Filipinos: Difference between revisions

| popplace = Philippines c. 100 million<br />{{small|figures below are for various years}}

| region1 = United States

| region2 = Canada

| pop2 = [[Filipino Canadians|957,355]] (2021)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D|title=Ethnic Origin, both sexes, age (total), Canada, 2016 Census – 25% Sample data|author=Statistics Canada|access-date=May 18, 2018|date=October 25, 2017|author-link=Statistics Canada|archive-date=October 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027195802/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D|url-status=live}}</ref>

| pop4 = [[Filipinos in the United Arab Emirates|679,819]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.positivelyfilipino.com/magazine/2013/7/know-your-diaspora-united-arab-emirates|title=Know Your Diaspora: United Arab Emirates|newspaper=Positively Filipino &#124; Online Magazine for Filipinos in the Diaspora|access-date=December 21, 2017|archive-date=December 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209121600/http://www.positivelyfilipino.com/magazine/2013/7/know-your-diaspora-united-arab-emirates|url-status=live}}</ref>

| region5 = Australia

| region6 = Malaysia

| pop6 = [[Filipinos in Malaysia|325,089]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/breakingnews/view/20090206-187868/No-foreign-workers-layoffs-in-Malaysia|title=No foreign workers' layoffs in Malaysia – INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos|date=February 9, 2009|access-date=December 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209101514/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/breakingnews/view/20090206-187868/No-foreign-workers-layoffs-in-Malaysia|archive-date=February 9, 2009}}</ref>

| region15 = Hong Kong

| pop15 = [[Filipinos in Hong Kong|130,810]]<ref>[http://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2005/en/fact_01.htm Filipinos in Hong Kong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613221026/http://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2005/en/fact_01.htm |date=June 13, 2018 }} Hong Kong Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved June 30, 2009.</ref>

| region17 = South Korea

| pop17 = [[Filipinos in South Korea|63,464]]<ref>[http://www.korea.net/korea/kor_loca.asp?code=L03 Filipinos in South Korea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105063058/http://www.korea.net/korea/kor_loca.asp?code=L03 |date=January 5, 2010 }}. Korean Culture and Information Service (KOIS). Retrieved July 21, 2009.</ref>

| region20 = Bahrain

| pop20 = [[Filipinos in Bahrain|40,000]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 19, 2021|title=Overview of RP-Bahrain Relations|url=https://manamape.dfa.gov.ph/index.php/84-overview-of-rp-bahrain-relations|access-date=July 25, 2021|website=Republic of The Philippines; Embassy of The Philippines; Manama, Bahrain.|language=English, fil|archive-date=September 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929045327/https://manamape.dfa.gov.ph/index.php/84-overview-of-rp-bahrain-relations}}</ref>

| region32 = Switzerland

| pop32 = 10,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ops.gov.ph/switzerland2007/backgrounder.htm#Overseas%20Filipinos|title=Backgrounder: Overseas Filipinos in Switzerland|publisher=Office of the Press Secretary|year=2007|access-date=October 23, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907134426/http://www.ops.gov.ph/switzerland2007/backgrounder.htm#Overseas%20Filipinos|archive-date=September 7, 2008}}</ref>

| region42 = Morocco

| pop42 = 3,000<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2014/04/128897/the-philippines-to-sign-agreement-with-morocco-to-protect-filipino-workers/|title= The Philippines To Sign Agreement with Morocco to Protect Filipino workers|publisher= Morocco World News|access-date= September 13, 2016|archive-date= December 10, 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171210220918/http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2014/04/128897/the-philippines-to-sign-agreement-with-morocco-to-protect-filipino-workers/|url-status= live}}</ref>

| region44 = Finland

| pop44 = 2,114<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filippiinit-seura.fi/Filipinos.html|title=Filipinos in Finland|publisher=Finnish-Philippine Society co-operates with the migrant organizations|access-date=March 25, 2013|archive-date=May 1, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501221252/http://www.filippiinit-seura.fi/Filipinos.html}}</ref>

| religions = Predominantly [[Catholic Church in the Philippines|Roman Catholicism]]<ref name="PSA-2015PSY">{{cite journal|title=Table 1.10; Household Population by Religious Affiliation and by Sex; 2010|journal=2015 Philippine Statistical Yearbook|date=October 2015|pages=1–30|url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2015%20PSY%20PDF.pdf|access-date=August 15, 2016|issn=0118-1564|archive-date=October 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011010131/https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2015%20PSY%20PDF.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />Minority others are: {{hlist|[[Protestantism in the Philippines|Protestantism]]|[[Islam in the Philippines|Islam]]|[[Jehovah's Witnesses|Mga Saksi ni Jehova]]|[[Iglesia ni Cristo]]|[[Members Church of God International]]|[[Iglesia Filipina Independiente]]|[[Indigenous Philippine folk religions]]|[[Atheism]]}}

}}

 

