Hillary Clinton: Difference between revisions

'''Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton''' ({{née}} '''Rodham'''; born October 26, 1947) is an American politician and diplomat. whoShe servedwas asthe [[List of secretaries of state of the United States#Secretaries of state|67th [[United States secretary of state]] in the administration of [[Barack Obama]] from 2009 to 2013, as a [[U.S. senator]] representing New York from 2001 to 2009, and as the [[First Lady of the United States|first lady of the United States]] toas formerthe presidentwife of [[Bill Clinton]] from 1993 to 2001. A member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], she was the party's nominee in the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 presidential election]], becoming the first woman to win a presidential nomination by a major U.S. political party and the first woman to win the popular vote for U.S. president. She is to date the only first lady of the United States to have run for elected office.

Raised in [[Park Ridge, Illinois]], Rodham graduated from [[Wellesley College]] in 1969 and from [[Yale Law School]] in 1973. After serving as a congressional legal counsel, she moved to [[Arkansas]] and, in 1975, married Bill Clinton, whom she had met at Yale. In 1977, Clinton co-founded [[Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families]]. She was appointed the first female chair of the [[Legal Services Corporation]] in 1978 and became the first woman partner at Little Rock's [[Rose Law Firm]] the following year. ''[[The National Law Journal]]'' twice listed her as one of the hundred most influential lawyers in America. Clinton was the [[first lady of Arkansas]] from 1979 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1992. As the first lady of the U.S., Clinton advocated for healthcare reform. In 1994, [[Clinton health care plan of 1993|her health care plan]] failed to gain approval from Congress. In 1997 and 1999, Clinton played a leading role in promoting the creation of the [[State Children's Health Insurance Program]], the [[Adoption and Safe Families Act]], and the [[Foster Care Independence Act]]. She also [[Women's Rights Are Human Rights|advocated for gender equality]] at the [[1995 World Conference on Women]]. In 1998, Clinton's marital relationship came under public scrutiny during the [[Lewinsky scandal]], which led her to issue a statement that reaffirmed her commitment to the marriage.

Clinton was [[2000 United States Senate election in New York|first elected to the U.S. Senate in 2000]], becoming the first female senator from New York and the first First Lady to simultaneously hold elected office. As a senator, she chaired the [[United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee|Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee]] from 2003 to 2007. She advocated for medical benefits for [[Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks|September 11 first responders]].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=McAfee|first1=Tierney|date=September 9, 2016|title=How Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump Responded to the 9/11 Attacks|url=https://people.com/celebrity/911-how-hillary-clinton-and-donald-trump-responded-to-attacks/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105085706/https://people.com/celebrity/911-how-hillary-clinton-and-donald-trump-responded-to-attacks/|archive-date=November 5, 2016|access-date=August 21, 2019|website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> She supported the [[Iraq War Resolution|resolution authorizing the Iraq War]] in 2002, but opposed the [[Iraq War troop surge of 2007|surge of U.S. troops]] in 2007. Clinton [[Hillary Clinton 2008 presidential campaign|ran for president in 2008]], but lost to [[Barack Obama]] in [[2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries|the Democratic primaries]]. After resigning from the Senate to become Obama's secretary of state in 2009, she established the [[Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review]]. She responded to the [[Arab Spring]] by advocating the [[2011 military intervention in Libya]], but was harshly criticized by [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] for the failure to prevent or adequately respond to the [[2012 Benghazi attack]]. Clinton helped to organize a diplomatic isolation and a regime of international [[sanctions against Iran]] in an effort to force it to curtail its [[Nuclear program of Iran|nuclear program]], which eventually led to the multinational [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action]] in 2015. The [[East Asian foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration|strategic pivot to Asia]] was a central aspect of her tenure, underscoring the strategic shift in U.S. foreign policy focus from the Middle East and Europe towards Asia. She had a key role in launching the [[Global Health Initiatives|United States Global Health Initiative]], which aimed to increase U.S. investment in global public health, including combating [[HIV/AIDS]], [[tuberculosis]], and [[malaria]]. [[Hillary Clinton email controversy|Her use of a private email server]] as secretary was the subject of intense scrutiny; while no charges were filed against Clinton, the email controversy was the single most covered topic during her [[Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign|second presidential run in 2016]]. She won the Democratic nomination, but losing [[2016 United States presidential election|the general election]] to Republican opponent [[Donald Trump]] in the [[United States Electoral College|Electoral College]], despite winning the popular vote.

Hillary Diane Rodham<ref name=fullname>{{cite web|title=Hillary Clinton Bio|website=CNN|url=http://edition.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/candidates/democrat/clinton/hillary.shtml|access-date=July 19, 2019|quote=Name: Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton|archive-date=April 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404143042/http://edition.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/candidates/democrat/clinton/hillary.shtml|url-status=live}}<br />{{cite news|last1=Secter|first1=Bob|last2=Trice|first2=Dawn Turner|title=Clinton: Most famous. Least known?|date=November 27, 2017|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/chi-1127hillaryclintonnov27-story.html|access-date=July 19, 2019|quote=What You May Not Know About&nbsp;... Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton|archive-date=July 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719100217/https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/chi-1127hillaryclintonnov27-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> was born on October 26, 1947, at Edgewater Hospital in [[Chicago, Illinois]].<ref name="Whitehouse.gov"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edgewaterhistory.org/ehs/articles/v14-3-4|title=Edgewater Hospital 1929–2001|author=O'Laughlin, Dania|date=Summer 2003|publisher=Edgewater Historical Society|access-date=August 22, 2019|archive-date=October 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018060902/http://www.edgewaterhistory.org/ehs/articles/v14-3-4|url-status=live}}</ref> She was raised in a [[Methodist]] family who first lived in Chicago. When she was three years old, her family moved to the Chicago suburb of [[Park Ridge, Illinois|Park Ridge]].{{sfn|Bernstein|2007|pp=18, 34}} Her father, [[Hugh Rodham (born 1911)|Hugh Rodham]], was of [[English people|English]] and [[Welsh people|Welsh]] descent,<ref name="nehgs">{{cite web |author=Roberts, Gary Boyd |url=http://www.americanancestors.org/ancestry-of-senator-hillary-rodham-clinton/ |title=Notes on the Ancestry of Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton |publisher=[[New England Historic Genealogical Society]] |access-date=November 10, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203151445/http://www.americanancestors.org/ancestry-of-senator-hillary-rodham-clinton/ |archive-date=December 3, 2010}}</ref> and managed a small but successful textile business, which he had founded.{{sfn|Bernstein|2007|pp=17–18}} Her mother, [[Dorothy Howell Rodham|Dorothy Howell]], was a homemaker of [[Dutch people|Dutch]], English, [[French Canadian]] (from [[Quebec]]), [[Scottish people|Scottish]], and Welsh descent.<ref name="nehgs"/><ref>{{cite news |author=Smolenyak, Megan |author-link=Megan Smolenyak |url=http://irishamerica.com/2015/03/hillary-clintons-celtic-roots/ |title=Hillary Clinton's Celtic Roots |work=Irish America |date=April–May 2015 |access-date=April 16, 2015 |archive-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323062511/http://irishamerica.com/2015/03/hillary-clintons-celtic-roots/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="brock-4"/> She hadhas two younger brothers, [[Hugh Rodham (born 1950)|Hugh]] and [[Tony Rodham|Tony]].{{sfn|Gerth|Van Natta|2007|p=14}}

