) round 2}}}} in {{Inflation-year|DE}}), for a profit of over one million R.M. The official budget did not include [[outlay]]s by the city of Berlin (which issued an itemized report detailing its costs of 16.5&{{nbsp;}}million R.M.) or the outlays of the German national government (which did not make its costs public, but is estimated to have spent US$30&{{nbsp;}}million).<ref name=Zarnowski>{{cite journal |author-link1=Frank Zarnowski |last=Zarnowski |first=C. Frank |date=Summer 1992 |title=A Look at Olympic Costs |journal=Citius, Altius, Fortius |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=16–32 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv1n1/JOHv1n1f.pdf |access-date=24 March 2007 |archive-date=28 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528012143/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv1n1/JOHv1n1f.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Jesse Owens]] of the [[United States at the 1936 Summer Olympics|United States]] won four gold medals in the sprint and [[long jump]] events, and became the most successful athlete to compete in Berlin, while [[Germany at the 1936 Summer Olympics|Germany]] was [[1936 Summer Olympics medal table|the most successful country]] overall with 101 medals (38 of them gold); the United States placed a distant second with 57 medals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Olympic Games Berlin 1936|url=https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/berlin-1936/medals|publisher=International Olympic Committee}}</ref> These were the final Olympic Games under the presidency of [[Henri de Baillet-Latour]]. For the next 12 years, no Olympic Games were held due to the immense world disruption caused by the [[World War II|Second World War]]. The next Olympic Games were held in 1948 (the [[1948 Winter Olympics|Winter Games]] in [[St. Moritz]], Switzerland, and then the [[1948 Summer Olympics|Summer Games]] in [[London]], England, United Kingdom).

