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| popplace = Philippines c. 100 million<br />{{small|figures below are for various years}}
| region1 = United States
| pop1 = [[Filipino Americans|4,466,918]] (2022)<ref name="AsianPop">{{cite web |url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT5Y2022.B02018?q=B02018 |title=ASIAN ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH ONE OR MORE OTHER RACES, AND WITH ONE OR MORE ASIAN CATEGORIES FOR SELECTED GROUPS |year=2022 |work=[[United States Census Bureau]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce]] |access-date=28 July 2024
| region2 = Canada
| pop2 = [[Filipino Canadians|957,355]] (2021)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D|title=Ethnic Origin, both sexes, age (total), Canada, 2016 Census – 25% Sample data|author=Statistics Canada|access-date=May 18, 2018|date=October 25, 2017|author-link=Statistics Canada|archive-date=October 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027195802/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D|url-status=live}}</ref>
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| region15 = Hong Kong
| pop15 = [[Filipinos in Hong Kong|130,810]]<ref>[http://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2005/en/fact_01.htm Filipinos in Hong Kong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613221026/http://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2005/en/fact_01.htm |date=June 13, 2018 }} Hong Kong Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved June 30, 2009.</ref>
| region16 =
|
| region17 = South Korea
| pop17 = [[Filipinos in South Korea|63,464]]<ref>[http://www.korea.net/korea/kor_loca.asp?code=L03 Filipinos in South Korea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105063058/http://www.korea.net/korea/kor_loca.asp?code=L03 |date=January 5, 2010 }}. Korean Culture and Information Service (KOIS). Retrieved July 21, 2009.</ref>
| region18 =
| pop18 = [[Filipinos in Germany|60,000]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.freiheit.org/de/philippinen/das-bedeutet-der-besuch-des-philippinischen-praesidenten-marcos-jr-fuer-deutschland#:~:text=In%20Deutschland%20leben%20etwa%2060.000%20Filipinas%20und%20Filipinos.|title=Das bedeutet der Besuch des philippinischen Präsidenten Marcos Jr. für Deutschland|website=Friedrich Naumann Stiftung|date=March 11, 2024}}</ref>
| region19 = France | pop19 = [[Filipinos in France|50,000]] (2020)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/oct/12/les-miserables-nouveau-the-lives-of-filipina-workers-in-the-playground-of-the-rich |title=Les nouveaux Misérables: the lives of Filipina workers in the playground of the rich |date=October 12, 2020 |website=The Guardian |access-date=September 14, 2021 |archive-date=March 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307052246/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/oct/12/les-miserables-nouveau-the-lives-of-filipina-workers-in-the-playground-of-the-rich |url-status=live }} (cites data from [https://cfo.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/statistics/stock_estimate/2013-Stock-Estimate.xlsx Commission on Filipinos Overseas Stock estimate of overseans Filipinos As of December 2013 (xlsx)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227082027/https://cfo.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/statistics/stock_estimate/2013-Stock-Estimate.xlsx |date=February 27, 2022 }})</ref> ▲| pop19 = [[Filipino New Zealanders|72,612]] <small>(2018)</small><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights-updated|title=2018 Census totals by topic – national highlights – updated 30-04-20|at=Table 5: Ethnic group (total responses)|date=30 April 2020|publisher=Stats NZ|access-date=November 16, 2023|archive-date=January 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124070359/https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights-updated|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region20 = Bahrain
| pop20 = [[Filipinos in Bahrain|40,000]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 19, 2021|title=Overview of RP-Bahrain Relations|url=https://manamape.dfa.gov.ph/index.php/84-overview-of-rp-bahrain-relations|access-date=July 25, 2021|website=Republic of The Philippines; Embassy of The Philippines; Manama, Bahrain.|language=English, fil|archive-date=September 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929045327/https://manamape.dfa.gov.ph/index.php/84-overview-of-rp-bahrain-relations}}</ref>
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| region44 = Finland
| pop44 = 2,114<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filippiinit-seura.fi/Filipinos.html|title=Filipinos in Finland|publisher=Finnish-Philippine Society co-operates with the migrant organizations|access-date=March 25, 2013|archive-date=May 1, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501221252/http://www.filippiinit-seura.fi/Filipinos.html}}</ref>
<!-- template now supports 50 regions max (even though documentation says 40) -->| languages = [[Philippine English|English]], [[Philippine Spanish|Spanish]], [[Arabic]], [[Filipino language|Filipino]]/[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], and other [[Philippine languages|indigenous languages]]
