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Queen Arwa Mosque: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Historic mosque in Jiblah, Yemen}}
{{Infobox religious building
 
|building_name = Mosque of Queen Arwa bint Ahmad al-Sulayhi <br /> مسجد الملكة أروى بنت أحمد الصليحي
{{Infobox mosque
|image = Queen_Arwa_Mosque_-_Jibla.jpg
| building_name = Queen Arwa Mosque <br> Mosque of Queen Arwa bint Ahmad al-Sulayhi
|image_size =
|caption native_name = Overview
{{plainlist|
|map_type =
* {{transliteration|ar|Masjid Al-Malikah Arwā}} ({{lang|ar|مَسْجِد ٱلْمَلِكَة أَرْوَى}})
|map_caption =
* {{transliteration|ar|Masjid Al-Malikah Arwā bint Aḥmad Aṣ-Ṣulayḥī}} ({{lang|ar|مَسْجِد ٱلْمَلِكَة أَرْوَى بِنْت أَحْمَد ٱلصُّلَيْحِي}})
|location = [[Jibla, Yemen|Jibla]], [[Yemen]]
}}
|geo =
| image = Queen_Arwa_Mosque_-_Jibla.jpg
|religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
|region image_size = [[West Asia]]
| alt =
|functional_status = Active
| caption = View of a [[#Minarets|minaret]], as seen from the courtyard
|website =
|architect map_type = Yemen#Middle East#West Asia
| map_size =
|architecture_type = [[Mosque]]
| map_caption = Location in Yemen
|architecture_style = [[Islamic architecture|Islamic]]
| map_relief = 1
|year_completed = 1111 (532 AH) <br> 1358 (renovation)
| location = [[Jibla, Yemen|Jiblah]]
|construction_cost =
| coordinates = {{coord|13|55|19.5|N|44|08|45.4|E|display=inline,title}}
|capacity =
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
|dome_quantity = 2
| rite =
|dome_height_outer =
| region = [[South Arabia]]
|dome_dia_outer =
| country = {{YEM}}
|minaret_quantity = 2
|minaret_height state =
|materials province = [[Ibb Governorate]]
| territory =
| prefecture =
| sector =
| district = [[Jiblah District|Jiblah]]
| cercle = [[Jiblah (Ibb)|Jiblah]]
| municipality =
| consecration_year =
| status =
| functional_status = Active
| heritage_designation =
| leadership =
| patron =
| website =
| architecture =
| architect =
| architecture_type = [[Mosque]]
| architecture_style = [[Islamic architecture|Islamic]]
| founded_by =
| funded_by =
| general_contractor =
| facade_direction =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = 1111 [[Common Era|C.E.]] (532 [[Hijri year|A.H.]]) <br> 1358 C.E. (renovation)
| construction_cost =
| specifications = Yes
| capacity =
| site_area =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity = 2
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity = 2
| minaret_height =
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}}
 
The '''Mosque of Queen Arwa bint Ahmad alAl-Sulayhi''' or '''Queen Arwa Mosque''' ({{lang-ar|مسجد{{Script|Arab|مَسْجِد الملكةٱلْمَلِكَة أروىأَرْوَى بنتبِنْت أحمدأَحْمَد الصليحيٱلصُّلَيْحِي}}|Masjid Al-Malikah Arwā bint Aḥmad Aṣ-Ṣulayḥī}}), or simply the '''Queen Arwa Mosque''', is a historical [[mosque]] in [[Jibla, Yemen|Jibla]], [[Yemen]]. It was built between 1056 toand 1111 [[Common Era|C.E.]] by Queen [[Arwa al-Sulayhi]] and her tomb had later becamebecome the site of pilgrimage.<ref>Muhammad Zakaria (1998) ''مساجد اليمن''</ref><ref name="MernissiLakeland2003">{{citation |last1=Mernissi, |first1=Fatima; |last2=Lakeland |first2=Mary Jo Lakeland (|year=2003). |title=The forgotten queens of Islam. |publisher=[[Oxford University Press.]] {{ISBN|isbn=978-0-19-579868-5}}</ref><ref name="Unesco">{{citation |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1721/ |title=Jibla and its surroundings |publisher=[[UNESCO]] World Heritage Centre |access-date=2009-04-20}}</ref> It retains its importance as one of the oldest ancient Yemeni mosques.<ref>[{{cite web |url=http://www.yemen-nic.info/contents/Brief/images/ibb.pdf] |title=Yemen |publisher=NIC |language=ar}}</ref> It is also known as ''Hurrat-ul-MalaikaMalikah'' Mosque, as the queen was often referred as Al-Malika Al-Hurra, which means "theThe nobleNoble queenQueen".
 