==Names==

In 1955, [[Agnes Newton Keith]] wrote that a 19th century edict prohibited the use of the word "Filipino" to refer to indios. This reflected popular belief, although no such edict has been found.<ref name="Scott1994"/> The idea that the term ''Filipino'' was not used to refer to ''indios'' until the 19th century has also been mentioned by historians such as Salah Jubair<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jubair |first1=Salah |title=A nation under endless tyranny |date=1997 |publisher=Islamic Research Academy |page=10 |oclc=223003865 |language=English }}</ref> and [[Renato Constantino]].<ref name="Aguilar2005">{{cite journal |last1=Aguilar |first1=Filomeno V. |title=Tracing Origins: "Ilustrado" Nationalism and the Racial Science of Migration Waves |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |year=2005 |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=605–637 |doi=10.1017/S002191180500152X |jstor=25075827 |s2cid=162939450 |issn=0021-9118 }}</ref> However, in a 1994 publication the historian [[William Henry Scott (historian)|William Henry Scott]] identified instances in Spanish writing where "Filipino" did refer to "indio" natives.<ref name="Larousse">{{cite book|last1=Larousse|first1=William|title=A local church living for dialogue: Muslim-Christian relations in Mindanao-Sulu (Philippines), 1965–2000|date=2001|publisher=Ed. Pont. Univ. Gregoriana|isbn=978-88-7652-879-8|pages=221–222|language=English|oclc=615447903}}</ref> Instances of such usage include the ''Relación de las Islas Filipinas'' (1604) of [[Pedro Chirino]], in which he wrote chapters entitled "Of the civilities, terms of courtesy, and good breeding among the Filipinos" (Chapter XVI), "Of the Letters of the Filipinos" (Chapter XVII), "Concerning the false heathen religion, idolatries, and superstitions of the Filipinos" (Chapter XXI), "Of marriages, dowries, and divorces among the Filipinos" (Chapter XXX),<ref>{{cite book|author=Pedro Chirino|title=Relacion de las islas Filippinas i de lo que in ellas an trabaiado los padres dae la Compania de Iesus. Del p. Pedro Chirino ..|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ghy2k73OHwC|year=1604|publisher=por Estevan Paulino|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ghy2k73OHwC&dq=filipinos&pg=PA38 38], [https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ghy2k73OHwC&dq=filipinos&pg=PA39 39], [https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ghy2k73OHwC&dq=filipinos&pg=PA52 52], [https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ghy2k73OHwC&dq=filipinos&pg=PA69 69]|access-date=December 3, 2019|archive-date=February 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218080218/https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ghy2k73OHwC|url-status=live}}</ref> while also using the term "Filipino" to refer unequivocally to the non-Spaniard natives of the archipelago like in the following sentence:

 

 

In the ''Crónicas'' (1738) of Juan Francisco de San Antonio, the author devoted a chapter to "The Letters, languages and politeness of the Philippinos", while Francisco Antolín argued in 1789 that "the ancient wealth of the Philippinos is much like that which the Igorots have at present".<ref name="Scott1994"/> These examples prompted the historian [[William Henry Scott (historian)|William Henry Scott]] to conclude that during the Spanish colonial period:

 

 

While the Philippine-born Spaniards during the 19th century began to be called ''españoles filipinos'', logically contracted to just ''Filipino'', to distinguish them from the Spaniards born in Spain, they themselves resented the term, preferring to identify themselves as ''"hijo/s del país"'' ("sons of the country").<ref name="Scott1994"/>

In the latter half of the 19th century, ''[[ilustrado]]s'', an educated class of ''[[Filipino Mestizos|mestizos]]'' (both [[Spanish Filipinos|Spanish mestizos]] and [[Sangley]] [[Chinese Filipino|Chinese mestizos]], especially Chinese mestizos) and ''indios'' arose whose writings are credited with building [[Filipino nationalism|Philippine nationalism]]. These writings are also credited with transforming the term '''''Filipino''''' to one which refers to everyone born in the Philippines,<ref name="Kramer">{{cite book|last=Kramer|first=Paul A.|title=The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, and the Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_Lx0KCui5IC&q=invented+as+a+new|date=2006|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|page=79|isbn=978-0-8078-7717-3|access-date=December 6, 2021|archive-date=February 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218080207/https://books.google.com/books?id=K_Lx0KCui5IC&q=invented+as+a+new|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|author1=H. Micheal Tarver Ph.D.|author2=Emily Slape|title=The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia &#91;2 volumes&#93;: A Historical Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LCJDAAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-422-3|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1LCJDAAAQBAJ&dq=filipino+peninsulares+philippines+ilustrado+ilustrados&pg=PA217 217–219]|access-date=February 29, 2020|archive-date=February 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218080157/https://books.google.com/books?id=1LCJDAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> especially during the [[Philippine Revolution]] and [[History of the Philippines (1898–1946)|American Colonial Era]] and the term shifting from a geographic designation to a national one as a [[Philippine nationality law|citizenship nationality by law]].<ref name="Kramer" /><ref name="Aguilar2005"/> Historian [[Ambeth Ocampo]] has suggested that the first documented use of the word ''Filipino'' to refer to Indios was the [[Spanish language|Spanish-language]] poem ''[[A la juventud filipina]]'', published in 1879 by [[José Rizal]].<ref name="Ocampo1995">{{cite book|last=Ocampo|first=Ambeth R.|title=Bonifacio's bolo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YWhxAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Anvil Pub.|isbn=978-971-27-0418-5|page=21|access-date=November 12, 2016|archive-date=February 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218080222/https://books.google.com/books?id=YWhxAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Writer and publisher [[Nick Joaquin]] has asserted that [[Luis Rodríguez Varela]] was the first to describe himself as ''Filipino'' in print.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Luis H. Francia|title=History of the Philippines: From Indios Bravos to Filipinos|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzuEDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22first+to+describe+himself+as+a+filipino%22&pg=PT101|year=2013|publisher=ABRAMS|isbn=978-1-4683-1545-5|chapter=3. From Indio to Filipino : Emergence of a Nation, 1863-1898|access-date=January 3, 2022|archive-date=February 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218080158/https://books.google.com/books?id=GzuEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT101&dq=%22first+to+describe+himself+as+a+filipino%22|url-status=live}}</ref> Apolinario Mabini (1896) used the term ''Filipino'' to refer to all inhabitants of the Philippines. Father Jose Burgos earlier called all natives of the archipelago as ''Filipinos''.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/3586507|title=Filipino Philosophy: A Critical Bibliography (1774–1997)|journal=De la Salle University Press (E-book)|year=2001|author=Rolando M Gripaldo|page=16 (note 1)|access-date=August 17, 2019|archive-date=February 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213114723/https://www.academia.edu/3586507|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Wenceslao Retana|Wenceslao Retaña]]'s ''Diccionario de filipinismos'', he defined ''Filipinos'' as follows,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Retaña|first=Wenceslao E.|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001770750|title=Diccionario de filipinismos, con la revisión de lo que al respecto lleva publicado la Real academia española|publisher=Wentworth Press|year=1921|location=New York|access-date=October 21, 2021|archive-date=October 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021041836/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001770750|url-status=live}}</ref>