Rodham's early political development was shaped mostly by her high school history teacher (like her father, a fervent [[anti-communist]]), who introduced her to Goldwater's ''[[The Conscience of a Conservative]]'' and by her Methodist youth minister (like her mother, concerned with issues of [[social justice]]), with whom she saw and afterwards briefly met [[civil rights movement|civil rights]] leader [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] at a 1962 speech in Chicago's [[Orchestra Hall (Chicago)|Orchestra Hall]].<ref>Troy 2006, p.&nbsp;15; Gerth and Van Natta 2007, pp.&nbsp;18–21; Bernstein 2007, pp.&nbsp;34–36. The teacher, Paul Carlson, and the minister, Donald Jones, came into conflict in Park Ridge; Clinton would later see that as "an early indication of the cultural, political and religious fault lines that developed across America in the [next] forty years". (Clinton 2003, p.&nbsp;23) Several dates have been published for the King speech she witnessed, but April 15, 1962, is the most likely, see {{cite news |last1=Dobbs |first1=Michael |title=Hillary and Martin Luther King Jr. |url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/fact-checker/2007/12/hillary_and_martin_luther_king.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=December 31, 2007 |access-date=February 25, 2016 |archive-date=February 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160226081412/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/fact-checker/2007/12/hillary_and_martin_luther_king.html |url-status=livedead }}</ref>

Rodham [[Hillary Rodham senior thesis#Thesis|wrote her senior thesis]], a critique of the tactics of radical community organizer [[Saul Alinsky]], under Professor Schechter.<ref name="msn030207"/> Years later, while she was the first lady, access to her thesis was [[Hillary Rodham senior thesis#White House and Wellesley limiting of access|restricted at the request of the White House]] and it became the subject of some speculation. The thesis was later released.<ref name="msn030207">{{cite news |title=Reading Hillary Rodham's hidden thesis |url=httphttps://www.nbcnews.com/id/17388372/wbna17388372 |author=Dedman, Bill |publisher=[[MSNBC]] |date=May 9, 2007 |author-link=Bill Dedman |access-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-date=March 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308205444/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17388372/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rodham began a year of postgraduate study on children and medicine at the Yale Child Study Center.<ref name="nfll">{{cite web |title=First Lady Biography: Hillary Clinton |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=43 |publisher=[[National First Ladies' Library]] |access-date=August 22, 2006 |archive-date=April 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414204023/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=43 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In late 1973, her first scholarly article, "Children Under the Law", was published in the ''[[Harvard Educational Review]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rodham |first=Hillary |year=1973 |title=Children Under the Law |journal=[[Harvard Educational Review]] |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=487–514 |doi=10.17763/haer.43.4.e14676283875773k | issn=0017-8055}}</ref> Discussing the new [[children's rights movement]], the article stated that "child citizens" were "powerless individuals"<ref>Troy 2006, p.&nbsp;21.</ref> and argued that children should not be considered equally [[Competence (law)|incompetent]] from birth to attaining legal age, but instead that courts should presume competence on a case-by-case basis, except when there is evidence otherwise.<ref name="nyt082492">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/24/us/1992-campaign-issues-women-families-legal-scholars-see-distortion-attacks.html |title=Legal Scholars See Distortion in Attacks on Hillary Clinton |last=Lewin |first=Tamar |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 24, 1992 |access-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-date=January 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115191426/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/24/us/1992-campaign-issues-women-families-legal-scholars-see-distortion-attacks.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The article became frequently cited in the field.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/30351/0000753.pdf |title=What Hillary Rodham Clinton really said about children's rights and child policy |last1=Lindsey |first1=Duncan |last2=Sarri |first2=Rosemary C. |journal=[[Children and Youth Services Review]] |volume=14 |number=6 |year=1992 |pages=473–83 |doi=10.1016/0190-7409(92)90001-C |hdl=2027.42/30351 |hdl-access=free |access-date=November 28, 2014 |archive-date=December 5, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205122327/http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/30351/0000753.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:HillaryRodhamBillClintonLittleRockHouse1adjusted.jpg|thumb|alt=A small, one-story brick-faced house with a small yard in front|Hillary and [[Bill Clinton]] lived in this house in the [[Hillcrest (Little Rock)|Hillcrest neighborhood]] of [[Little Rock]] while he was [[Attorney general of Arkansas]] from 1977 to 1979.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clinton |first=Bill |title=My Life |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf|Knopf Publishing Group]] |year=2004 |title-link=My Life (Bill Clinton autobiography) }} p.&nbsp;244.</ref>]]

[[File:President Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan with Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton walking in the Cross Hall.jpg|thumb|alt=The Clintons and the Reagans walking a red carpet|The Clintons with [[Ronald Reagan|Ronald]] and [[Nancy Reagan|Nancy]] Reagan in 1987]]

Two years after leaving office, Bill Clinton returned to the governorship of Arkansas after winning [[1982 Arkansas gubernatorial election|the election of 1982]]. During her husband's campaign, Hillary began to use the name "Hillary Clinton", or sometimes "Mrs. Bill Clinton", to assuage the concerns of Arkansas voters; she also took a [[leave of absence]] from Rose Law to campaign for him full-time.{{sfn|Bernstein|2007|p=166}} During her second stint as the first lady of Arkansas, she made a point of using Hillary Rodham Clinton as her name.{{efn|name=ex04|As of 1993, she had not legally changed her name from Hillary Rodham.<ref name="nyt-name-93">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/14/us/again-it-s-hillary-rodham-clinton-got-that.html |title=Again: It's Hillary Rodham Clinton. Got That? |last=Kelly |first=Michael |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 14, 1993}}</ref> Bill Clinton's advisers thought her use of her maiden name to be one of the reasons for his 1980 gubernatorial re-election loss. During the following winter, [[Vernon Jordan]] suggested to Hillary Rodham that she start using the name Clinton, and she began to do so publicly with her husband's February 1982 campaign announcement to regain that office. She later wrote, "I learned the hard way that some voters in Arkansas were seriously offended by the fact that I kept my maiden name."<ref>Clinton 2003, pp.&nbsp;91–93; Morris 1996, p.&nbsp;282.</ref> Once he was elected again, she made a point of using "Hillary Rodham Clinton" in work she did as First Lady of the state.<ref name="pol-edu-83">{{cite news |url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/04/hillary-clinton-2016-arkansas-116939 |title=The long, hot summer Hillary Clinton became a politician |author=Kruse, Michael |newspaper=[[Politico]] |date=April 14, 2015 |access-date=April 16, 2015 |archive-date=October 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018060854/http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/04/hillary-clinton-2016-arkansas-116939 |url-status=live }}</ref> Once she became first lady of the United States in 1993, she publicly stated that she wanted to be known as "Hillary Rodham Clinton".<ref name="nyt-name-93"/> She has authored all her books under that name and Sheshe has continued to use that name on her website and elsewhere when becoming a U.S. senator.<ref name="bg-name-07"/> When running for president during 2007–2008, she used the name "Hillary Clinton" or just "Hillary" in campaign materials.<ref name="bg-name-07">{{cite web |url=https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/02/26/name_changes_define_clintons_various_career_stages/ |title=Name changes define Clinton's various career stages |last=Williams |first=Joseph |website=[[Boston.com]] |date=February 26, 2007 |access-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215010707/http://archive.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/02/26/name_changes_define_clintons_various_career_stages/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She used "Hillary Rodham Clinton" again in official materials as secretary of state.<ref name="npr-name-15"/> As of the 2015 launch of her second presidential campaign, she again switched to using "Hillary Clinton" in campaign materials;<ref name="npr-name-15">{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/itsallpolitics/2015/04/13/399233906/hillary-clinton-is-back-but-will-there-be-a-return-of-the-rodham |title='Hillary Clinton' Is Back, But Will There Be A Return of the Rodham? |author=Elving, Ron |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=April 13, 2015}}</ref> in November 2015 both the [[Associated Press]] and ''The New York Times'' noted that they would no longer use "Rodham" in referring to Clinton, with the ''Times'' stating that "the Clinton campaign confirmed&nbsp;... that Mrs. Clinton prefers to be simply, 'Hillary Clinton{{'"}}.<ref>{{cite news |first=Lauren |last=Easton |url=https://blog.ap.org/announcements/updating-ap-style-on-hillary-clinton |title=Updating AP style on Hillary Clinton |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=November 30, 2015 |access-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215012144/https://blog.ap.org/announcements/updating-ap-style-on-hillary-clinton |url-status=live }}; {{cite news |first=Amy |last=Chozick |url=https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2015/11/30/times-drops-rodham-in-referring-to-hillary-clinton/ |title=Times Drops 'Rodham' in Referring to Hillary Clinton |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 30, 2015 |access-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215010730/https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2015/11/30/times-drops-rodham-in-referring-to-hillary-clinton/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