The Olympic Stadium was used as an underground [[bunker]] in World War II as the war went against [[Nazi Germany]]'s favor.<ref>[http://www.olympiastadion-berlin.de/en/stadium-visitor-centre/history.html?tx_cmhistoryapp_pi1%5Brecord%5D=25&cHash=b740d7b0c2 History Olympic Stadium Berlin: 1937–45.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722102832/http://www.olympiastadion-berlin.de/en/stadium-visitor-centre/history.html?tx_cmhistoryapp_pi1%5Brecord%5D=25&cHash=b740d7b0c2 |date=22 July 2011 }} Accessed 17 October 2010.</ref> The British reopened the Stadium in 1946 and parts of the stadium were rebuilt by the late 1950s.<ref>[http://www.olympiastadion-berlin.de/en/stadium-visitor-centre/history.html?tx_cmhistoryapp_pi1%5Brecord%5D=27&cHash=4712ece396 History Olympic Stadium Berlin: 1946–56.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722102855/http://www.olympiastadion-berlin.de/en/stadium-visitor-centre/history.html?tx_cmhistoryapp_pi1%5Brecord%5D=27&cHash=4712ece396 |date=22 July 2011 }} Accessed 17 October 2010.</ref> As a host venue for the [[1974 FIFA World Cup]], the stadium had its roof partially covered on the North and South Stands.<ref>[http://www.olympiastadion-berlin.de/en/stadium-visitor-centre/history.html?tx_cmhistoryapp_pi1%5Brecord%5D=28&cHash=699ec9d649 History Olympic Stadium Berlin: 1957–88.] Accessed 17 October 2010.</ref> British occupation of the stadium ended in 1994.<ref>[http://www.olympiastadion-berlin.de/en/stadium-visitor-centre/history.html?tx_cmhistoryapp_pi1%5Brecord%5D=30&cHash=d4b850d757 History Olympic Stadium Berlin: 1989–97.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722102954/http://www.olympiastadion-berlin.de/en/stadium-visitor-centre/history.html?tx_cmhistoryapp_pi1%5Brecord%5D=30&cHash=d4b850d757 |date=22 July 2011 }} Accessed 17 October 2010.</ref> Restoration was approved in 1998 with a contractor being found to do the work in 2000.<ref>[http://www.olympiastadion-berlin.de/en/stadium-visitor-centre/history.html?tx_cmhistoryapp_pi1%5Brecord%5D=29&cHash=6e5550c4d0 History Olympic Stadium Berlin: 1998-9.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722103012/http://www.olympiastadion-berlin.de/en/stadium-visitor-centre/history.html?tx_cmhistoryapp_pi1%5Brecord%5D=29&cHash=6e5550c4d0 |date=22 July 2011 }} Accessed 7 October 2010.</ref> This restoration ran from 2000 to 2004.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722103034/http://www.olympiastadion-berlin.de/en/stadium-visitor-centre/history.html?tx_cmhistoryapp_pi1%5Brecord%5D=31&cHash=f65766959b History Olympic Stadium Berlin: 2000-4.] Accessed 17 October 2010.</ref> The modernized Stadium reopened in 2004,<ref>[http://www.olympiastadion-berlin.de/en/stadium-visitor-centre/history.html?tx_cmhistoryapp_pi1%5Brecord%5D=33&cHash=6144c153ca History Olympic Stadium Berlin: 2004.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722103058/http://www.olympiastadion-berlin.de/en/stadium-visitor-centre/history.html?tx_cmhistoryapp_pi1%5Brecord%5D=33&cHash=6144c153ca |date=22 July 2011 }} Accessed 17 October 2010.</ref> with a capacity of 74,228 people. The seating has been changed greatly, especially the sections that were reserved for German and international political leaders. The stadium now plays host to [[Hertha BSC]] (1963–present), and is expected to remain the home of the team for years to come. For the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]], the venue was where the final took place between Italy and France.<ref>[http://www.olympiastadion-berlin.de/en/stadium-visitor-centre/history.html?tx_cmhistoryapp_pi1%5Brecord%5D=34&cHash=7b3842deaa History Olympic Stadium Berlin: 2006.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722103116/http://www.olympiastadion-berlin.de/en/stadium-visitor-centre/history.html?tx_cmhistoryapp_pi1%5Brecord%5D=34&cHash=7b3842deaa |date=22 July 2011 }} Accessed 17 October 2010.</ref> Three years later, the venue hosted the [[2009 World Championships in Athletics|World Athletics Championships]].<ref>[http://www.olympiastadion-berlin.de/en/stadium-visitor-centre/history.html?tx_cmhistoryapp_pi1%5Brecord%5D=37&cHash=8daf86256d History Olympic Stadium Berlin: 2009.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722103136/http://www.olympiastadion-berlin.de/en/stadium-visitor-centre/history.html?tx_cmhistoryapp_pi1%5Brecord%5D=37&cHash=8daf86256d |date=22 July 2011 }} Accessed 17 October 2009.</ref>

After a speech by the president of the German Olympic Committee, the games were officially declared open by Adolf Hitler who quoted (in German): "I proclaim open the Olympic Games of Berlin, celebrating the Eleventh Olympiad of the modern era."<ref name=":0" /> This sentence was written by IOC President Baillet-Latour as part of a compromise the IOC struck to prevent Hitler from turning the speech into a propaganda event, and he was to follow it strictly, to which Hitler reportedly joked "Count, I'll take the trouble to learn it by heart".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guoqi |first=Xu |url=https://www.mdthinducollege.org/ebooks/foundation_and_philosophy/Olympic_Dreams.pdf |title=Olympic Dreams: China and Sports |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-674-02840-1 |location=Cambridge, MA |pages=226-227226–227 |language=English}}</ref> Hitler opened the games from his own box, on top of others. Writer [[David Wallechinsky]] has commented on the event, saying, "This was his event, he wanted to be glorified."<ref name= owensdoc />