 

 

 

The lack of the letter "''F''" in the 1940–1987 standardized [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] alphabet ([[Abakada alphabet|Abakada]]) caused the letter "''P''" to be substituted for "''F''", though the alphabets or writing scripts of some non-Tagalog ethnic groups included the letter "F". Upon official adoption of the modern, 28-letter [[Filipino language|Filipino]] alphabet in 1987, the term ''Filipino'' was preferred over ''Pilipino''.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} Locally, some still use "Filipino" to refer to the people and "Pilipino" to refer to the language, but in international use "Filipino" is the usual form for both.

| caption4 =

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[[File:Chronological dispersal of Austronesian people across the Pacific.svg|300px|thumb|Migration of the sea-faring [[Austronesian peoples]] and their [[Austronesian languages|languages]].]]

 

 

 

The connections between the various [[Austronesian peoples]] have also been known since the [[American colonization of the Philippines|colonial era]] due to shared [[material culture]] and linguistic similarities of various peoples of the islands of the [[Indo-Pacific]], leading to the designation of Austronesians as the "[[Malay race]]" (or the "[[Brown race]]") during the age of [[scientific racism]] by [[Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]].<ref name="Blust2013">{{cite book |last1=Blust |first1=Robert A. |title=The Austronesian languages |date=2013 |series=Asia-Pacific Linguistics |publisher=Australian National University |isbn=978-1-922185-07-5 |hdl=1885/10191 }}</ref><ref name="Bhopal">{{cite journal |last1=Bhopal |first1=Raj |title=The beautiful skull and Blumenbach's errors: the birth of the scientific concept of race |journal=BMJ |date=December 22, 2007 |volume=335 |issue=7633 |pages=1308–1309 |doi=10.1136/bmj.39413.463958.80|pmid=18156242 |pmc=2151154 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Ross">{{Cite journal |last=Ross |first=Malcolm | name-list-style = vanc |year=1996 |title=On the Origin of the Term 'Malayo-Polynesian' |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=143–145 |doi=10.2307/3623036 |jstor=3623036}}</ref> Due to the [[American colonial period of the Philippines|colonial American]] education system in the early 20th century, the term "Malay race" is still used incorrectly in the Philippines to refer to the Austronesian peoples, leading to [[Malayness|confusion]] with the non-indigenous [[Melayu people]].<ref name="Acabado">{{cite journal |last1=Acabado |first1=Stephen |last2=Martin |first2=Marlon |last3=Lauer |first3=Adam J. |title=Rethinking history, conserving heritage: archaeology and community engagement in Ifugao, Philippines |journal=The SAA Archaeological Record |year=2014 |pages=13–17 |url=https://www.ifugao-archaeological-project.org/uploads/6/4/4/7/6447606/rethinking_history-conserving_heritage.pdf |access-date=July 22, 2022 |archive-date=February 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213121216/https://www.ifugao-archaeological-project.org/uploads/6/4/4/7/6447606/rethinking_history-conserving_heritage.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="lasco">{{cite news |last1=Lasco |first1=Gideon |title=Waves of migration |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/109810/waves-of-migration |access-date=June 19, 2019 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=December 28, 2017 |archive-date=July 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722150239/https://opinion.inquirer.net/109810/waves-of-migration |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Palatino">{{cite news |last1=Palatino |first1=Mong |title=Are Filipinos Malays? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/02/are-filipinos-malays/ |access-date=June 19, 2019 |work=The Diplomat |date=February 27, 2013 |archive-date=June 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615041645/https://thediplomat.com/2013/02/are-filipinos-malays/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Curaming">{{cite book|first1=Rommel|last1=Curaming|editor1-first=Maznah |editor1-last=Mohamad|editor2-first= Syed Muhamad Khairudin|editor2-last=Aljunied|title =Melayu: Politics, Poetics and Paradoxes of Race|chapter =The Filipino as Malay: historicizing an identity|publisher =Singapore University Press|year =2011|pages=241–274|isbn =978-9971-69-555-2|url =https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287183183}}</ref>

Even scattered barangays, through the development of inter-island and international trade, became more culturally homogeneous by the 4th century. [[Hindus|Hindu]]-[[Buddhism|Buddhist]] culture and religion flourished among the noblemen in this era.

 

 

From the 9th century onwards, a large number of [[Arabs|Arab]] traders from the Middle East settled in the [[Malay Archipelago]] and intermarried with the local [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]], Bruneian, Malaysian, Indonesian and [[Luzon]] and [[Visayas]] indigenous populations.<ref name=Arab-Malays>{{cite web|url=http://www.colorq.org/MeltingPot/article.aspx?d=Asia&x=ArabMalays|title=Arab and native intermarriage in Austronesian Asia|publisher=ColorQ World|access-date=December 24, 2008|archive-date=February 1, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201102952/http://www.colorq.org/MeltingPot/article.aspx?d=Asia&x=ArabMalays|url-status=live}}</ref>