From 1982 to 1988, Clinton was on the board of directors, sometimes as chair, of the [[New World Foundation]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://fair.org/press-release/limbaugh-responds-to-fair/ |title=Limbaugh Responds to FAIR |publisher=[[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting|FAIR]] |date=June 28, 1994 |access-date=May 9, 2008 |archive-date=October 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018060857/http://fair.org/press-release/limbaugh-responds-to-fair/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which funded a variety of [[New Left]] [[interest group]]s.<ref>Troy 2006, p.&nbsp;29.</ref> Clinton was chairman of the board of the Children's Defense Fund<ref name = "Whitehouse.gov"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.childrensdefense.org/site/PageNavigator/People_Board_Emeritus |title=Board of Directors Emeritus |publisher=[[Children's Defense Fund]] |access-date=May 31, 2007 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20061012030015/http://www.childrensdefense.org/site/PageNavigator/People_Board_Emeritus |archive-date=October 12, 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and on the board of the [[Arkansas Children's Hospital]]'s Legal Services (1988–92).<ref name="findlaw">{{cite web |url=http://pview.findlaw.com/view/1708556_1 |title=Hon. Hillary Rodham Clinton |work=[[FindLaw]] |access-date=May 31, 2007 |archive-date=October 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018061157/http://pview.findlaw.com/view/1708556_1 |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to her positions with nonprofit organizations, she also held positions on the corporate board of directors of [[TCBY]] (1985–92),<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://projects.washingtonpost.com/2008-presidential-candidates/hillary-clinton/ |title=Hillary Rodham Clinton |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=May 30, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612140914/http://projects.washingtonpost.com/2008-presidential-candidates/hillary-clinton/ |archive-date=June 12, 2007}} Bio entry.</ref> [[Walmart|Wal-Mart Stores]] (1986–92)<ref name="vv052400">{{cite news |title=Wal-Mart's First Lady |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2000-05-23/news/wal-mart-s-first-lady/ |author=Harkavy, Ward |date=May 24, 2000 |work=[[The Village Voice]] |access-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-date=May 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524190623/http://www.villagevoice.com/2000-05-23/news/wal-mart-s-first-lady/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Lafarge (company)|Lafarge]] (1990–92).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vermonters to Hillary: Don't Tread on Us |url=http://www.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/vermonters-to-hillary-dont-tread-on-us/Content?oid=2128540 |author=Picard, Ken |date=May 4, 2005 |work=[[Seven Days (newspaper)|Seven Days]] |access-date=September 14, 2014 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215012113/https://www.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/vermonters-to-hillary-dont-tread-on-us/Content?oid=2128540 |url-status=live }}</ref> TCBY and Wal-Mart were Arkansas-based companies that were also clients of Rose Law.<ref name="nyt022694"/><ref name="nyt052007"/> Clinton was the first female member on Wal-Mart's board, added following pressure on chairman [[Sam Walton]] to name a woman to it.<ref name="nyt052007">{{Cite news |title=As a Director, Clinton Moved Wal-Mart Board, but Only So Far |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/20/us/politics/20walmart.html |author=Barbaro, Michael |date=May 20, 2007 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-date=December 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219121359/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/20/us/politics/20walmart.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Once there, she pushed successfully for Wal-Mart to adopt more environmentally friendly practices. She was largely unsuccessful in her campaign for more women to be added to the company's management and was silent about the company's famously anti-labor union practices.<ref name="vv052400"/><ref name="nyt052007"/><ref name="abc013108">{{Cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/Story?id=4218509 |title=Clinton Remained Silent As Wal-Mart Fought Unions |author=Ross, Brian |author-link=Brian Ross (journalist) |author2=Sauer, Maddy |author3=Schwartz, Rhonda |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date=January 31, 2008}}</ref> According to Dan Kaufman, awareness of this later became a factor in her loss of credibility with organized labor, helping contribute to her loss in the 2016 election, where slightly less than half of union members voted for [[Donald Trump]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/07/17/629718238/how-dark-money-gerrymandering-and-democratic-complacency-altered-wisconsin-polit |title=How Dark Money, Gerrymandering And Democratic Complacency Altered Wisconsin Politics |last=Davies |first=Dave |date=July 17, 2018 |newspaper=NPR.org |access-date=August 10, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/11/10/donald-trump-got-reagan-like-support-from-union-households/ |title=Donald Trump got Reagan-like support from union households |last=Bump |first=Philip |date=November 10, 2016 |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=August 10, 2019 |archive-date=August 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810214522/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/11/10/donald-trump-got-reagan-like-support-from-union-households/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{main|Hillary Clinton's tenure as Firstfirst Ladylady of the United States}}

When Bill Clinton [[First inauguration of Bill Clinton|took office]] as president in January 1993, Hillary Rodham Clinton became the first lady. Her press secretary reiterated she would be using that form of her name.{{efn|name=ex04}} She was the first in this role to have a [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate degree]] and her own professional career up to the time of entering the [[White House]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/biography/clinton-hillary/ |title=Hillary Rodham Clinton |publisher=[[PBS]] |access-date=December 2, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228125947/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/biography/clinton-hillary/ |archive-date=December 28, 2014 }} Clinton had the first postgraduate degree through regular study and scholarly work. [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] had previously been awarded a postgraduate honorary degree. Clinton's successor [[Laura Bush]] became the second first lady with a postgraduate degree.</ref> She was also the first to have an office in the [[West Wing]] of the White House in addition to the usual first lady offices in the [[East Wing]].<ref name="nfll"/><ref>Troy 2006, p.&nbsp;71.</ref> During [[Presidential transition of Bill Clinton|the presidential transition]], she was part of the innermost circle vetting appointments to the new administration. Her choices filled at least eleven top-level positions and dozens more lower-level ones.<ref>Troy 2006, p.&nbsp;68.</ref><ref name="vox">{{cite web |last1=Skinner |first1=Richard |title=Bill Clinton set a bad example with his transition |url=https://www.vox.com/mischiefs-of-faction/2016/10/7/13143186/bill-clinton-transition-bad |website=Vox |access-date=February 1, 2021 |date=October 7, 2016 |archive-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712144230/https://www.vox.com/mischiefs-of-faction/2016/10/7/13143186/bill-clinton-transition-bad |url-status=live }}</ref> After [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], Clinton was regarded as the most openly empowered presidential wife in American history.<ref>Troy 2006, p.&nbsp;xii.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=First Lady President? |author=Rajghatta, Chidanand |date=January–February 2004 |work=[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]] |author-link=Chidanand Rajghatta |url=http://www.verveonline.com/27/people/hillary/full.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040701113441/http://www.verveonline.com/27/people/hillary/full.shtml |archive-date=July 1, 2004}}</ref>

