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In [[sports]], the '''yips''' are a sudden and unexplained loss of ability to execute certain skills in experienced athletes. Symptoms of the yips are losing [[Motor coordination|fine motor skills]] and [[psychology|psychological]] issues that impact the [[muscle memory]] and decision-making of athletes, leaving them unable to perform basic skills of their sport.
 
The exact cause of the yips is still not fully understood, but it's largely seen as a mix of task-specific focal dystonia (type I yips) and [[choke (sports)|choking]] (type II yips) in most existing literature.{{cn}} Task-specific focal dystonia involves involuntary movements during well-practiced tasks (putting, pitching, vaulting), whereas choking refers to performance failure under pressure.{{cn}} A yips episode may last a short time before the athlete regains their abilities or it can require longer term adjustments to technique before recovery occurs. The worst cases are those where the athlete does not recover at all, forcing the player to abandon the sport at the highest level.
 
There have been a plethora of treatment options tested to ameliorate the yips, including clinical [[sport psychology]] therapy, motor imagery, pre-performance routines, medication, botulinum toxin, acupuncture, and emotional freedom techniques. However, their possible effectiveness is primarily based on personal experience rather than well-founded research evidence.{{cn|date=May 2024}} Early intervention with a thorough treatment plan is imperative for recovery of athletes with yips.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lenka |first1=Abhishek |last2=Jankovic |first2=Joseph |date=2021-12-21 |title=Sports-Related Dystonia |journal=Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=54 |doi=10.5334/tohm.670 |doi-access=free |issn=2160-8288 |pmc=8698216 |pmid=35036047}}</ref>
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==In gymnastics==
In [[artistic gymnastics]], the yips are known as the "twisties.". They refer to a sudden loss of a gymnast's ability to maintain body control during aerial maneuvers. Some gymnasts reference a feeling of disorientation or unawareness of where the ground is. This loss of air awareness increases the chance of a serious or critical injury occurring if the gymnast forgets in the moment how to land the maneuver safely. During the 2020 Olympic trialsqualifications, American gymnast [[Simone Biles]] fell off the beam, flew out of bounds twice on the floor, and failed to stick her landing on the vault. Despite this, she wasstill grantedqualified afor spotthe onall-around thefinal 2020in Olympicfirst Teamplace. During the Olympic events, Biles was unable to complete her skills and popularized the term "twisties," causing her to withdraw from competition after the [[Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's artistic team all-around|women's team all-around]] final. She attributed her loss of air awareness to a mental health condition. Biles returned to perform a downscaled routine in the [[Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's balance beam|balance beam]] final, winning the bronze medal.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reeve|first=Elle|date=July 28, 2021|title=Simone Biles and 'the twisties': How fear affects the mental health and physical safety of gymnasts|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/28/us/simone-biles-olympics-gymnastics-physical-mental-health/index.html|access-date=2021-07-28|work=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/2021/07/28/twisties-gymnastics-simone-biles-tokyo-olympics/|title=Simone Biles said she got the 'twisties.' Gymnasts immediately understood.|last=Giambalvo|first=Emily|date=28 July 2021|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=30 July 2021}}</ref> In 2024 she responded that critics of her 2020 withdrawal had become "silent" after her return and win of three gold medals in the [[2024 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/olympics-2024-simone-biles-addresses-critics-after-winning-third-gold-of-paris-games-theyre-really-quiet-now-13190261|title=Olympics 2024: Simone Biles addresses critics after winning third gold of Paris games - 'they're really quiet now'|website=Sky News}}</ref>
 
American gymnasts [[Laurie Hernandez]] and [[Aleah Finnegan]] both stated that they have experienced a loss of air awareness during their career and spoke out in support of Biles during the games in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/en/news/what-are-the-twisties|title= What are the twisties?|website=Olympics.com |date=28 July 2021}}</ref> Finnegan stated "I cannot imagine the fear of having it happen to you during competition. You have absolutely no control over your body and what it does."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/jul/28/simone-biles-twisties-the-mental-block-which-puts-gymnasts-at-serious-risk |title= Simone Biles' twisties: mental block which puts gymnasts at serious risk|website=The Guardian|access-date=1 August 2021}}</ref>
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[[Stephen Hendry]], seven times [[snooker]] World Champion, said after his loss to [[Mark Williams (snooker player)|Mark Williams]] in the 2010 UK Championship that he had been suffering from the yips for ten years, and that the condition had affected his ability to cue through the ball, causing him great difficulty in regaining his old form.<ref>{{cite web |date=2010-12-08 |title=BBC Sport – Snooker – Hendry reveals 10-year battle with the 'yips' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/9267691.stm |access-date=2011-11-29 |publisher=BBC News}} |</ref>
 
The yips also occur in areas outside of sports, such as with musicians and [[Writer's block|writers]].
 
==See also==
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