<!-- (The following entry need to be confirmed; since Islam took root in Indonesia and hence Malaysia in the 1430s, it is impossible that Islam was brought to the Philippines in the 1200s. Admiral [[Zheng He]], a Chinese Muslim, credited by the Indonesians and Malaysians as the propagator of Islam in Southeast Asia, reached Indonesia for the first time in 1430.) -->By the 15th century, Arab and Indian missionaries and traders from Malaysia and Indonesia brought Islam to the Philippines, where it both replaced and was practiced together with indigenous religions. Before that, indigenous tribes of the Philippines practiced a mixture of [[Animism]], [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]]. Native villages, called ''barangays'' were populated by locals called Timawa (Middle Class/freemen) and Alipin (servants and slaves). They were ruled by [[Rajah]]s, [[Datu]]s and [[Sultan]]s, a class called [[Maginoo]] (royals) and defended by the [[Maharlika]] (Lesser nobles, royal warriors and aristocrats).<ref name=State2794 /> These Royals and Nobles are descended from native Filipinos with varying degrees of [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] and [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]], which is evident in today's DNA analysis among South East Asian Royals. This tradition continued among the Spanish and [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] traders who also intermarried with the local populations.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia|first=Nicholas|last=Tarling|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|date=1999|isbn=978-0-521-66370-0|page=149|location=Cambridge}}</ref>

 

[[File:Tipos del País 2 by Justiniano Asuncion.jpg|thumb|411x411px|''[[Tipos del País]]'' works by [[Justiniano Asuncion]]|alt=]]

[[File:El Cundiman by José Honorato Lozano.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Filipino celebration]]

 

 

 

In the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of [[Japanese people|Japanese]] traders also migrated to the Philippines and assimilated into the local population.<ref name="Leupp2003p52-53">{{cite book|title=Interracial Intimacy in Japan|first=Gary P.|last=Leupp|publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]]|date=2003|isbn=978-0-8264-6074-5|pages=52–3}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=March 2020}} Many were assimilated throughout the centuries, especially through the tumultuous period of [[World War II]]. Today, there is a small growing [[Nikkeijin|Nikkei]] community of [[Japanese in the Philippines|Japanese Filipinos]] in [[Davao Region|Davao]] with roots to the old [[Japantown|Little Japan]] in Mintal or Calinan in [[Davao City]] during the [[History of the Philippines (1898–1946)|American colonial period]], where many had roots starting out in [[Abacá|Abaca]] plantations or from workers of the Benguet Road ([[Kennon Road]]) to [[Baguio]].

 

 

A total of 110 [[Manila galleon|Manila-Acapulco galleons]] set sail between 1565 and 1815, during the Philippines trade with Mexico. Until 1593, three or more ships would set sail annually from each port bringing with them the riches of the archipelago to Spain. European ''criollos'', ''mestizos'' and Portuguese, French and Mexican descent from the Americas, mostly from Latin America came in contact with the Filipinos. [[Japanese people|Japanese]], [[Indian people|Indian]] and [[Demographics of Cambodia|Cambodian]] Christians who fled from religious persecutions and killing fields also settled in the Philippines during the 17th until the 19th centuries. The Mexicans especially were a major source of military migration to the Philippines and during the Spanish period they were referred to as guachinangos<ref name="guachinango">"Intercolonial Intimacies Relinking Latin/o America to the Philippines, 1898–1964 Paula C. Park" Page 100</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://bagn.archivos.gob.mx/index.php/legajos/article/view/1243|title=Forzados y reclutas: los criollos novohispanos en Asia (1756–1808)|last=Garcia|first=María Fernanda|journal=Bolotin Archivo General de la Nación|volume=4|issue=11|year=1998|access-date=July 9, 2022|archive-date=August 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812123617/https://bagn.archivos.gob.mx/index.php/legajos/article/view/1243|url-status=live}}</ref> and they readily intermarried and mixed with native Filipinos. Bernal, the author of the book "Mexico en Filipinas" contends, that they were middlemen, the guachinangos in contrast to the Spanish and criollos, known as Castila, that had positions in power and were isolated, the guachinangos in the meantime, had interacted with the natives of the Philippines, while in contrast, the exchanges between Castila and native were negligent. Following Bernal, these two groups—native Filipinos and the Castila—had been two "mutually unfamiliar castes" that had "no real contact." Between them, he clarifies however, were the Chinese traders and the guachinangos (Mexicans).<ref name="guachinango" /> In the 1600s, Spain deployed thousands of Mexican and Peruvian soldiers across the many cities and presidios of the Philippines.<ref name= "Mexicans" />

 

|}

 

 

 

{| class="wikitable"

 

The Spanish-Filipino population as a proportion of the provinces widely varied; with as high as 19% of the population of Tondo province <ref name= "Estadismo1" />{{rp|539}} (The most populous province and former name of Manila), to Pampanga 13.7%,<ref name= "Estadismo1" />{{rp|539}} Cavite at 13%,<ref name= "Estadismo1" />{{rp|539}} Laguna 2.28%,<ref name= "Estadismo1" />{{rp|539}} Batangas 3%,<ref name= "Estadismo1" />{{rp|539}} Bulacan 10.79%,<ref name= "Estadismo1" />{{rp|539}} Bataan 16.72%,<ref name= "Estadismo1" />{{rp|539}} Ilocos 1.38%,<ref name= "Estadismo2" />{{rp|31}} Pangasinan 3.49%,<ref name= "Estadismo2" />{{rp|31}} Albay 1.16%,<ref name= "Estadismo2" />{{rp|54}} Cebu 2.17%,<ref name= "Estadismo2" />{{rp|113}} Samar 3.27%,<ref name= "Estadismo2" />{{rp|113}}

 