| religions = Predominantly [[Catholic Church in the Philippines|Roman Catholicism]]<ref name="PSA-2015PSY">{{cite journal|title=Table 1.10; Household Population by Religious Affiliation and by Sex; 2010|journal=2015 Philippine Statistical Yearbook|date=October 2015|pages=1–30|url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2015%20PSY%20PDF.pdf|access-date=August 15, 2016|issn=0118-1564|archive-date=October 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011010131/https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2015%20PSY%20PDF.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />Minority others are: {{hlist|[[Protestantism in the Philippines|Protestantism]]|[[Islam in the Philippines|Islam]]|[[Jehovah's Witnesses|Mga Saksi ni Jehova]]|[[Iglesia ni Cristo]]|[[Members Church of God International]]|[[Iglesia Filipina Independiente]]|[[Indigenous Philippine folk religions]]|[[Atheism]]}}
| related = [[Indonesians]], [[Native Indonesians|Native Indonesian]], [[Austronesian peoples]]
}}
'''Filipinos''' ({{lang-fil|Mga Pilipino}})<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/|title=The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines|work=Official Gazette|publisher=Government of the Philippines|at=Preamble|quote=We, the sovereign Filipino people, ...|access-date=June 14, 2019|archive-date=January 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105085906/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/|url-status=live}}</ref> are citizens or people identified with the country of the [[Philippines]]. The majority of Filipinos today are predominantly [[Catholic Church
==Names==
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All those born in the Philippines without distinction of origin or race.|author=[[Wenceslao Retana|Wenceslao E. Retaña]]|source=Diccionario De Filipinismos: Con La Revisión De Lo Que Al Respecto Lleva Publicado La Real Academia Española}}
[[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|American authorities]] during the [[History of the Philippines (1898–1946)|American
The lack of the letter "''F''" in the 1940–1987 standardized [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] alphabet ([[Abakada alphabet|Abakada]]) caused the letter "''P''" to be substituted for "''F''", though the alphabets or writing scripts of some non-Tagalog ethnic groups included the letter "F". Upon official adoption of the modern, 28-letter [[Filipino language|Filipino]] alphabet in 1987, the term ''Filipino'' was preferred over ''Pilipino''.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} Locally, some still use "Filipino" to refer to the people and "Pilipino" to refer to the language, but in international use "Filipino" is the usual form for both.
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| caption4 =
}}
The oldest
The oldest indisputable modern human (''[[Homo sapiens]]'') remains in the [[Philippines]] are the "[[Tabon Man]]" fossils discovered in the [[Tabon Caves]] in the 1960s by [[Robert Bradford Fox|Robert B. Fox]], an [[anthropologist]] from the [[National Museum of the Philippines|National Museum]]. These were dated to the [[Paleolithic]], at around 26,000 to 24,000 years ago. The Tabon Cave complex also indicates that the caves were inhabited by humans continuously from at least 47,000 ± 11,000 years ago to around 9,000 years ago.<ref name=Scott1984pp14-15>{{Harvnb|Scott|1984|pp=14–15}}</ref><ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web |title=The Tabon Cave Complex and all of Lipuun |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1860/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Convention, Tentative Lists |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=July 22, 2022 |archive-date=February 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210112745/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1860/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The caves were also later used as a burial site by unrelated [[Neolithic]] and [[Metal Ages|Metal Age]] cultures in the area.<ref name="Détroit2">{{cite journal |last1=Détroit |first1=Florent |last2=Corny |first2=Julien |last3=Dizon |first3=Eusebio Z. |last4=Mijares |first4=Armand S. |title="Small Size" in the Philippine Human Fossil Record: Is it Meaningful for a Better Understanding of the Evolutionary History of the Negritos? |journal=Human Biology |date=June 2013 |volume=85 |issue=1–3 |pages=45–66 |doi=10.3378/027.085.0303 |pmid=24297220 |s2cid=24057857 |url=https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol85/iss1/3 |access-date=August 23, 2022 |archive-date=July 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701133112/https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol85/iss1/3/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Chronological dispersal of Austronesian people across the Pacific.svg|300px|thumb|Migration of the sea-faring [[Austronesian peoples]] and their [[Austronesian languages|languages]].]]