[[File:First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton's AddressesRemarks to the Fourth United Nations Conference on Women at the Beijing International's Conference Center in BejiingBeijing, China - NARA - 131493880.jpgwebm|thumb|right|Footage of Clinton's atspeech thein Fourthits Worldentirety. ConferenceAt onapproximately Women,the where14:45 shemark, Clinton utteredutters the famous line, "Women's rights are human rights"]]

Another investigated scandal involving Clinton was the [[White House travel office controversy]], often referred to as "Travelgate".{{sfn|Bernstein|2007|pp=327–28}} Another scandal that arose was the [[Hillary Clinton cattle futures controversy]], which related to cattle futures trading Clinton had made in 1978 and 1979.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/18/us/top-arkansas-lawyer-helped-hillary-clinton-turn-big-profit.html |title=Top Arkansas Lawyer Helped Hillary Clinton Turn Big Profit |author=Gerth, Jeff |author-link=Jeff Gerth |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 18, 1994 |display-authors=etal |access-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-date=February 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208191901/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/18/us/top-arkansas-lawyer-helped-hillary-clinton-turn-big-profit.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Some in the press had alleged that Clinton had engaged in a conflict of interest and disguised a bribery. Several individuals analyzed her trading records,; however, no formal investigation was made and she was never charged with any wrongdoing in relation to this.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Rosett, Claudia |url=http://www.opinionjournal.com/columnists/cRosett/?id=65000476 |title=Hillary's Bull Market |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=October 26, 2000 |author-link=Claudia Rosett |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001208164800/http://www.opinionjournal.com/columnists/cRosett/?id=65000476 |archive-date=December 8, 2000}}</ref>

In early 2001, a controversy arose over gifts that were sent to the White House; there was a question whether the furnishings were White House property or the Clintons' personal property. During the last year of Bill Clinton's time in office, those gifts were shipped to the Clintons' private residence.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://articleswww.latimes.com/2001archives/la-xpm-2001-feb/-10/news/-mn-23723-story.html |title=Clintons Began Taking White House Property a Year Ago |work=Los Angeles Times |date=February 10, 2001 |access-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-date=December 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228045404/http://articles.latimes.com/2001/feb/10/news/mn-23723 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2001/02/06/clintons-say-theyll-return-disputed-gifts/accd07f5-3cd2-4ebf-ba49-b3ac30a35a7d/ |title=Clintons Say They'll Return Disputed Gifts |author=Lardner, George Jr |date=February 6, 2001 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=June 12, 2017 |archive-date=January 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125232520/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2001/02/06/clintons-say-theyll-return-disputed-gifts/accd07f5-3cd2-4ebf-ba49-b3ac30a35a7d/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Public response to Clinton's handling of the matter varied. Women variously admired her strength and poise in private matters that were made public. They sympathized with her as a victim of her husband's insensitive behavior and criticized her as being an [[Codependency|enabler]] to her husband's indiscretions. They also accused her of cynically staying in a failed marriage as a way of keeping or even fostering her own political influence.{{sfn|Gerth|Van Natta|2007|p=195}} In the wake of the revelations, her public approval ratings shot upward to around 70&nbsp;percent, the highest they had ever been.{{sfn|Gerth|Van Natta|2007|p=195}}