==History==
The construction of the mosque is attributed to Queen Arwa bint Ahmad al-Sulayhi, who ruled the [[Sulayhid dynasty|Sulayhid]] state of Yemen for the period between 1085 and 1138.<ref name="MernissiLakeland2003"/> When Queen Arwa moved to the city of Jibla in 1087, she ordered the conversion of Darthe Palace of {{transliteration|ar|Dār al-EzzʿIzz}} palace({{lang-ar|دَار toٱلْعِزّ|lit=Home of the Pride}}) into a mosque. The mosque stilstill retains its architectural and decorative elements of the time which show the extent of the influence of [[Fatimid architecture]].{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}
 
==Architecture==
The complex is rectangular with an open courtyard ({{cvt|17.80|x|20.00|m2}}) in the middle, surrounded by four corridors. The wall of the ''[[qibla]]h'' is located at the northern hallway. The area of the ''qiblah'' is accessible through five entrances on the southern side. It consists of four rows of high columns, some octagonal and some rectangular shaped. The roof is directly covered by the ceiling and the hall is covered with wooden beams dating back to the 11th-century, some of which were renewed in 1358. The southern hallway consists of southern wall with two entrances. The eastern hallway consists of two pillars with pointed columns. On the south-side of the western hallway there is a hall currently used as a madrasa for the [[Hafiz (Quran)|memorization of the Quran]].{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}
[[File:Jibla.jpg|thumb|left|Courtyard of the Queen Arwa Mosque]]
 
The complex is rectangular with an open courtyard (17.80 x 20 square meters) in the middle, surrounded by four corridors. The [[qibla]] wall is located at the northern hallway. The qibla area is enterable through five entrances on the southern side. It consists of four rows of high columns, some octagonal and some rectangular shaped. The roof is directly covered by the ceiling and the hall is covered with wooden beams dating back to the 11th-century, some of which were renewed in 1358.
<gallery mode="packed">
The southern hallway consists of southern wall with two entrances. The eastern hallway consists of two pillars with pointed columns. On the south-side of the western hallway there is a hall currently used as a madrasa for the [[Hafiz (Quran)|memorization of the Quran]].
File:Jibla.jpg|Courtyard
File:Mosque carved historical entrance.JPG|Carved historical entrance
File:Wooden ceiling, Maulatena Hurratul Maleka.jpg|Wooden ceiling
File:Cont.water at Hurrat-ul-Malaika mosque.JPG|Continuous running water at the mosque
File:Mimbar Hurrat-ul-Malaika Mosque, Ji Jibla.jpg|Minbar
</gallery>
 
===Mihrab===
[[File:Qibla_Hurrat-ul-Malaika_mosque.JPG|thumb|The [[mihrab]] of Queen Arwa Mosque.]]
The [[mihrab]] is located in the middle of the qibla wall at the northern hallway. It is a simple cavity of about 85cm deep, and topped by a tapered lace on two poles with floral and geometric motifs. The mihrab is surrounded by [[kufic]] inscriptions, which reads as follows: "In the name of God the Most Gracious the Most Merciful I accept your Lord and be among the worshipers and not of the ignorant and worship your Lord until there comes to you the certainty (death)", and decoration of niche from the inside and variety of plant decorations which includes leaves of grapes. On the side of the mihrab there is an inscription written in kufic of script from [[Surah]] [[At-Taubah|At-Taubah 18]]. The mihrab is painted with modern chemical paint.
 
The ''[[mihrab]]'' is located in the middle of the wall of the ''[[qibla]]h'' at the northern hallway. It is a simple cavity of about 85&nbsp;cm deep, and topped by a tapered lace on two poles with floral and geometric motifs. The ''mihrab'' is surrounded by [[kufic]] inscriptions, which reads as follows: "In the name of God the Most Gracious the Most Merciful I accept your Lord and be among the worshipers and not of the ignorant and worship your Lord until there comes to you the certainty (death)", and decoration of niche from the inside and variety of plant decorations which includes leaves of grapes. On the side of the ''mihrab'' there is an inscription written in kufic of script from [[Surah]] [[At-Taubah|At-Taubah 18]]. The ''mihrab'' is painted with modern chemical paint.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}
===Old minarets===
The mosque has two [[minaret]]s, one located on south-east, and another on south-west. Eastern minaret consists of a high square stone based body with sixteen ribs.
 