[[File:Bosquejo del archipiélago filipino, 1885 "Negritos o Aetas" (3817431370).jpg|thumb|244x244px|The Negritos are descendants of one of the earliest groups of modern humans to reach the [[Philippines]]]]
The Tabon Cave remains (along with the [[Niah Cave]] remains of [[Borneo]] and the [[Tam Pa Ling]] remains of [[Laos]]) are part of the "First [[Sundaland]] People", the earliest branch of [[anatomically modern humans]] to reach [[Island Southeast Asia]] at the time of lowered sea levels of [[Sundaland]], with only one 3km sea crossing.{{r|Larena et al 2021}} They entered the Philippines from Borneo via [[Palawan]] at around 50,000 to 40,000 years ago. Their descendants are collectively known as the [[Negrito people]], although they are highly genetically divergent from each other. Philippine Negritos show a high degree of [[Denisovan Admixture]], similar to [[Papuans]] and [[Indigenous Australians]], in contrast to Malaysian and Andamanese Negritos (the [[Orang Asli]]). This indicates that Philippine Negritos, Papuans, and Indigenous Australians share a common ancestor that admixed with [[Denisovans]] at around 44,000 years ago.<ref name="Jinam">{{cite journal |last1=Jinam |first1=Timothy A. |last2=Phipps |first2=Maude E. |last3=Aghakhanian |first3=Farhang |last4=Majumder |first4=Partha P. |last5=Datar |first5=Francisco |last6=Stoneking |first6=Mark |last7=Sawai |first7=Hiromi |last8=Nishida |first8=Nao |last9=Tokunaga |first9=Katsushi |last10=Kawamura |first10=Shoji |last11=Omoto |first11=Keiichi |last12=Saitou |first12=Naruya |title=Discerning the Origins of the Negritos, First Sundaland People: Deep Divergence and Archaic Admixture |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |date=August 2017 |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=2013–2022 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evx118|pmid=28854687 |pmc=5597900 }}</ref> Negritos include ethnic groups like the [[Aeta people|Aeta]] (including the Agta, Arta, Dumagat, etc.) of Luzon, the [[Ati people|Ati]] of [[Western Visayas]], the [[Batak people (Philippines)|Batak]] of [[Palawan]], and the [[Mamanwa people|Mamanwa]] of [[Mindanao]]. Today they comprise just 0.03% of the total Philippine population.<ref name=State2794>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2794.htm |title=Background note: Philippines |publisher=U.S. Department of State Diplomacy in Action |access-date=February 3, 2014 |archive-date=January 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194536/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2794.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
After the Negritos, were two early Paleolithic migrations from East Asian (basal [[Austric]], an ethnic group which includes [[Austroasiatic language family|Austroasiatics]]) people, they entered the Philippines at around 15,000 and 12,000 years ago, respectively. Like the Negritos, they entered the Philippines during the lowered sea levels during the [[last ice age]], when the only water crossings required were less than 3km wide (such as the [[Sibutu Passage|Sibutu strait]]).<ref name="Larena et al 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Larena |first1=Maximilian |last2=Sanchez-Quinto |first2=Federico |last3=Sjödin |first3=Per |last4=McKenna |first4=James |last5=Ebeo |first5=Carlo |last6=Reyes |first6=Rebecca |last7=Casel |first7=Ophelia |last8=Huang |first8=Jin-Yuan |last9=Hagada |first9=Kim Pullupul |last10=Guilay |first10=Dennis |last11=Reyes |first11=Jennelyn |last12=Allian |first12=Fatima Pir |last13=Mori |first13=Virgilio |last14=Azarcon |first14=Lahaina Sue |last15=Manera |first15=Alma |last16=Terando |first16=Celito |last17=Jamero |first17=Lucio |last18=Sireg |first18=Gauden |last19=Manginsay-Tremedal |first19=Renefe |last20=Labos |first20=Maria Shiela |last21=Vilar |first21=Richard Dian |last22=Latiph |first22=Acram |last23=Saway |first23=Rodelio Linsahay |last24=Marte |first24=Erwin |last25=Magbanua |first25=Pablito |last26=Morales |first26=Amor |last27=Java |first27=Ismael |last28=Reveche |first28=Rudy |last29=Barrios |first29=Becky |last30=Burton |first30=Erlinda |last31=Salon |first31=Jesus Christopher |last32=Kels |first32=Ma. Junaliah Tuazon |last33=Albano |first33=Adrian |last34=Cruz-Angeles |first34=Rose Beatrix |last35=Molanida |first35=Edison |last36=Granehäll |first36=Lena |last37=Vicente |first37=Mário |last38=Edlund |first38=Hanna |last39=Loo |first39=Jun-Hun |last40=Trejaut |first40=Jean |last41=Ho |first41=Simon Y. W. |last42=Reid |first42=Lawrence |last43=Malmström |first43=Helena |last44=Schlebusch |first44=Carina |last45=Lambeck |first45=Kurt |last46=Endicott |first46=Phillip |last47=Jakobsson |first47=Mattias |title=Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=30 March 2021 |volume=118 |issue=13 |page=supplementary information |doi=10.1073/pnas.2026132118 |