In the 1860s to 1890s, in the urban areas of the Philippines, especially at Manila, according to burial statistics, as much as 3.3% of the population were pure European Spaniards and the pure Chinese were as high as 9.9%. The Spanish Filipino and Chinese Filipino Mestizo populations also fluctuated. Eventually, many families belonging to the non-native categories from centuries ago beyond the late 19th century diminished because their descendants intermarried enough and were assimilated into and chose to self-identify as Filipinos while forgetting their ancestor's roots<ref>{{cite journal | jstor=29792149 | title=Tracing the Decline of the Mestizo Categories in Philippine Life in the Late 19th Century | last1=Doeppers | first1=Daniel F. | journal=Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society | date=1994 | volume=22 | issue=2 | page=82 }}</ref> since during the Philippine Revolution to modern times, the term "Filipino" was expanded to include everyone born in the Philippines coming from any race, as per the [[Philippine nationality law]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hedman |first1=Eva-Lotta |last2=Sidel |first2=John |title=Philippine Politics and Society in the Twentieth Century: Colonial Legacies, Post-Colonial Trajectories |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-75421-2 |page=71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X_lDpY3vj60C&pg=PA71 |access-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218075805/https://books.google.com/books?id=X_lDpY3vj60C&pg=PA71 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |quote=The cultural identity of the mestizos was challenged as they became increasingly aware that they were true members of neither the indio nor the Chinese community. Increasingly powerful but adrift, they linked with the Spanish mestizos, who were also being challenged because after the Latin American revolutions broke the Spanish Empire, many of the settlers from the New World, Caucasian Creoles born in Mexico or Peru, became suspect in the eyes of the Iberian Spanish. The Spanish Empire had lost its universality. |chapter=Chapter – 3 A Singular and a Plural Folk |last=Steinberg |first=David Joel |title=The Philippines A Singular and a Plural Place |publisher=Routledge |date=2018 |page=47 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6NFMDwAAQBAJ |doi=10.4324/9780429494383 |isbn=978-0-8133-3755-5 |access-date=July 22, 2021 |archive-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218075805/https://books.google.com/books?id=6NFMDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> That would explain the abrupt drop of otherwise high Chinese, Spanish and mestizo, percentages across the country by the time of the first American census in 1903.<ref>Tracing the Decline of the Mestizo Categories in Philippine Life in the Late 19th Century By Daniel F. Doeppers)</ref> By the 20th century, the remaining ethnic Spaniards and ethnic Chinese, replenished by further Chinese migrants in the 20th century, now later came to compose the modern [[Spanish Filipino]] community and [[Chinese Filipino]] community respectively, where families of such background contribute a significant share of the [[Economy of the Philippines|Philippine economy]] today,<ref name="auto1" /><ref name="auto" /><ref name="auto2" /><ref name="auto3" /><ref name="auto4" /> where most in the current list of the Philippines' richest each year comprise [[billionaire]]s of either [[Chinese Filipino]] background or the old elite families of [[Spanish Filipino]] background.

 

===Late modern===

[[File:Diversity of Philippines.jpg|thumb|A native Filipina with [[Chinese Filipino|Chinese]], [[Americans in the Philippines|American]] / [[Spanish Filipino|European]] and [[Japanese in the Philippines|Japanese]] settlers in the Philippines, 1900]]

 

 

[[Philippine nationality law]] is currently based upon the principle of ''[[jus sanguinis]]'' and, therefore, descent from a parent who is a citizen of the Republic of the Philippines is the primary method of acquiring national citizenship. Birth in the Philippines to foreign parents does not in itself confer Philippine citizenship, although RA9139, the Administrative Naturalization Law of 2000, does provide a path for administrative naturalization of certain aliens born in the Philippines. Since many of the above historical groups came to the Philippines before its establishment as an independent state, many have also gained citizenship before the founding of either the [[First Philippine Republic|First Philippines Republic]] or [[History of the Philippines (1946–1965)|Third Republic of the Philippines]]. For example, many [[Cold War|Cold-War-era]] [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese migrants]] who had relatives in the Philippines attain [[Philippine nationality law|Filipino citizenship]] for their children through [[marriage]] with [[Chinese Filipino]] families that trace back to either the late [[History of the Philippines (1565–1898)|Spanish Colonial Era]] or [[History of the Philippines (1898–1946)|American Colonial Era]]. Likewise, many other modern expatriates from various countries, such as the [[United States|US]], often come to the [[Philippines]] to marry with a [[Philippine nationality law|Filipino citizen]], ensuring their future children attain [[Philippine nationality law|Filipino citizenship]] and their Filipino spouses ensure [[Ownership|property ownership]].