Clinton voted against President Bush's two major tax cut packages, the [[Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001]] and the [[Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003]].<ref name="pvs-hrc"/> In 2003, Simon & Schuster released her memoir ''[[Living History (book)|Living History]]'':.{{sfn|Bernstein|2007|p=544}} The book set a first-week sales record for a nonfiction work,<ref name="Donahue2003">{{Cite news |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/books/news/2003-06-17-hillary-list_x.htm |title=Clinton memoir tops Best-Selling Books list |author=Donahue, Deirdre |work=[[USA Today]] |date=June 17, 2003 |access-date=September 14, 2014 |archive-date=August 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804030855/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/books/news/2003-06-17-hillary-list_x.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> went on to sell more than one million copies in the first month following publication,<ref name="Clinton-2003">{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-75361570.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511212054/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-75361570.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 11, 2011 |title=Clinton's Book Sales Top 1 Million |agency=Associated Press |date=July 9, 2003}}</ref> and was translated into twelve foreign languages.<ref name="Clinton Presidential Center-2009">{{cite web |url=http://www.clintonpresidentialcenter.org/the-administration/hillary-rodham-clinton |title=Hillary Rodham Clinton |publisher=[[William J. Clinton Presidential Center]] |access-date=May 9, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708145221/http://www.clintonpresidentialcenter.org/the-administration/hillary-rodham-clinton |archive-date=July 8, 2009}}</ref> Clinton's audio recording of the book earned her a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album.<ref name="BBC News-2004">{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3472495.stm |title=Gorbachev and Clinton win Grammy |work=BBC News |date=February 9, 2004 |access-date=September 14, 2014 |archive-date=September 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912065505/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3472495.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2005, Clinton called for the [[Federal Trade Commission]] to investigate how [[Hot Coffee mod|hidden sex scenes]] showed up in the controversial video game ''[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Clinton wades into GTA sex storm |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4682533.stm |date=July 14, 2005 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=September 14, 2014 |archive-date=October 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018063322/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4682533.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Along with senators [[Joe Lieberman]] and [[Evan Bayh]], she introduced the [[Family Entertainment Protection Act]], intended to protect children from inappropriate content found in video games. In 2004 and 2006, Clinton voted against the [[Federal Marriage Amendment]] that sought to prohibit same-sex marriage.<ref name="pvs-hrc">{{cite web |url=http://votesmart.org/candidate/key-votes/55463/hillary-clinton |title=Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton&nbsp;– Voting Record |publisher=[[Project Vote Smart]] |access-date=April 14, 2008 |archive-date=January 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105122338/http://www.votesmart.org/candidate/key-votes/55463/hillary-clinton |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=httphttps://www.nbcnews.com/id/13181735/wbna13181735 |title=Gay marriage ban defeated in Senate vote |agency=Associated Press |work=[[NBC News]] |date=June 7, 2006 |access-date=September 14, 2014 |archive-date=June 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629081329/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/13181735/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the first vote of 2008, she placed third in the January{{nbsp}}3 [[Iowa Democratic caucuses, 2008|Iowa Democratic caucus]] behind Obama and Edwards.<ref>Kornblut 2009, p.&nbsp;57.</ref> Obama gained ground in national polling in the next few days, with all polls predicting a victory for him in the [[2008 New Hampshire Democratic primary|New Hampshire primary]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2008/president/nh/new_hampshire_democratic_primary-194.html |title=New Hampshire Democratic Primary |publisher=[[RealClearPolitics]] |date=January 8, 2008 |access-date=January 9, 2008 |archive-date=March 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306051727/https://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2008/president/nh/new_hampshire_democratic_primary-194.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Clinton gained a surprise win there on January 8, narrowly defeating Obama.<ref>Heilemann and Halperin 2010, pp.&nbsp;186–90.</ref> It was the first time a woman had won a major American party's presidential primary for the purposes of delegate selection.<ref name="cawp-firsts">{{cite web |url=http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/fast_facts/resources/Firsts.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216234346/http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/fast_facts/resources/Firsts.php |archive-date=December 16, 2014 |title=Firsts for Women in U.S. Politics |publisher=[[Center for American Women and Politics]] |access-date=August 18, 2014}} Also [https://web.archive.org/web/20090430130147/http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/fast_facts/elections/preswatch_clinton.php "The 2008 Presidential Campaign of Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton"] from them. See [[Shirley Chisholm#1972 presidential campaign]] for the previous marks for best performance by a major-party woman presidential candidate.</ref> Explanations for Clinton's New Hampshire comeback varied but often centered on her being seen more sympathetically, especially by women, after her eyes welled with tears and her voice broke while responding to a voter's question the day before the election.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://articleswww.latimes.com/2008archives/la-xpm-2008-jan/-10/nation/-na-newhamp10-story.html |title=Clinton had voters' sympathy&nbsp;– and a message they liked |author1=Decker, Cathleen |author2=Barabak, Mark Z. |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=January 10, 2008 |access-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-date=October 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018061200/http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jan/10/nation/na-newhamp10 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following the final primaries on June 3, 2008, Obama had gained enough delegates to become the [[presumptive nominee]].<ref>Heilemann and Halperin 2010, p.&nbsp;258.</ref> In a speech before her supporters on June 7, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.{{sfn|Allen|Parnes|2014|pp=25, 30}} By campaign's end, Clinton had won 1,640&nbsp;pledged delegates to Obama's 1,763;<ref name="cnn-end">{{Cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/primaries/results/scorecard/#D |title=Election Center 2008: Delegate Scorecard |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=June 4, 2008 |access-date=July 6, 2008 |archive-date=September 10, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910141651/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/primaries/results/scorecard/#D |url-status=live }}</ref> at the time of the clinching, Clinton had 286 superdelegates to Obama's 395,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://tpmelectioncentral.talkingpointsmemo.com/2008/06/election_stats.php |title=The Final Math |author=Kleefeld, Eric |publisher=[[Talking Points Memo]] |date=June 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080701201010/http://tpmelectioncentral.talkingpointsmemo.com/2008/06/election_stats.php |archive-date=July 1, 2008}}</ref> with those numbers widening to 256 versus 438 once Obama was acknowledged the winner.<ref name="cnn-end"/> Clinton and Obama each received over 17&nbsp;million votes during the nomination process{{efn|{{cite web |url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2008/president/democratic_vote_count.html |title=2008 Democratic Popular Vote |publisher=[[RealClearPolitics]] |access-date=July 8, 2008}} The popular vote count for a nomination process is unofficial, and meaningless in determining the nominee. It is difficult to come up with precise totals due to some caucus states not reporting popular vote totals and thus having to be estimated. It is also difficult to compare Clinton and Obama's totals, due to only her name having been on the ballot in the Michigan primary.<ref name="balz-217"/>}} with both breaking the previous record.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/thefix/eye-on-2008/clinton-puts-up-popular-vote-a.html |title=Clinton Puts Up Popular Vote Ad |author=Cillizza, Chris |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=June 1, 2008 |access-date=September 14, 2014 |archive-date=September 10, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910212501/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/thefix/eye-on-2008/clinton-puts-up-popular-vote-a.html |url-status=livedead }}</ref> Clinton was the first woman to run in the primary or caucus of every state and she eclipsed, by a very wide margin, Congresswoman [[Shirley Chisholm]]'s [[Shirley Chisholm#1972 presidential campaign|1972 marks]] for most votes garnered and delegates won by a woman.<ref name="cawp-firsts"/> Clinton gave a passionate speech supporting Obama at the [[2008 Democratic National Convention]] and campaigned frequently for him in fall 2008, which concluded with his victory over McCain in the general election on November 4.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/23/us/politics/23hillary.html |title=Clinton-Obama Détente: From Top Rival to Top Aide |author=Bumiller, Elisabeth |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 22, 2008 |access-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-date=June 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630120708/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/23/us/politics/23hillary.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Hillary Clinton official Secretary of State portrait crop.jpg|thumb|leftright|alt=Hillary Clinton dressed in a black suit seen in her official secretary of state portrait in 2009|OfficialHillary secretaryClinton's official portrait as [[United States Secretary of stateState|Secretary portraitof State]], 2009]]

The appointment required a [[Saxbe fix]], passed and signed into law in December 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/19/bush-approves-bill-reducing-secretary-of-states-pay/ |title=Bush Approves Bill Reducing Secretary of State's Pay |author=Falcone, Michael |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 19, 2008 |access-date=December 19, 2008 |archive-date=November 19, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119122455/http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/19/bush-approves-bill-reducing-secretary-of-states-pay/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Confirmation hearings before the [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|Senate Foreign Relations Committee]] began on January 13, 2009, a week before the Obama inauguration; two days later, the committee voted 16–1 to approve Clinton.<ref>{{cite news |url=httphttps://www.nbcnews.com/id/28624112/wbna28624112 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409043257/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/28624112/ |archive-date=April 9, 2014 |title=Senate panel backs Clinton as secretary of state |agency=Associated Press |work=[[NBC News]] |url-status=live |date=January 15, 2009}}</ref> By this time, her public approval rating had reached 65&nbsp;percent, the highest point since the Lewinsky scandal.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/113740/Senate-Hearings-Begin-Hillary-Clintons-Image-Soars.aspx |title=As Senate Hearings Begin, Hillary Clinton's Image Soars |author=Jones, Jeffrey M. |publisher=[[Gallup Organization]] |date=January 13, 2009 |access-date=January 16, 2009 |archive-date=September 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902071020/http://www.gallup.com/poll/113740/Senate-Hearings-Begin-Hillary-Clintons-Image-Soars.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> On January 21, 2009, Clinton was confirmed in the full Senate by a vote of 94–2.<ref name="kate phillips">{{Cite news |url=http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/21/senate-debates-clinton-confirmation/ |title=Senate Confirms Clinton as Secretary of State |last=Phillips |first=Kate |date=January 21, 2009 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-date=February 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202012055/https://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/21/senate-debates-clinton-confirmation/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Clinton took the oath of office of secretary of state, [[resignation from the United States Senate|resigning from the Senate]] later that day.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Clinton sworn in at State Dept. and then resigns Senate |first=Brian |last=Tumulty |work=[[The Journal News]] |date=January 21, 2009 |url=http://polhudson.lohudblogs.com/2009/01/21/clinton-has-resigned-the-senate-sworn-in-at-state-dept |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201014210/http://polhudson.lohudblogs.com/2009/01/21/clinton-has-resigned-the-senate-sworn-in-at-state-dept |archive-date=February 1, 2009}}</ref> She became the first former first lady to be a member of the [[Cabinet of the United States|United States Cabinet]].<ref>{{Citecite news |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/politicaljunkie/2008/12/obama_brings_hillary_to_cabine.htmlweb |title=Obama Brings Hillary toRodham Cabinet,Clinton GOP to Ariz. State HouseBiography |author=Rudin, Ken |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=December 1, 2008 |access-date=April 1, 2018 |archive-date=April 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416000810/http://www.nprpbs.org/blogswgbh/politicaljunkieamericanexperience/2008features/12clinton-hillary-rodham-clinton-biography/obama_brings_hillary_to_cabine.html |urlwebsite=PBS |access-statusdate=live22 July 2024}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=This source is a blog, not NPR proper.|date=December 2022}}