The last wave of prehistoric migrations to reach the Philippines was the [[Austronesian expansion]] which started in the [[Neolithic]] at around 4,500 to 3,500 years ago, when a branch of [[Austronesians]] from [[Taiwan]] (the ancestral [[Malayo-Polynesian]]-speakers) migrated to the [[Batanes Islands]] and [[Luzon]]. They spread quickly throughout the rest of the islands of the Philippines and became the dominant ethnolinguistic group. They admixed with the earlier settlers, resulting in the modern Filipinos – which though predominantly genetically Austronesian still show varying genetic admixture with Negritos (and vice versa for Negrito ethnic groups which show significant Austronesian admixture).<ref name="Lipson2014">{{cite journal |last1=Lipson |first1=Mark |last2=Loh |first2=Po-Ru |last3=Patterson |first3=Nick |last4=Moorjani |first4=Priya |last5=Ko |first5=Ying-Chin |last6=Stoneking |first6=Mark |last7=Berger |first7=Bonnie |last8=Reich |first8=David |title=Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia |journal=Nature Communications |year=2014 |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=4689 |doi=10.1038/ncomms5689 |pmid=25137359 |pmc=4143916 |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2014/05/27/005603.full.pdf |bibcode=2014NatCo...5.4689L |access-date=July 22, 2022 |archive-date=June 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629045728/https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2014/05/27/005603.full.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Spriggs">{{cite journal |last1=Spriggs |first1=Matthew |title=Archaeology and the Austronesian expansion: where are we now? |journal=Antiquity |date=May 2011 |volume=85 |issue=328 |pages=510–528 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00067910|s2cid=162491927 }}</ref> Austronesians possessed advanced sailing technologies and colonized the Philippines via sea-borne migration, in contrast to earlier groups.<ref name="mijares2006">{{cite journal|last=Mijares|first=Armand Salvador B. |year=2006 |url=http://ejournal.anu.edu.au/index.php/bippa/article/viewFile/10/9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707050814/http://ejournal.anu.edu.au/index.php/bippa/article/viewFile/10/9|archive-date=July 7, 2014 |title=The Early Austronesian Migration To Luzon: Perspectives From The Peñablanca Cave Sites|journal=Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association|issue=26|pages=72–78}}</ref><ref name="ANU"/>
[[File:Austronesian maritime trade network in the Indian Ocean.png|thumb|[[Philippine jade culture|Maritime Jade Road]], connecting the
Austronesians from the Philippines also later settled [[Guam]] and the other islands of [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], and parts of [[Mainland Southeast Asia]]. From there, they colonized the rest of [[Austronesia]], which in modern times include [[Micronesia]], coastal [[New Guinea]], [[Island Melanesia]], [[Polynesia]], and [[Madagascar]], in addition to Maritime Southeast Asia and Taiwan.<ref name="ANU">{{cite book |title=The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives |date=2006 |publisher=ANU E Press |isbn=978-1-920942-85-4 |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p69411/mobile/index.html |editor1=Peter Bellwood |editor2=James J. Fox |editor3=Darrell Tryon |access-date=July 22, 2022 |archive-date=February 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217212300/http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p69411/mobile/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Melton">{{cite journal |last1=Melton |first1=Terry |last2=Clifford |first2=Stephanie |last3=Martinson |first3=Jeremy |last4=Batzer |first4=Mark |last5=Stoneking |first5=Mark |title=Genetic Evidence for the Proto-Austronesian Homeland in Asia: mtDNA and Nuclear DNA Variation in Taiwanese Aboriginal Tribes |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=December 1998 |volume=63 |issue=6 |pages=1807–1823 |doi=10.1086/302131|pmid=9837834 |pmc=1377653 }}</ref>
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Even scattered barangays, through the development of inter-island and international trade, became more culturally homogeneous by the 4th century. [[Hindus|Hindu]]-[[Buddhism|Buddhist]] culture and religion flourished among the noblemen in this era.