===Social classifications===

{{More citations needed section|date=July 2020}}

During the [[History of the Philippines (1565–1898)|Spanish colonial period]], [[Spaniards]] from [[Spain]] and [[Hispanic America]] mainly referred to [[Spanish Filipino|Spaniards born in the Philippines (Spanish Filipinos)]] in {{lang-es|"'''[[wikt:filipino|Filipino/s]]'''" (m) or "[[wikt:filipina|Filipina/s]]" (f)|lit=}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nolasco|first=Clarita T.|date=September 1970|title=The Creoles in Spanish Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2eaHAAACAAJ|journal=Far Eastern University Journal|volume=15|issue=1 & 2|access-date=December 6, 2021|archive-date=February 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218081203/https://books.google.com/books?id=z2eaHAAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Abella">{{cite book|last=Abella|first=Domingo|title=From Indio to Filipino: And Some Historical Works|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JlxwAAAAMAAJ&q=a+full-blooded+Spanish|date=1978|publisher=Milagros Romuáldez-Abella|page=30|access-date=December 6, 2021|archive-date=February 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218081200/https://books.google.com/books?id=JlxwAAAAMAAJ&q=a+full-blooded+Spanish|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wickberg|first=E.|date=March 1964|title=The Chinese Mestizo in Philippine History|url=https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/1129/CEAS.1964.n10.pdf?sequence=1|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian History|volume=5|page=63|doi=10.1017/S0217781100002222|hdl=1808/1129|via=KU ScholarWorks|access-date=October 21, 2021|archive-date=October 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020230229/https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/1129/CEAS.1964.n10.pdf?sequence=1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Perdon|first=Renato|date=December 31, 2013|title=The origin of Filipino|url=https://muntingnayon.com/103/103140/|website=Munting Nayon|access-date=October 21, 2021|archive-date=October 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021011349/https://muntingnayon.com/103/103140/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Agoncillo|first=Teodoro A.|title=History of the Filipino people|publisher=R. P. GARCIA Publishing Co.|year=1960|isbn=971-1024-15-2|location=Quezon City|page=130}}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=December 2021}} in relation to those born in Hispanic America called in {{lang-es|"[[wikt:americano|Americano/s]]" (m) / "[[wikt:americana|Americana/s]]" (f) or "[[wikt:criollo|Criollo/s]]"|lit=}}, whereas the Spaniards born in the Philippines themselves called the Spaniards from Spain as "''[[wikt:peninsular#Spanish|Peninsular/es]]''" with themselves also referred to as "'''''[[wikt:insular#Spanish|Insular/es]]'''''".<ref name=":1" /> Meanwhile, the colonial caste system hierarchy and taxation system during the Spanish Colonial Times dictated that those of mixed descent were known as "''[[wikt:mestizo#Spanish|'''Mestizo'''/s]]''" (''m'') / "''[[wikt:mestiza#Spanish|Mestiza/s]]''" (''f''), specifically those of mixed [[Spanish Filipino|Spanish]] and [[Ethnic groups in the Philippines|native Filipino]] descent were known as "''[[Filipino Mestizos|Mestizo/s]] de [[Spanish Filipino|Español]]''" ([[Filipino Mestizos|Spanish Mestizos]]), whereas those of mixed [[Chinese Filipino|Chinese]] and [[Ethnic groups in the Philippines|native Filipino]] descent were known as "''[[Filipino Mestizos|Mestizo/s]] de [[Sangley]]''" ([[Filipino Mestizos|Chinese Mestizos]]) and the mix of all of the above or a mix of [[Spanish Filipino|Spanish]] and [[Chinese Filipino|Chinese]] were known as "''[[Torna atrás|Tornatrás]]''". Meanwhile, the [[Han Chinese|ethnic Chinese]] migrants ([[Chinese Filipino]]s) were historically referred to as "'''''[[Sangley|Sangley/es]]'''''" (from [[Philippine Hokkien|Hokkien]] {{zh|poj=Sng-lí|l=business|c=[[wikt:生理|生理]]}}), while the [[Ethnic groups in the Philippines|natives of the Philippine islands]] were usually known by the generic term "'''''[[wikt:indio#Spanish|Indio/s]]'''''"<ref name=":1" /> (lit. "[[Spanish East Indies|Indian]], native of the [[East Indies]]").

 

 

[[File:Marcelo-Azcárraga-Palmero-1898.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero]], the only Spanish prime minister of mestizo (Filipino) descent]]

People classified as 'blancos' (whites) were the insulares or "Filipinos" (a person born in the Philippines of pure Spanish descent), peninsulares (a person born in Spain of pure Spanish descent), Español mestizos (a person born in the Philippines of mixed Austronesian and Spanish ancestry) and tornatrás (a person born in the Philippines of mixed Austronesian, Chinese and Spanish ancestry). [[Manila]] was racially segregated, with blancos living in the walled city of [[Intramuros]], un-Christianized sangleys in Parían, Christianized sangleys and mestizos de sangley in Binondo and the rest of the 7,000 islands for the indios, with the exception of Cebu and several other Spanish posts. Only mestizos de sangley were allowed to enter Intramuros to work for whites (including mestizos de español) as servants and various occupations needed for the colony. Indio were native Austronesians, but as a legal classification, Indio were those who embraced Roman Catholicism and Austronesians who lived in proximity to the Spanish colonies.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}

 

However, a 'mestiza de sangley' who married a blanco ('Filipino', 'mestizo de español', 'peninsular' or 'americano') kept her status as 'mestiza de sangley'. But her children were classified as tornatrás. An 'India' who married a blanco also kept her status as India, but her children were classified as mestizo de español. A mestiza de español who married another blanco would keep her status as mestiza, but her status will never change from mestiza de español if she married a mestizo de español, Filipino or peninsular. In contrast, a mestizo (de sangley or español) man's status stayed the same regardless of whom he married. If a mestizo (de sangley or español) married a filipina (woman of pure Spanish descent), she would lose her status as a 'filipina' and would acquire the legal status of her husband and become a mestiza de español or sangley. If a 'filipina' married an 'indio', her legal status would change to 'India', despite being of pure Spanish descent.

 

 

 

 

 

<gallery>

[[File:Chronological dispersal of Austronesian people across the Pacific (per Benton et al, 2012, adapted from Bellwood, 2011).png|upright=1.25|thumb|Migration of the [[Austronesian peoples]] and their [[Austronesian languages|languages]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|chapter-url=http://www.els.net/WileyCDA/ElsArticle/refId-a0020808.html|last=Chambers|first=Geoff|year=2013|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9780470015902.a0020808.pub2|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Life Sciences|eLS]]|isbn=978-0-470-01617-6|chapter=Genetics and the Origins of the Polynesians|title=Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, 20 Volume Set|access-date=January 16, 2019|archive-date=January 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117013331/http://www.els.net/WileyCDA/ElsArticle/refId-a0020808.html|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

 

 

 

 

===Genetics===

The results of a massive DNA study conducted by the [[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'s, "The Genographic Project", based on [[genetic testing]]s of 80,000 Filipino people by the National Geographic in 2008–2009, found that the average Filipino's genes are around 53% Southeast Asia and Oceania, 36% East Asian, 5% Southern European, 3% South Asian and 2% Native American.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 13, 2005|title=Genographic Project – Reference Populations – Geno 2.0 Next Generation|url=https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations-next-gen/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522144837/https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations-next-gen/|archive-date=May 22, 2019|website=National Geographic}}</ref>