===Minarets===
== The Mausoleum of the Queen ==
The mosque has two [[minaret]]s, one located on south-east, and another on south-west. The eastern minaret consists of a high square stone based body with sixteen ribs.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}
It was built as ordered by the queen and is located on the north-west corner of the mosque. The site of her tomb was separated from the building of the mosque as she mentioned in her will and told by eyewitnesses and judges. The facade of the mausoleum is adorned with architectural elements, in the form of hollow niches in the eastern wall. Out of four entrances, there are two in the south which have width of 60 cm, height of 1.60 meters and depth of 10cm. The kufic line is engraved with a prominent kufic floral engraving design and [[Biblical]] scripts on the façade.
 
== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Jibla, Yemen (15452313647).jpg|Both of the mosque's minarets, as seen from below
File:Queen_Arwa_al-Sulayhi_Masjid.jpg|View from [[Palace of Queen Arwa|Queen Arwa Palace]]
File:Mosque view from entrance.JPG|View from the entrance, January 1970
File:Cont.water at Hurrat-ul-Malaika mosque.JPG|Continuous running water at Hurrat-ul-Malaika mosque
File:Minerat seem from palace of Arwa al-Sulayhi, Jibla, Yemen.jpg|As seen from the [[Palace of Queen Arwa]]
File:Tasbih Hurrat-ul-Malaika .JPG|Wooden Tasbih of Hurrat-ul-Malaika
File:Queen_Arwa_al-Sulayhi_Masjid.jpg|View of the mosque, nestled in the buildings of Jibla and slopes of the [[Sarawat Mountains|Sarat Mountains]], as seen from the palace
File:Mosque view from entrance.JPG|Mosque view from entrance
</gallery>
File:Mosque carved historical entrance.JPG|Mosque carved historical entrance
 
File:Qibla_Hurrat-ul-Malaika_mosque.JPG|Qibla, Mosque of Hurrat-ul-Malika, Jibla, Yemen
==Mausoleum of the Queen==
File:Mimbar Hurrat-ul-Malaika Mosque, Ji Jibla.jpg| Mimbar Hurrat-ul-Malaika Mosque
It was built as ordered by the queen and is located on the north-west corner of the mosque. The site of her tomb was separated from the building of the mosque as she mentioned in her will and told by eyewitnesses and judges. The facade of the mausoleum is adorned with architectural elements, in the form of hollow niches in the eastern wall. Out of four entrances, there are two in the south which have width of {{convert|60|cm|in|abbr=on}}, height of {{convert|1.60|m|ft|abbr=off}} and depth of {{convert|10|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The kufic line is engraved with a prominent kufic floral engraving design and [[Biblical]] scripts on the façade.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}
File:Minerat seem from palace of Arwa al-Sulayhi, Jibla, Yemen.jpg|Minerat seen from palace of Arwa al-Sulayhi, [[Jibla, Yemen]]
 
File:Wooden ceiling, Maulatena Hurratul Maleka.jpg|Wooden ceiling, Maulatena Hurratul Maleka Masjid
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Mousoleum Hurrat-ul-Malaika Arwa.JPG|Mausoleum of Hurrat-ul-Malika inside Mosque, [[Jibla, Yemen]]
File:Tasbih Hurrat-ul-Malaika .JPG|Wooden ''[[tasbih]]'' of ''Hurrat-ul-Malikah''
File:Hurratul malika.jpg|The grave Hurratul mallika
File:Mousoleum Hurrat-ul-Malaika Arwa.JPG|Mausoleum of the Queen inside the Mosque
File:Hurratul malika.jpg|The Queen's grave
</gallery>
 
==See also==
* [[List of mosques in Yemen]]
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
==External links==
* [[:ar:مسجد الملكة أروى بنت أحمد الصليحي|In Arabic]]
* [https://www.art.com/products/p37125983680-sa-i9778542/queen-arwa-mosque-11th-century-jibla-ibb-governorate-yemen.htm Queen Arwa Mosque, 11th Century, Jibla, Ibb Governorate, Yemen]
 
{{Mosques in Yemen}}
{{Tourist attractions in Yemen}}
{{coord missing|Yemen}}
 
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1111]]
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