In the period between the 7th to the beginning of the 15th centuries, numerous prosperous centers of trade had emerged, including the Kingdom of [[Namayan]] which flourished alongside [[Manila Bay]],<ref name="City Government of Pasay">{{cite web|url=http://www.pasay.gov.ph/About%20Pasay/History.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120104606/http://www.pasay.gov.ph/About%20Pasay/History.html|archive-date=November 20, 2007|title=About Pasay – History: Kingdom of Namayan|work=Pasay City Government website|publisher=City Government of Pasay|access-date=February 5, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last = Huerta|first = Felix, de|author-link=Felix Huerta|title=Estado Geografico, Topografico, Estadistico, Historico-Religioso de la Santa y Apostolica Provincia de San Gregorio Magno|publisher=Imprenta de M. Sanchez y Compañia|date=1865|location = Binondo}}</ref> [[Cebu]], [[Iloilo]],<ref>Remains of ancient barangays in many parts of Iloilo testify to the antiquity and richness of these pre-colonial settlements. Pre-Hispanic burial grounds are found in many towns of Iloilo. These burial grounds contained antique porcelain burial jars and coffins made of hard wood, where the dead were put to rest with abundance of gold, crystal beads, Chinese potteries, and golden masks. These Philippine national treasures are sheltered in Museo de Iloilo and in the collections of many Ilongo old families. Early Spanish colonizers took note of the ancient civilizations in Iloilo and their organized social structure ruled by nobilities. In the late 16th century, Fray Gaspar de San Agustin in his chronicles about the ancient settlements in Panay says: "''También fundó convento el Padre Fray Martin de Rada en Araut- que ahora se llama el convento de Dumangas- con la advocación de nuestro Padre San Agustín ... Está fundado este pueblo casi a los fines del río de Halaur, que naciendo en unos altos montes en el centro de esta isla (Panay) ... Es el pueblo muy hermoso, ameno y muy lleno de palmares de cocos. Antiguamente era el emporio y corte de la más lucida [[nobility|nobleza]] de toda aquella isla.''" Gaspar de San Agustin, O.S.A., ''Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas (1565–1615)'', Manuel Merino, O.S.A., ed., Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas: Madrid 1975, pp. 374–375.</ref> [[Butuan]], the Kingdom of [[Sanfotsi]] situated in [[Pangasinan]], the Kingdom of Luzon now known as [[Pampanga]] which specialized in trade with most of what is now known as Southeast Asia and with China, Japan and the [[Kingdom of Ryukyu]] in [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]].