 

According to a genetic study done by the [[Kaiser Permanente]] (KP) Research Program on Genes, Environment, and Health (RPGEH), most self-identified Filipinos sampled, have "modest" amounts of European ancestry consistent with older admixture.<ref name=Kaiser>{{cite journal |author=Yambazi Banda |title=Characterizing Race/Ethnicity and Genetic Ancestry for 100,000 Subjects in the Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) Cohort |journal= Genetics|volume=200|issue=4 |year=2015|pages=1285–1295 |doi=10.1534/genetics.115.178616|pmid=26092716 |pmc=4574246 }} Subsection: (Discussion) "For the non-Hispanic white individuals, we see a broad spectrum of genetic ancestry ranging from northern Europe to southern Europe and the Middle East. Within that large group, with the exception of Ashkenazi Jews, we see little evidence of distinct clusters. This is consistent with considerable exogamy within this group. By comparison, we do see structure in the East Asian population, correlated with nationality, reflecting continuing endogamy for these nationalities and also recent immigration. On the other hand, we did observe a substantial number of individuals who are admixed between East Asian and European ancestry, reflecting ~10% of all those reporting East Asian race/ethnicity. The majority of these reflected individuals with one East Asian and one European parent or one East Asian and three European grandparents. In addition, we noted that for self-reported Filipinos, a substantial proportion have modest levels of European genetic ancestry reflecting older admixture."</ref>

 

[[Dentition|Dental morphology]] provides clues to prehistoric migration patterns of the Philippines, with Sinodont dental patterns occurring in East Asia, Central Asia, North Asia, and the Americas. Sundadont patterns occur in Southeast Asia as well as the bulk of Oceania.<ref name="Hinke et al p.1903" /> Filipinos exhibit [[Sinodonty and Sundadonty|Sundadonty]],<ref name="Hinke et al p.1903">{{cite book |last1=Henke|first1=Winfried|last2=Tattersall|first2=Ian|last3=Hardt|first3=Thorolf|title=Handbook of Paleoanthropology: Vol I:Principles, Methods and Approaches Vol II:Primate Evolution and Human Origins Vol III:Phylogeny of Hominids |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vhoRdbTrjc8C|year=2007|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-32474-4|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vhoRdbTrjc8C&dq=philippines&pg=PA1903 1903]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Anthropology of Modern Human Teeth: Dental Morphology and Its Variation in Recent Human Populations|author1=George Richard Scott |author2=Christy G. Turner|publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2000|isbn=978-0-521-78453-5|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HuRcAyXWJxIC&pg=PA177 177], [https://books.google.com/books?id=HuRcAyXWJxIC&pg=PA179 179], [https://books.google.com/books?id=HuRcAyXWJxIC&pg=PA283 283-284]}}</ref> and are regarded as having a more generalised dental morphology and having a longer ancestry than its offspring, Sinodonty.

 

Published in 1849, The ''Catalogo Alfabetico de Apellidos'' contains 141 pages of surnames with both Spanish and Hispanicized indigenous roots.

 

Authored by Spanish Governor-General Narciso Claveria y Zaldua and Domingo Abella, the catalog was created in response to the Decree of November 21, 1849, which gave every Filipino a surname from the book. The decree in the Philippines was created to fulfill a Spanish colonial decree that sought to address colonial subjects who did not have a last name. This explains why most Filipinos share the same surnames as many Hispanics today, without having Spanish ancestry.

 

 

In relation to this, a population survey conducted by German ethnographer [[Fedor Jagor]] concluded that 1/3rd of Luzon which holds half of the Philippines' population had varying degrees of Spanish and Mexican ancestry.<ref>Jagor, Fëdor, et al. (1870). [http://www.authorama.com/former-philippines-b-8.html ''The Former Philippines thru Foreign Eyes''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109161446/http://www.authorama.com/former-philippines-b-8.html |date=January 9, 2021 }}</ref>

Meanwhile, according to older records held by the [[Senate of the Philippines]], there were approximately 1.35 million [[Han Chinese|ethnic (or pure)]] [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese]] within the Philippine population, while Filipinos with any [[Sangley|Chinese descent]] comprised 22.8 million of the population.<ref name="senate.gov.ph">{{cite press release|title=Senate declares Chinese New Year as special working holiday|date=January 21, 2013|publisher=PRIB, Office of the Senate Secretary, Senate of the Philippines|url=http://www.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2013/0121_prib1.asp|last=Macrohon|first=Pilar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516035425/http://legacy.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2013/0121_prib1.asp|archive-date=May 16, 2021}}</ref>

 

Recent studies during 2015, record around 220,000 to 600,000 American citizens living in the country.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cooper |first=Matthew |date=November 15, 2013 |title=Why the Philippines Is America's Forgotten Colony |url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/why-the-philippines-is-america-s-forgotten-colony-20131115 |newspaper=National Journal |access-date=January 28, 2015 |quote=c. At the same time, person-to-person contacts are widespread: Some 600,000 Americans live in the Philippines and there are 3 million Filipino-Americans, many of whom are devoting themselves to typhoon relief. |archive-date=February 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218012506/http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/why-the-philippines-is-america-s-forgotten-colony-20131115 |url-status=live }}</ref> There are also 250,000 [[Amerasian]]s across [[Angeles City]], Manila, [[New Clark City|Clark]] and [[Olongapo]].<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://amerasianresearch.org/releases/amerasianresearch-2012-09.pdf|title=200,000–250,000 or More Military Filipino Amerasians Alive Today in Republic of the Philippines according to USA-RP Joint Research Paper Finding|work=Amerasian Research Network, Ltd.|date=November 5, 2012|access-date=July 11, 2016|archive-date=November 1, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101212827/http://amerasianresearch.org/releases/amerasianresearch-2012-09.pdf|url-status=live}}<br />{{cite web|last1=Kutschera|first1=P.C.|last2=Caputi|first2=Marie A.|url=http://amerasianresearch.org/pdf/ICOPHIL-9FINALFilipinoDiaspora-Kutschera-Caputi.pdf|title=The Case for Categorization of Military Filipino Amerasians as Diaspora|publisher=9th International Conference On the Philippines, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI|date=October 2012|access-date=July 11, 2016|archive-date=November 1, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101213421/http://amerasianresearch.org/pdf/ICOPHIL-9FINALFilipinoDiaspora-Kutschera-Caputi.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