Basketball, canoeing, and [[team handball|handball]] made their debut at the Olympics. Handball did not appear again on the program until the next German summer Olympic games in [[Munich]] in [[1972 Summer Olympics|1972]]. There were two [[demonstration sports]]: [[Baseball at the 1936 Summer Olympics|baseball]] and [[Gliding at the 1936 Summer Olympics|gliding]].<ref name="Summer Demonstration">{{cite web | title=Demonstration sports : history at the Olympic Summer Games / The Olympic Studies Centre | website=Olympic World Library | date=2024-01-19 | url=https://library.olympics.com/doc/SYRACUSE/619826 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119230639/https://library.olympics.com/doc/SYRACUSE/619826 | archive-date=2024-01-19 | url-status=live | access-date=2024-01-27}}</ref> [[Art competitions at the 1936 Summer Olympics|Art competitions]] for medals were also held, and medals were awarded at the closing ceremony for feats of [[Alpinism at the Olympic Games|alpinism]] and [[Aeronautics at the 1936 Summer Olympics|aeronautics]].<ref name="Alpinism">{{cite web | first1=Volker | last1=Kluge | first2=Thomas | last2=Lippert | title=The Olympic Alpinism Prize and a promise redeemed | website=International Society of Olympic Historians | date=2013 | url=https://isoh.org/wp-content/uploads/JOH-Archives/JOHv21n3n.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127200156/https://isoh.org/wp-content/uploads/JOH-Archives/JOHv21n3n.pdf | access-date=2024-01-27| archive-date=27 January 2024 }}</ref> Unofficial exhibition events included [[Indian sports at the 1936 Summer Olympics|Indian sports]],<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/when-a-kabaddi-team-from-india-left-hitler-mahatma-in-awe-at-1936-olympics-118120200233_1.html |title=When a kabaddi team from India left Hitler, Mahatma in awe at 1936 Olympics |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=2 December 2018|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref><ref>Nag, Utathya (14 April 2022). [https://olympics.com/en/news/kho-kho-history-rules-how-to-play "Kho Kho, a kabaddi-like sport linked with Indian epic Mahabharata - know all about it".] ''Olympics.com''</ref> [[Wushu at the 1936 Summer Olympics|wushu]]<ref name="Watta 2022">{{cite web |last=Watta |first=Evelyn |title=The rise of wushu in Senegal and Africa ahead of Dakar 2026 Youth Olympics |website=Olympics.com |date=2022-11-02 |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/how-senegalese-fighting-spirit-shines-through-wushu |access-date=2024-01-27}}</ref> and [[Olympic Rally|motor racing]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Walsh|first=Mick|date=2019-08-01|title=A Life in Cars|url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/classic-sports-car/20190801/284395560862206|magazine=Classic & Sports Car}}</ref>

American [[Jesse Owens]] won four gold medals in the sprint and [[long jump]] events. His German competitor [[Luz Long]] offered Owens advice after he almost failed to qualify in the long jump and was posthumously awarded the [[Pierre de Coubertin medal]] for sportsmanship. [[Mack Robinson (athlete)|Mack Robinson]], brother of [[Jackie Robinson]], won the 200-meter sprint silver medal behind Owens by 0.4 seconds. Although he did not win a medal, future American war hero [[Louis Zamperini]], lagging behind in the 5,000-meter final, made up ground by clocking a 56-second final lap. In one of the most dramatic [[800 metres|800-meter]] races in history, American [[John Woodruff (athlete)|John Woodruff]] won gold after slowing to jogging speed in the middle of the final in order to free himself from being boxed in.<ref>{{cite news |title=John Woodruff, an Olympian, Dies at 92 |first=Frank |last=Litsky |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/01/sports/othersports/01woodruff.html |date=1 November 2007 |access-date=26 August 2010}}</ref> [[Glenn Morris|Glenn Edgar Morris]], a farm boy from Colorado, won gold in the decathlon. British [[Sport rowing|rower]] [[Jack Beresford]] won his fifth Olympic medal in the sport, and his third gold medal. The U.S. eight-man rowing team from the [[University of Washington]] won the gold medal, coming from behind to defeat the Germans and Italians with Hitler in attendance. 13-year-old American sensation [[Marjorie Gestring]] won the [[Diving at the 1936 Summer Olympics – Women's 3 metre springboard|women's 3 meter diving event]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Albion |date=13 August 1936 |title=Women Divers of U.S. Score Olympic Sweep |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1936/08/13/archives/women-divers-of-us-score-olympic-sweep-medica-takes-400meter-free.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=1 May 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable" style="border:0;"