From the 9th century onwards, a large number of [[Arabs|Arab]] traders from the Middle East settled in the [[Malay Archipelago]] and intermarried with the local [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]], Bruneian, Malaysian, Indonesian and [[Luzon]] and [[Visayas]] indigenous populations.<ref name=Arab-Malays>{{cite web|url=http://www.colorq.org/MeltingPot/article.aspx?d=Asia&x=ArabMalays|title=Arab and native intermarriage in Austronesian Asia|publisher=ColorQ World|access-date=December 24, 2008|archive-date=February 1, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201102952/http://www.colorq.org/MeltingPot/article.aspx?d=Asia&x=ArabMalays|url-status=live}}</ref>
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===Spanish colonization and rule (1521–1898)===
[[File:Tipos del País 2 by Justiniano Asuncion.jpg|thumb|411x411px|''[[Tipos del País]]'' works by [[Justiniano Asuncion]]|alt=]]
[[File:Tipos del País Scene by José Honorato Lozano.jpg|thumb|Economic life in the [[Captaincy General of the Philippines|Spanish Philippines]], with [[Ethnic groups in the Philippines|Native]] and [[Sangley]] [[Chinese Filipino|Chinese]] traders]]
[[File:El Cundiman by José Honorato Lozano.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Filipino celebration]]
The first census in the Philippines was in 1591, based on tributes collected. The tributes counted the total founding population of the Spanish
The Philippines was colonized by the Spaniards. The arrival of Portuguese explorer [[Ferdinand Magellan]] ({{lang-pt|Fernão de Magalhães|italic=no}}) in 1521 began a period of European colonization. During the period of Spanish [[colonialism]], the Philippines was part of the [[Viceroy]]alty of [[New Spain]], which was governed and administered from [[Mexico City]]. Early Spanish settlers were mostly explorers, soldiers, government officials and religious [[Friars in Spanish Philippines|missionaries]] born in Spain and Mexico. Most Spaniards who settled were of [[Basques|Basque]] ancestry,<ref>{{Cite book|title=VIIème Congrès d'Etudes Basques = Eusko Ikaskuntzaren VII. Kongresua = VII Congreso de Estudios Vascos|date=2003|publisher=Eusko Ikaskuntza|isbn=84-8419-917-7|location=Donostia [San Sebastián]|oclc=60787017}}</ref> but there were also settlers of [[Andalusians|Andalusian]], [[Catalans|Catalan]], and [[Moors|Moorish]] descent.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rodao|first=Florentino|title=The Spanish Community in the Philippines, 1935–1939|journal=Department of Area Studies, the University of Tokyo}}</ref> The ''Peninsulares'' (governors born in Spain), mostly of [[Castilians|Castilian]] ancestry, settled in the islands to govern their territory. Most settlers married the daughters of [[rajah]]s, [[datu]]s, and [[sultan]]s to reinforce the colonization of the islands. The ''Ginoo'' and ''Maharlika'' castes (royals and nobles) in the Philippines prior to the arrival of the Spaniards formed the privileged ''[[Principalía]]'' (nobility) during the early Spanish period.
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[[File:Chino Comerciante & India de Manila by José Honorato Lozano.jpg|left|thumb|[[Sangley]] [[Chinese Filipino|Chinese]] [[merchant]] and [[Ethnic groups in the Philippines|Native Filipina]] of [[Manila]] by [[José Honorato Lozano]]|200x200px]]
[[File:Selden map.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Selden Map]], connecting [[Quanzhou]] to Manila]]
[[File:Andres Urdaneta Tornaviaje.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Andrés de Urdaneta|Urdaneta]] return route of the [[Manila galleon|Manila-Acapulco galleon trade]], connecting the
[[File:16th century Portuguese Spanish trade routes.png|left|thumb|Global trade routes of the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese Empire]]s]]
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In the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of [[Japanese people|Japanese]] traders also migrated to the Philippines and assimilated into the local population.<ref name="Leupp2003p52-53">{{cite book|title=Interracial Intimacy in Japan|first=Gary P.|last=Leupp|publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]]|date=2003|isbn=978-0-8264-6074-5|pages=52–3}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=March 2020}} Many were assimilated throughout the centuries, especially through the tumultuous period of [[World War II]]. Today, there is a small growing [[Nikkeijin|Nikkei]] community of [[Japanese in the Philippines|Japanese Filipinos]] in [[Davao Region|Davao]] with roots to the old [[Japantown|Little Japan]] in Mintal or Calinan in [[Davao City]] during the [[History of the Philippines (1898–1946)|American colonial period]], where many had roots starting out in [[Abacá|Abaca]] plantations or from workers of the Benguet Road ([[Kennon Road]]) to [[Baguio]].