 

In 1863 a Spanish decree introduced [[universal education]], creating free public schooling in Spanish, yet it was never implemented, even before the advent of American annexation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/philippines/53.htm|title=Philippines – EDUCATION|access-date=June 23, 2010|archive-date=June 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613221504/http://countrystudies.us/philippines/53.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also the language of the [[Philippine Revolution]], and the 1899 [[Malolos Constitution]] proclaimed it as the "official language" of the [[First Philippine Republic]], albeit a temporary official language. Spanish continued to be the predominant [[lingua franca]] used in the islands by the elite class before and during the American colonial regime. Following the American occupation of the Philippines and the imposition of [[Philippine English|English]], the overall use of Spanish declined gradually, especially after the 1940s.

 

 

 

==Religion==

[[File:Batobalani sa Gugma.jpg|thumb|upright|Devotees flock to the [[Basilica Minore del Santo Niño]] during the novena Masses.]]

 

 

The second largest religion in the country is [[Islam]], estimated {{as of|2014|alt=in 2014}} to account for 5% to 8% of the population.<ref name=2013ifr>{{cite report|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2013/eap/222161.htm|title=Philippines|at=SECTION I. RELIGIOUS DEMOGRAPHY|work=2013 Report on International Religious Freedom|date=July 28, 2014|publisher=United States Department of State|quote=The 2000 survey states that Islam is the largest minority religion, constituting approximately 5 percent of the population. A 2012 estimate by the National Commission on Muslim Filipinos (NCMF), however, states that there are 10.7 million Muslims, which is approximately 11 percent of the total population.|access-date=May 22, 2019|archive-date=May 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526202948/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2013/eap/222161.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Islam in the Philippines]] is mostly concentrated in southwestern [[Mindanao]] and the [[Sulu Archipelago]] which, though part of the Philippines, are very close to the neighboring [[Muslim world|Islamic countries]] of [[Malaysia]] and [[Indonesia]]. The Muslims call themselves ''Moros'', a [[Spanish language in the Philippines|Spanish]] word that refers to the [[Moors]] (albeit the two groups have little cultural connection other than Islam).

Historically, ancient Filipinos held animist religions that were influenced by [[Hinduism in the Philippines|Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism in the Philippines|Buddhism]], which were brought by traders from neighbouring Asian states. These [[indigenous Philippine folk religions]] continue to be present among the populace, with some communities, such as the [[Aeta]], [[Igorot]], and [[Lumad]], having some strong adherents and some who mix beliefs originating from the indigenous religions with beliefs from Christianity or Islam.<ref name="hislop">{{cite journal|author=Stephen K. Hislop|year=1971|title=Anitism: a survey of religious beliefs native to the Philippines|journal=Asian Studies|volume=9|issue=2|pages=144–156|url=http://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-09-02-1971/hislop-anitism-survey-religious%20beliefs-native-philippines.pdf|access-date=September 10, 2020|archive-date=July 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707172324/http://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-09-02-1971/hislop-anitism-survey-religious%20beliefs-native-philippines.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>McCoy, A. W. (1982). Baylan: Animist Religion and Philippine Peasant Ideology. University of San Carlos Publications.</ref>

 

 

==Diaspora==

{{Main|Overseas Filipinos}}

[[File:Pinoydayparade2.JPG|thumb|Spectators at the annual [[Philippine Independence Day Parade]] on [[Madison Avenue]] in [[Manhattan]], [[Filipinos in the New York metropolitan area|New York City]]]]

There are currently more than 10 million Filipinos who live overseas. Filipinos form a minority ethnic group in the Americas, Europe, Oceania,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/ABS@.NSF/2f762f95845417aeca25706c00834efa/371BAA6C21FEDC3CCA2570EC000BF4DD?opendocument | title=National Summary Tables | publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics | access-date=June 6, 2001 | date=June 6, 2001 | archive-date=December 15, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215123338/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/ABS@.NSF/2f762f95845417aeca25706c00834efa/371BAA6C21FEDC3CCA2570EC000BF4DD?opendocument | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Australian Bureau of Statistics">{{cite web | url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/ABS@.NSF/2f762f95845417aeca25706c00834efa/666a320ed7736d32ca2570ec000bf8f9!OpenDocument | title=Population Composition: Asian-born Australians | publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics | access-date=June 6, 2001 | date=June 6, 2001 | archive-date=October 19, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019112351/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/2f762f95845417aeca25706c00834efa/666a320ed7736d32ca2570ec000bf8f9!OpenDocument | url-status=live }}</ref> the Middle East, and other regions of the world.

 

{{Portal|Philippines}}

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==References==

 

==Publications==

* {{cite book |last1=Penny |first1=Ralph |last2=Penny |first2=Ralph John |title=A History of the Spanish Language |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-01184-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjcrhyQlFa0C |language=en}}

|isbn=978-971-10-0227-5 }} {{ISBN|978-971-10-0226-8}}.

 

==External links==

* {{Commons category-inline|People of the Philippines}}

 

{{Ethnic groups in the Philippines}}