Émile Fayolle: Difference between revisions

{{RefimproveMore citations needed|date=December 2009}}

| birth_place = [[Le Puy-en-Velay]], [[Haute-Loire]], [[Second French Empire|French Empire]]

'''Marie Émile Fayolle''' (14 May 1852 – 27 August 1928) was a [[France|French]] general during [[World War I]] and a [[diplomat]], elevated to the dignity of [[Marshal of France]].

During his career he served in the artillery. He participated in the [[French conquest of Tunisia|Pacification of Tunisia]] in 1881.<ref name=Tucker /> Promoted to Captain he entered the école''École de Guerre'' in 1889 and graduated with distinction in 1891.<ref name=Tucker /> From 1897 to 1908 he taught artillery at the ''École supérieure de Guerre''. HeFayolle retiredwas inpromoted 1914to withBrigadier General on 31 December 1910, taking command of the rankartillery of Brigadierthe General12th Army Corps. Two years later he took command of the 19th Artillery Brigade. He retired on 14 May 1914.

With the outbreak of the [[First World War]], Fayolle was recalled from retirement by the French commanderCommander-in-chiefChief [[Joseph Joffre]] and given command of the 70th Infantry Division.<ref name=Tucker /> Fayolle took part in the fighting near Nancy, notably the [[Battle of Grand Couronné]], which helped make possible the French victory at the [[First Battle of the Marne]].<ref name=Tucker /> Later, [[Philippe Pétain]] took command of the Corps in which Fayolle was serving, and the two commanders became close.

In May, 1915, Fayolle succeeded Pétain in command of the 33rd Corps. In this command he participated in the Artois Offensive.<ref name=Tucker />

In 1916, Fayolle was given command of the [[Sixth Army (France)|Sixth Army]], which he commanded at the [[Battle of the Somme (1916)|battleBattle of the Somme]], under the command of [[Ferdinand Foch]]'s Northern Army Group. In preparation for the Somme offensive, the French Sixth Army under Fayolle would attack with 8 divisions, a force reduced from the original 40 divisions because of the French needs at [[Battle of Verdun|Verdun]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gilbert|first1=Martin|title=The Somme: Heroism and Horror in the First World War|date=2006|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|location=New York|isbn=0-8050-8127-5|page=49}}</ref> During the offensive, Fayolle is credited with successfully using a combination of artillery resources and infantry tactics to push the less well-defended Germans back across an 8-mile (12.87&nbsp;km) long segment of his front.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gilbert|first1=Martin|title=The Somme: Heroism and Horror in the First World War|date=2006|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|location=New York|isbn=0-8050-8127-5|page=86}}</ref> In August, as the Battle of the Somme continued, General Foch, commander of French forces on the Somme, visited British General Haig at Val Vion. Foch appointed Fayolle, one of the most successful army commanders of July, to fight alongside the British forces between their right flank and the north bank of the River Somme.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gilbert|first1=Martin|title=The Somme: Heroism and Horror in the First World War|date=2006|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|location=New York|isbn=0-8050-8127-5|page=144}}</ref> During the British and French Somme offensive from August 1 August to September 12 September, Fayolle decided without consulting the high command that his troops were too exhausted to launch a major offensive. He then reduced his command's participation in the battle to 1 division. The British had lost significant French support on their right during the offensive.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prior, Wilson|first1=Robin, Trevor|title=The Somme|date=2005|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven and London|isbn=0-300-11963-1|page=164}}</ref> In October, French forces led by Fayolle advanced almost to Sailly Saillisol by successfully using the artillery-barrage system.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gilbert|first1=Martin|title=The Somme: Heroism and Horror in the First World War|date=2006|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|location=New York|isbn=0-8050-8127-5|page=209}}</ref>

On 16 November 1917, after the Italians met disaster at [[Battle of Caporetto|Caporetto]], Fayolle was transferred to [[Italy]] with six divisions and made commander Commander-in chief-Chief of the French troops supporting the Italians.

Fayolle stayed in Italy until March 1918, when he was recalled to France and put at the head of the 55 division -strong [[Army Group Reserve (France)|Army Group Reserve]], with which he played a role in stopping the last significant German offensives. After the allied victory in the [[Second Battle of the Marne]], he took part in the allied counteroffensive until the end of the war. From July until November Fayolle's command reduced the Marne Salient and drove towards the Rhine.

He commanded occupation forces in the [[Palatinate (region)|Palatinat]] and [[Rheinhessen]], occupying Mainz and the left bank of the Rhine with Charles Mangin, from 14 December 1918. He was also a member of the alliedAllied [[Military Inter-Allied Commission of Control|Control Commission]].

== Marshal of France ==

Fayolle was named in 1920 a member of the French ''Conseil Supérieur de la Guerre'', the highest French military council.,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k64762331/f7.image|title=Decree of the Minister of War|last=Government of the French Republic|language=French|website=gallica.bnf.fr|date=5 July 1920|accessdate=23 September 2020}}</ref> Theand nextserved year,as 1921,inspector hegeneral wasof madeaeronautics Marshalfrom of1921 Franceto 1924.<ref name="Tucker"The />title Fayolleof undertookMarshal diplomaticof missionsFrance was awarded to Canadahim andon Italy19 February 1921.<ref name="Tucker" />

"For every position there must be a battle, following each other as rapidly as possible. Each one needs a new plan, a new artillery preparation. If one goes too quickly, one risks being checked; too slowly and the enemy has time to make more positions. That is the problem, and it is serious." (21 January 1916){{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

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