[[British occupation of Manila|British forces occupied Manila]] between 1762 and 1764 as a part of the [[Seven Years' War]]. However, the only part of the Philippines which the British held was the [[Intramuros|Spanish colonial capital]] of [[City of Manila|Manila]] and the principal naval port of [[Cavite]], both of which are located
[[File:Filipino Ilustrados Jose Rizal Marcelo del Pilar Mariano Ponce.jpg|thumb|upright|Leaders of the reform movement in Spain: left to right: [[José Rizal]], [[Marcelo H. del Pilar]], and [[Mariano Ponce]] (c. 1890)]]
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However, a 'mestiza de sangley' who married a blanco ('Filipino', 'mestizo de español', 'peninsular' or 'americano') kept her status as 'mestiza de sangley'. But her children were classified as tornatrás. An 'India' who married a blanco also kept her status as India, but her children were classified as mestizo de español. A mestiza de español who married another blanco would keep her status as mestiza, but her status will never change from mestiza de español if she married a mestizo de español, Filipino or peninsular. In contrast, a mestizo (de sangley or español) man's status stayed the same regardless of whom he married. If a mestizo (de sangley or español) married a filipina (woman of pure Spanish descent), she would lose her status as a 'filipina' and would acquire the legal status of her husband and become a mestiza de español or sangley. If a 'filipina' married an 'indio', her legal status would change to 'India', despite being of pure Spanish descent.
The ''[[de facto]]'' social stratification system based on class that continues to this day in the country had its beginnings in the Spanish colonial area with a discriminating caste system.<ref>{{cite book|title=PHILIPPINE POLITICS: possibilities and problems in a localist democracy.|last=WHITE|first=LYNN T. III|date=2018|publisher=ROUTLEDGE|isbn=978-1-138-49233-2|pages=18–19|oclc=1013594469}}</ref>
The Spanish colonizers reserved the term ''Filipino'' to refer to Spaniards born in the Philippines. The use of the term was later extended to include Spanish and Chinese [[mestizo]]s or those born of mixed Chinese-indio or Spanish-indio descent. Late in the 19th century, [[José Rizal]] popularized the use of the term ''Filipino'' to refer to all those born in the Philippines, including the Indios.<ref name="Owen 2014 https://books.google.com/books?id=cippAwAAQBAJ
After the Philippines' independence from Spain in 1898 and the word Filipino "officially" expanded to include the entire population of the Philippines regardless of racial ancestry, as per the [[Philippine nationality law]] and as described by [[Wenceslao Retana]]'s ''Diccionario de filipinismos'', where he defined '''''Filipinos''''' as follows,<ref name=":0" />
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Authored by Spanish Governor-General Narciso Claveria y Zaldua and Domingo Abella, the catalog was created in response to the Decree of November 21, 1849, which gave every Filipino a surname from the book. The decree in the Philippines was created to fulfill a Spanish colonial decree that sought to address colonial subjects who did not have a last name. This explains why most Filipinos share the same surnames as many Hispanics today, without having Spanish ancestry.
Augustinian Friar, Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga, in the 1800s, measured varying ratios of Spanish-Mestizos as percentages of the populations of the various provinces, with ranges such as: 19.5% of the population of Tondo (The most populous province), to Pampanga (13.7%), Cavite (13%) and Bulacan (10.8%) to as low as 5% in Cebu, and non-existent in the isolated provinces.<ref name="Estadismo1"/><ref name="Estadismo2"/> Overall the whole Philippines, even including the provinces with no Spanish settlement, as summed up, the average percentage of Spanish Filipino tributes amount to 5% of the total population.<ref name= "Estadismo1" /><ref name= "Estadismo2" /> The book, "Intercolonial Intimacies Relinking Latin/o America to the Philippines, 1898–1964 By Paula C. Park" citing "Forzados y reclutas: los criollos novohispanos en Asia (1756-1808)" gave the number of later Mexican soldier-immigrants to the Philippines, pegging the number at 35,000 immigrants in the 1700s,<ref name= "Intercolonial">"Intercolonial Intimacies Relinking Latin/o America to the Philippines, 1898–1964 Paula C. Park" Page 100</ref> in a Philippine population which was only around 1.5 Million,<ref>[https://
In relation to this, a population survey conducted by German ethnographer [[Fedor Jagor]] concluded that 1/3rd of Luzon which holds half of the Philippines' population had varying degrees of Spanish and Mexican ancestry.<ref>Jagor, Fëdor, et al. (1870). [http://www.authorama.com/former-philippines-b-8.html ''The Former Philippines thru Foreign Eyes''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109161446/http://www.authorama.com/former-philippines-b-8.html |date=January 9, 2021 }}</ref>
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[[File:Batobalani sa Gugma.jpg|thumb|upright|Devotees flock to the [[Basilica Minore del Santo Niño]] during the novena Masses.]]