As secretary of state, Clinton sought to lead a rehabilitation of the United States' reputation on the world stage. After taking office, Clinton spent several days telephoning dozens of world leaders and indicating that [[U.S. foreign policy]] would change direction. Days into her tenure, she remarked, "We have a lot of damage to repair."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://articleswww.latimes.com/2009archives/la-xpm-2009-jan/-28/world/-fg-clinton28-story.html |title=World breathes sigh of relief, Hillary Clinton says |author=Richter, Paul |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=January 28, 2009 |access-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-date=October 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018061540/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jan/28/world/fg-clinton28 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2009, Clinton presented Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] with a "[[reset button]]" symbolizing U.S. attempts to rebuild ties with that country under its new president, [[Dmitry Medvedev]].<ref name="nyt-putin">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/24/world/europe/3-presidents-and-a-riddle-named-putin.html |title=3 Presidents and a Riddle Named Putin |author=Baker, Peter |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 23, 2014 |access-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-date=July 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709075652/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/24/world/europe/3-presidents-and-a-riddle-named-putin.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Allen|Parnes|2014|pp=136–38}} The policy, which became known as the [[Russian reset]], led to improved cooperation in several areas during Medvedev's presidency.<ref name="nyt-putin"/> However Clinton noted at the time that the US was concerned about Russia's use of energy as a tool of intimidation.<ref name="dwdgp">{{cite news |title=Russia's Gazprom - Corrupt politicians and the greed of the west |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kCNHwH9MxGA |agency=YouTube |publisher=DW Documentary |date=10 February 2024 |access-date=February 11, 2024 |archive-date=February 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210172759/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kCNHwH9MxGA |url-status=live }}</ref> Bilateral relations, however, would decline considerably, after Medvedev's presidency ended in 2012 and [[Vladimir Putin]]'s return to the Russian presidency.<ref>{{cite news |title=DNC Email Hack: Why Vladimir Putin Hates Hillary Clinton |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/why-putin-hates-hillary-clinton-n617236 |work=NBC News |date=July 26, 2016 |access-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-date=December 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213164647/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/why-putin-hates-hillary-clinton-n617236 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In a prepared speech in January 2010, Clinton drew analogies between the [[Iron Curtain]] and the free and unfree Internet,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://articleswww.latimes.com/2010archives/la-xpm-2010-jan/-23/world/-la-fg-google-china23-2010jan23-story.html |title=Sino-U.S. ties hit new snag over Internet issues |author=Richter, Paul |author2=Pierson, David |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=January 23, 2010 |access-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-date=October 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018061546/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jan/23/world/la-fg-google-china23-2010jan23 |url-status=live }}</ref> which marked the first time that a senior American government official had clearly defined the Internet as a key element of American foreign policy.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/23/world/asia/23china.html |title=China Rebuffs Clinton on Internet Warning |author=Landler, Mark |author2=Wong, Edward |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 22, 2010 |access-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-date=February 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203001648/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/23/world/asia/23china.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Clinton visited 112&nbsp;countries during her tenure, making her the most widely traveled secretary of state<ref name="nyt-amplified">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/05/us/politics/scare-amplifies-fears-that-clintons-work-has-taken-heavy-toll.html |title=Scare Adds to Fears That Clinton's Work Has Taken Toll |last=Landler |first=Mark |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 4, 2013 |access-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-date=September 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912165655/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/05/us/politics/scare-amplifies-fears-that-clintons-work-has-taken-heavy-toll.html%26pagewanted%3Dall%26_r%3D0 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|Clinton's 112 countries visited broke [[Madeleine Albright]]'s previous mark of 96.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/frequent-flier-clinton-hits-100-country-mark-073258740.html |title=Frequent flier Hillary Clinton hits 100-country mark |author=Lee, Matthew |agency=Associated Press |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]] |date=June 28, 2012 |access-date=January 14, 2017 |archive-date=November 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125025346/http://news.yahoo.com/frequent-flier-clinton-hits-100-country-mark-073258740.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Clinton's sum of 956,733 air miles traveled, however, fell short of [[Condoleezza Rice]]'s record for mileage.<ref name="nyt-amplified"/> That total, 1,059,207, was bolstered late in her tenure by repeated trips to the Middle East.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2012/06/clinton-rice-vie-for-most-traveled-secretary-of-state/1 |title=Clinton, Rice vie for most traveled secretary of State |author=Jackson, David |work=[[USA Today]] |date=June 18, 2012 |access-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-date=November 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123002703/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2012/06/clinton-rice-vie-for-most-traveled-secretary-of-state/1 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} ([[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] wrote that "Clinton's endurance is legendary".)<ref name="time-smart"/> The first secretary of state to visit countries like [[Togo]] and [[East Timor]], she believed that in-person visits were more important than ever in the virtual age.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/departing-secretary-state-hillary-clinton-leaves-legacy-firsts/story?id=18039755&singlePage=true |title=Departing Secretary of State Hillary Clinton Leaves Behind a Legacy of Firsts |author=Parnass, Sarah |author2=Hughes, Dana |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date=December 23, 2012 |access-date=June 28, 2020 |archive-date=September 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918153528/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/departing-secretary-state-hillary-clinton-leaves-legacy-firsts/story?id=18039755&singlePage=true |url-status=live }}</ref> As early as March 2011, she indicated she was not interested in serving a second term as secretary of state should Obama be [[2012 United States presidential election|re-elected in 2012]];<ref name="pol-no-2nd"/> in December 2012, following that re-election, Obama nominated Senator [[John Kerry]] to be Clinton's successor.<ref name="nyt-hosp">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/31/us/hillary-clinton-goes-to-hospital-after-exam-finds-a-blood-clot.html |title=Clinton's Blood Clot Is Located Near Her Brain, Doctors Say |author=Cooper, Helene |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 31, 2012 |access-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-date=January 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130013614/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/31/us/hillary-clinton-goes-to-hospital-after-exam-finds-a-blood-clot.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Her last day as secretary of state was February 1, 2013.<ref name="cbs-next">{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/is-hillary-clinton-closing-the-door-on-politics/ |title=Is Hillary Clinton closing the door on politics? |author=Miller, Jake |work=[[CBS News]] |date=January 29, 2013 |access-date=April 1, 2018 |archive-date=August 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818160247/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/is-hillary-clinton-closing-the-door-on-politics/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Upon her departure, analysts commented that Clinton's tenure did not bring any signature diplomatic breakthroughs as some other secretaries of state had accomplished,<ref name="lat-legacy">{{cite news |url=https://articleswww.latimes.com/2013archives/la-xpm-2013-jan/-28/nation/-la-na-clinton-legacy-20130128-story.html |title=Hillary Clinton's legacy at State: Splendid but not spectacular |author=Richter, Paul |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=January 28, 2013 |access-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-date=November 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109161557/http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jan/28/nation/la-na-clinton-legacy-20130128 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nykr-legacy">{{cite news |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/02/11/long-engagements |title=Long Engagements |author=Packer, George |author-link=George Packer |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=February 11, 2013 |access-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-date=February 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224112959/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/02/11/long-engagements |url-status=live }}</ref> and highlighted her focus on goals she thought were less tangible but would have more lasting effect.<ref>Ghattas 2013, pp.&nbsp;216, 225.</ref> She has also been criticized for accepting millions in dollars in donations from foreign governments to the [[Clinton Foundation]] during her tenure as Secretary of State.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/foreign-governments-gave-millions-to-foundation-while-clinton-was-at-state-dept/2015/02/25/31937c1e-bc3f-11e4-8668-4e7ba8439ca6_story.html |title=Foreign governments gave millions to foundation while Clinton was at State Dept. |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=February 25, 2015 |access-date=December 30, 2019 |archive-date=December 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224135159/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/foreign-governments-gave-millions-to-foundation-while-clinton-was-at-state-dept/2015/02/25/31937c1e-bc3f-11e4-8668-4e7ba8439ca6_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2014, Clinton published a second memoir, ''[[Hard Choices]]'', which focused on her time as secretary of state. {{as of|2015|July}}, the book had sold about 280,000 copies.<ref name="Berenson-2016">{{cite news |last1=Berenson |first1=Tessa |title=Here's Which 2016 Candidate's Book Sold the Most Copies |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=http://time.com/3956146/ted-cruz-hillary-clinton-election-books/ |access-date=July 28, 2016}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=March 2024}}