| ARG align=center|2|| {{flagIOC|ARGUSA|1936 Summer}} || 51align=center|359

| AUS align=center|3|| {{flagIOC|AUSHUN|1936 Summer}} || 32align=center|209

| AUT align=center|4|| {{flagIOC|AUTGBR|1936 Summer}} || 176align=center|207

| BEL align=center|5|| {{flagIOC|BELFRA|1936 Summer}} || 120align=center|201

| BER align=center|6|| {{flagIOC|BERITA|1936 Summer}} || 5align=center|182

| BOL align=center|7|| {{flagIOC|BOLAUT|1936 Summer}} || 1align=center|176

| BRA align=center|8|| {{flagIOC|BRASUI|1936 Summer}} || 73align=center|174

| BUL align=center|9|| {{flagIOC|BULTCH|1936 Summer}} || 24align=center|162

| CAN align=center|10|| {{flagIOC|CANJPN|1936 Summer}} || 96align=center|153

| CHI align=center|11|| {{flagIOC|CHISWE|1936 Summer}} || 40align=center|150

| ROC align=center|12|| {{flagIOC|ROCNED|1936 Summer}} || 54align=center|128

| COL align=center|13|| {{flagIOC|COLBEL|1936 Summer}} || 5align=center|120

| CRC align=center|14|| {{flagIOC|CRCDEN|1936 Summer}} || 1align=center|116

| TCH align=center|15|| {{flagIOC|TCHPOL|1936 Summer}} || 162align=center|112

| DEN align=center|16|| {{flagIOC|DENFIN|1936 Summer}} || 116align=center|107

| EGY align=center|17|| {{flagIOC|EGYCAN|1936 Summer}} || 54align=center|96

| EST align=center|18|| {{flagIOC|ESTYUG|1936 Summer}} || 33align=center|93

| FIN align=center|19|| {{flagIOC|FINBRA|1936 Summer}} || 107align=center|73

| FRA align=center|20|| {{flagIOC|FRANOR|1936 Summer}} || 201align=center|72

| GER align=center|21|| {{flagIOC|GERROC|1936 Summer}} || 433align=center|54

| GBR align=center|22|| {{flagIOC|GBREGY|1936 Summer}} || 207align=center|54

| GRE align=center|23|| {{flagIOC|GREROU|1936 Summer}} || 40align=center|53

| HUN align=center|24|| {{flagIOC|HUNARG|1936 Summer}} || 209align=center|51

| ISL align=center|25|| {{flagIOC|ISLTUR|1936 Summer}} || 12align=center|48

| IND align=center|26|| {{flagIOC|INDLUX|1936 Summer}} || 27align=center|44

| ITA align=center|27|| {{flagIOC|ITACHI|1936 Summer}} || 182align=center|40

| JPN align=center|28|| {{flagIOC|JPNGRE|1936 Summer}} || 153align=center|40

| LAT align=center|29|| {{flagIOC|LATPER|1936 Summer}} || 24align=center|40

| LIE align=center|30|| {{flagIOC|LIEURU|1936 Summer}} || 6align=center|37

| LUX align=center|31|| {{flagIOC|LUXMEX|1936 Summer}} || 44align=center|34

| MLT align=center|32|| {{flagIOC|MLTEST|1936 Summer}} || 11align=center|33

| MEX align=center|33|| {{flagIOC|MEXAUS|1936 Summer}} || 34align=center|32

| MON align=center|34|| {{flagIOC|MONPHI|1936 Summer}} || 6align=center|28

| NED align=center|35|| {{flagIOC|NEDIND|1936 Summer}} || 128align=center|27

| NZL align=center|36|| {{flagIOC|NZLRSA|1936 Summer}} || 7align=center|25

| NOR align=center|37|| {{flagIOC|NORBUL|1936 Summer}} || 72align=center|24

| PER align=center|38|| {{flagIOC|PERLAT|1936 Summer}} || 40align=center|24

| PHI align=center|39|| {{flagIOC|PHIPOR|1936 Summer}} || 28align=center|19

| POL align=center|40|| {{flagIOC|POLAFG|1936 Summer}} || 112align=center|14

| POR align=center|41|| {{flagIOC|PORISL|1936 Summer}} || 19align=center|12

| ROU align=center|42|| {{flagIOC|ROUMLT|1936 Summer}} || 53align=center|11

| RSA align=center|43|| {{flagIOC|RSANZL|1936 Summer}} || 25align=center|7