According to then [[Philippine Statistics Authority|National Statistics Office (NSO)]] as of 2010, over 92% of the population were [[Christianity in the Philippines|Christian]]s, with 80.6% professing [[Roman Catholicism in the Philippines|Roman Catholicism]].<ref name="PSA-2015PSY 2">{{cite journal|title=Table 1.10; Household Population by Religious Affiliation and by Sex; 2010|journal=2015 Philippine Statistical Yearbook|date=October 2015|pages=1–30|url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2015%20PSY%20PDF.pdf#56|access-date=August 15, 2016|issn=0118-1564|archive-date=October 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011010131/https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2015%20PSY%20PDF.pdf#56|url-status=live}}</ref> The latter was introduced by the Spanish beginning in 1521, and during their
The second largest religion in the country is [[Islam]], estimated {{as of|2014|alt=in 2014}} to account for 5% to 8% of the population.<ref name=2013ifr>{{cite report|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2013/eap/222161.htm|title=Philippines|at=SECTION I. RELIGIOUS DEMOGRAPHY|work=2013 Report on International Religious Freedom|date=July 28, 2014|publisher=United States Department of State|quote=The 2000 survey states that Islam is the largest minority religion, constituting approximately 5 percent of the population. A 2012 estimate by the National Commission on Muslim Filipinos (NCMF), however, states that there are 10.7 million Muslims, which is approximately 11 percent of the total population.|access-date=May 22, 2019|archive-date=May 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526202948/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2013/eap/222161.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Islam in the Philippines]] is mostly concentrated in southwestern [[Mindanao]] and the [[Sulu Archipelago]] which, though part of the Philippines, are very close to the neighboring [[Muslim world|Islamic countries]] of [[Malaysia]] and [[Indonesia]]. The Muslims call themselves ''Moros'', a [[Spanish language in the Philippines|Spanish]] word that refers to the [[Moors]] (albeit the two groups have little cultural connection other than Islam).
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Historically, ancient Filipinos held animist religions that were influenced by [[Hinduism in the Philippines|Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism in the Philippines|Buddhism]], which were brought by traders from neighbouring Asian states. These [[indigenous Philippine folk religions]] continue to be present among the populace, with some communities, such as the [[Aeta]], [[Igorot]], and [[Lumad]], having some strong adherents and some who mix beliefs originating from the indigenous religions with beliefs from Christianity or Islam.<ref name="hislop">{{cite journal|author=Stephen K. Hislop|year=1971|title=Anitism: a survey of religious beliefs native to the Philippines|journal=Asian Studies|volume=9|issue=2|pages=144–156|url=http://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-09-02-1971/hislop-anitism-survey-religious%20beliefs-native-philippines.pdf|access-date=September 10, 2020|archive-date=July 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707172324/http://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-09-02-1971/hislop-anitism-survey-religious%20beliefs-native-philippines.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>McCoy, A. W. (1982). Baylan: Animist Religion and Philippine Peasant Ideology. University of San Carlos Publications.</ref>
{{as of|2013}}, religious groups together constituting less than five percent of the population included [[Sikhism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Seventh-day Adventists]], [[United Church of Christ]], [[United Methodists]], the [[Episcopal Church in the Philippines]], [[Assemblies of God]], [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (Mormons), and Philippine (Southern) [[Southern Baptist Convention|Baptists]]; and the following domestically established churches: [[Iglesia ni Cristo]] (Church of Christ), [[Philippine Independent Church]] (Aglipayan), [[Members Church of God International]], [[Jesus Is Lord Church]], and [[
==Diaspora==
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