On April 12, 2015, Clinton formally announced her candidacy for the presidency in the 2016 election.<ref name="nyt-2016-announ">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/13/us/politics/hillary-clinton-2016-presidential-campaign.html |title=Hillary Clinton Announces 2016 Presidential Bid |author=Chozick, Amy |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 12, 2015}}</ref> She had a campaign-in-waiting already in place, including a large donor network, experienced operatives and the [[Ready for Hillary]] and [[Priorities USA Action]] political action committees and other infrastructure.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://time.com/933/can-anyone-stop-hillary/ |title=Can Anyone Stop Hillary? |author=Von Drehle, David |magazine=Time |date=January 27, 2014}}</ref> Prior to her campaign, Clinton had claimed in an interview on [[NDTV]] in May 2012 that she would not seek the presidency again, but later wrote in her 2014 autobiography ''[[Hard Choices]]'' that she had not decided.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/05/hillary-clinton-drops-out-2016-presidential-race/328502/|title=Hillary Clinton Drops Out of the 2016 Presidential Race|last=Bennett|first=Dashiell|date=May 7, 2012|magazine=The Atlanticaccess-date=February 25, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Pilkington|first=Ed|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/22/-sp-hillary-clinton-interview-will-she-run-for-president-2016|title=Hillary Clinton interview: will she or won't she run for president in 2016?|date=June 21, 2014|newspaper=The Observer|access-date=February 25, 2020|issn=0029-7712}}</ref> The campaign's headquarters were established in the New York City [[borough (New York City)|borough]] of [[Brooklyn]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2015/07/hillary-clinton-office-brooklyn-inside-look-120230 |title=A peek inside Hillary Clinton's Brooklyn HQ |last=Karnie |first=Annie |newspaper=[[Politico]] |date=July 16, 2015}}</ref> Her campaign focused on: raising middle class incomes, establishing [[universal preschool]], making college more affordable and improving the [[Affordable Care Act]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/hillary-clinton-mending-ties-liberals/ |title=This time around, Clinton aligns position with progressive Democrats |agency=Associated Press |publisher=[[PBS]] |date=April 19, 2015}}</ref><ref name="ap-pace"/> Initially considered a prohibitive favorite to win the Democratic nomination,<ref name="nyt-2016-announ"/> Clinton faced an unexpectedly strong challenge from [[democratic socialism|democratic socialist]] Senator [[Bernie Sanders]] of Vermont. His longtime stance against the influence of corporations and the wealthy in American politics resonated with a dissatisfied citizenry troubled by the effects of [[income inequality in the U.S.]] and contrasted with Clinton's Wall Street ties.<ref name="nyt-wall-ties">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/22/us/politics/in-race-defined-by-income-gap-hillary-clintons-wall-street-ties-incite-rivals.html |title=Hillary Clinton's Paid Speeches to Wall Street Animate Her Opponents |author=Confessore, Nicholas |author2=Horowitz, Jason |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 21, 2016}}</ref><ref name="ap-pace">{{cite news |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2016-01-30/america-and-its-politics-in-flux-as-2016-voting-begins |title=For some Americans, politicians' promises of change and disruption have come too slowly, or failed altogether |author=Pace, Julie |agency=Associated Press |work=[[USA Today]] |date=January 30, 2016}}</ref>

On March 1 [[Super Tuesday 2016|Super Tuesday]], Clinton won seven7 of eleven11 contests, including a string of dominating victories across the South buoyed, as in South Carolina, by African-American voters. She opened up a significant lead in pledged delegates over Sanders.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/02/us/politics/democratic-primary-results.html |title=Minority Voters Push Hillary Clinton to Victories |author=Healy, Patrick |author2=Chozick, Amy |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 1, 2016}}</ref> She maintained this delegate lead across subsequent contests during the primary season, with a consistent pattern throughout. Sanders did better among younger, whiter, more rural and more liberal voters and states that held caucuses or where [[Open primaries in the United States|eligibility was open]] to independents. Clinton did better among older, black and Hispanic voter populations, and in states that held primaries or where eligibility was restricted to registered Democrats.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-caucuses_us_56db537ce4b03a405678e2c2 |title=Bernie Sanders Wins Caucuses As Map Ahead Gets Tougher |author=Terkel, Amanda |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |date=March 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2016/03/bernie-sanders-hillary-clinton-delegates-221270 |title=Bernie's math: Improbable, not impossible |author=Shepard, Steven |work=[[Politico]] |date=March 28, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/new-yorks-closed-primary-could-be-bernie-sanders-achilles-heel |title=New York's closed primary could be Bernie Sanders' Achilles' heel |author=Seitz-Wald, Alex |publisher=[[MSNBC]] |date=April 11, 2016}}</ref>