| SWE align=center|44|| {{flagIOC|SWELIE|1936 Summer}} || 150align=center|6

| SUI align=center|45|| {{flagIOC|SUIMON|1936 Summer}} || 174align=center|6

| TUR align=center|46|| {{flagIOC|TURBER|1936 Summer}} || 48align=center|5

| USA align=center|47|| {{flagIOC|USACOL|1936 Summer}} || 359align=center|5

| URU align=center|48|| {{flagIOC|URUBOL|1936 Summer}} || 37align=center|1

| YUG align=center|49|| {{flagIOC|YUGCRC|1936 Summer}} || 93align=center|1

{{Main|1936 Summer Olympics medal table|List of 1936 Summer Olympics medal winners}}

Hitler saw the Games as an opportunity to promote his government and ideals of racial supremacy. The official Nazi party paper, the ''[[Völkischer Beobachter]]'', wrote in the strongest terms that Jewish and black people should not be allowed to participate in the Games.<ref name="Hitlerland. p. 188" /><ref name="David Clay Large p. 58" /> However, when threatened with a boycott of the Games by other nations, he relented and allowed black and Jewish people to participate, and added one token participant to the German team—a Jewish woman, team—[[Helene Mayer]], a woman of Jewish descent. In an attempt to "clean up" the host city, the [[Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)|German Ministry of the Interior]] authorized the chief of police to arrest all [[Romani people|Romani]] and keep them in a "special camp", the [[Berlin-Marzahn concentration camp]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/olympics/detail.php?content=facade_hospitality_more& |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009114014/http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/olympics/detail.php?content=facade_hospitality_more& |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 October 2008 |title=The Facade of Hospitality|publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |access-date=4 July 2008 }}</ref>

The [[Soviet Union]] had not participated in international sporting events since the [[1920 Summer Olympics]]. The Soviet government was not invited to the 1920 Games, with the [[Russian Civil War]] still raging, and they did not participate in the [[1924 Summer Olympics]] and forward on ideological grounds. Instead, through the auspices of the [[Red Sport International]], it had participated in a left-wing workers' alternative, the [[Spartakiad]], since 1928. The USSR had intended to attend the People's Olympiad in Barcelona until it was cancelled; the Soviets did attend the Spartakiad-sponsored [[1937 Workers' Summer Olympiad]] in Antwerp, [[Belgium]].<ref>Richard D. Mandell, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8CYYYeTT5mEC&q=Soviet+Union+1936+olympics%22&pg=PA68 The Nazi Olympics], [[University of Illinois Press]], 1987, {{ISBN|0-252-01325-5}}; p. 68</ref> The Soviet Union started competing in the Olympics in [[1952 Summer Olympics|1952]], when [[JosefJoseph Stalin]] realized that they could use the event to fulfil their political and ideological agenda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.bu.edu/guidedhistory/russia-and-its-empires/guy-mcfall/|title=The Soviet Union and the Olympics &#124; Guided History|website=Blogs.bu.edu|access-date=14 February 2022}}</ref>