Clinton was formally nominated at the [[2016 Democratic National Convention]] in Philadelphia on July 26, 2016, becoming the first woman to be nominated for president by a major U.S. political party.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rappeport |first1=Alan |last2=Alcindor |first2=Yamiche |last3=Martin |first3=Jonathan |title=Democrats Nominate Hillary Clinton Despite Sharp Divisions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/27/us/politics/dnc-speakers-sanders-clinton.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 26, 2016}}</ref> Her choice of vice presidential [[running mate]], Senator [[Tim Kaine]], was nominated by the convention the following day.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Keneally |first1=Meghan |last2=Struyk |first2=Ryan |title=Tim Kaine Nominated as Democratic Vice Presidential Candidate |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/tim-kaine-nominated-democratic-vice-presidential-candidate/story?id=40934814 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date=July 27, 2016}}</ref> Her opponents in the general election included Republican Donald Trump, [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian]] [[Gary Johnson]] and [[Jill Stein]] of the [[Green Party of the United States|Green Party]]. Around the time of the convention, [[WikiLeaks]] released [[Podesta emails|emails]] that suggested the DNC and the Clinton campaign tilted the primary in Clinton's favor.<ref>{{Cncite web |last1=Parks |first1=Mary Alice |last2=Struyk |first2=Ryan |last3=Kruzel |first3=John |last4=Fitzgerel |first4=Noah |title=Emails Released by WikiLeaks Appear to Show DNC Trying to Aid Hillary Clinton |url=https://www.abcnews.go.com/Politics/emails-released-wikileaks-show-dnc-aid-hillary-clinton/story%3fid=40815253 |website=ABC News |access-date=August22 July 20232024}}</ref>

Clinton was defeated by Donald Trump in the November 8, 2016, presidential election.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/11/08/fox-news-projects-trump-wins-presidency-defeats-clinton-in-historic-election-upset.html |title=Fox News projects: Trump wins presidency, defeats Clinton in historic election upset |date=November 8, 2016 |publisher=[[Fox News]] Channel |access-date=November 9, 2016}}</ref> By the early morning hours of November 9, Trump had received 279 projected electoral college votes, with 270 needed to win; media sources proclaimed him the winner.<ref name="NYTimes:Clinton vs. Trump: Voters Have Their Say on Election Day">{{Cite news |title=Clinton vs. Trump: Voters Have Their Say on Election Day |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/08/us/politics/election-day-voting.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=November 9, 2016 |date=November 9, 2016}}</ref> Clinton then phoned Trump to concede and to congratulate him on his victory, whereupon Trump gave his victory speech.<ref name="Huffington Post: Clinton Delays Concession Speech As Trump Seizes Victory">{{Cite news |last1=Horowitz Satlin |first1=Alana |title=Clinton Delays Concession Speech As Trump Seizes Victory |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/hillary-clinton-concession-speech_us_5822d001e4b0d9ce6fbff613 |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |access-date=November 9, 2016 |date=November 9, 2016}}</ref> The next morning Clinton made a public concession speech in which she acknowledged the pain of her loss, but called on her supporters to accept Trump as their next president, saying: "We owe him an open mind and a chance to lead."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/09/us/politics/donald-trump-won-now-what.html |title=Highlights of Hillary Clinton's Concession Speech and President Obama's Remarks |date=November 9, 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=November 17, 2016}}</ref> Though Clinton lost the election by capturing only 232 electoral votes to Trump's 306, she won the popular vote by more than 2.8&nbsp;million votes, or 2.1% of the voter base.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Begley |first1=Sarah |title=Hillary Clinton Leads by 2.8 Million in Final Popular Vote Count |url=http://time.com/4608555/hillary-clinton-popular-vote-final/ |access-date=December 21, 2018 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=December 20, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Krieg |first1=Gregory |title=It's official: Clinton swamps Trump in popular vote |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/12/21/politics/donald-trump-hillary-clinton-popular-vote-final-count/index.html |access-date=December 21, 2018 |work=[[CNN]] |date=December 22, 2016}}</ref> She is the fifth presidential candidate in U.S. history to win the popular vote but lose the election.{{efn|The others were: [[Andrew Jackson]] who lost to [[John Quincy Adams]]; [[Samuel Tilden]] who lost by one electoral vote to [[Rutherford B Hayes]]; [[Grover Cleveland]] who lost to [[Benjamin Harrison]]; and [[Al Gore]] who lost to [[George W Bush]].}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/popular-vote-electoral-college-five-presidential-nominees-hillary-clinton-al-gore-a7420971.html |title=Five presidential nominees who won popular vote but lost the election |last=Revesz |first=Rachael |date=November 16, 2016 |work=[[The Independent]] |access-date=November 18, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Remnick |first1=David |title=Hillary Clinton Looks Back in Anger |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/09/25/hillary-clinton-looks-back-in-anger |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |access-date=September 14, 2017 |date=September 13, 2017}}</ref> She won the most votes of any candidate who did not take office and the third-most votes of any candidate in history,<ref name="TheNation_VoteTally">{{cite news|last1=Nichols|first1=John|title=Hillary Clinton's Popular-Vote Victory Is Unprecedented&nbsp;– and Still Growing|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/hillary-clintons-popular-vote-victory-is-unprecedented-and-still-growing/|access-date=March 6, 2018|work=[[The Nation]]|date=November 16, 2016|archive-date=March 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306203442/https://www.thenation.com/article/hillary-clintons-popular-vote-victory-is-unprecedented-and-still-growing/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="CNN_VoteTally">{{cite news|last1=Kreig|first1=Gregory|title=It's official: Clinton swamps Trump in popular vote|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/12/21/politics/donald-trump-hillary-clinton-popular-vote-final-count/index.html|access-date=March 6, 2018|work=[[CNN]]|date=December 22, 2016}}</ref> though she did not have the greatest percentage win of a losing candidate. ([[Andrew Jackson]] won the popular vote by 10.4% but lost to [[John Quincy Adams]]).)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/largest-landslide-victories-in-us-presidential-election-history.html|title=Largest Landslide Victories in US Presidential Election History|website=worldtlas.com|date=April 25, 2017|access-date=August 11, 2019}}</ref>

==Post-2016Post–2016 election activities==

In May 2017, Clinton announced the formation of [[Onward Together]], a new political action committee that she wrote is "dedicated to advancing the progressive vision that earned nearly 66 million votes in the last election".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/333484-clinton-launches-new-political-action-group/ |title=Clinton launches new political action group |date=May 15, 2017 |newspaper=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |first=Ben |last=Kamisar}}</ref> Clinton has also made occasional comments on political issues in the time since losing her presidential campaign,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/hillary-clinton-failure-disastrous-gop-health-bill-victory-all-americans-n739821 |title=Hillary Clinton: Failure of 'Disastrous' GOP Health Bill a 'Victory for All Americans' |first=Daniella |last=Silva |date=March 29, 2017 |work=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> and a "shameful failure of policy & morality by GOP".<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://time.com/4768216/health-care-bill-ahca-hillary-clinton-fight-back/ |title=Hillary Clinton: Republican Health Care Bill Is a 'Shameful Failure of Policy and Morality' |date=May 4, 2017 |first=Abigail |last=Abrams |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/06/politics/hillary-clinton-syria-assad/ |title=Hillary Clinton: US should 'take out' Assad's air fields |date=April 6, 2017 |first1=MJ |last1=Lee |first2=Dan |last2=Merica |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> even authoringauthored several [[op-ed]]s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Clinton |first1=Hillary Rodham |title=American Democracy Is in Crisis |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/09/american-democracy-is-in-crisis/570394/ |website=The Atlantic |access-date=February 23, 2021 |date=September 16, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Clinton |first1=Hillary |title=Opinion {{!}} Hillary Clinton: Mueller documented a serious crime against all Americans. Here's how to respond. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/hillary-clinton-mueller-documented-a-serious-crime-against-all-americans-heres-how-to-respond/2019/04/24/1e8f7e16-66b7-11e9-82ba-fcfeff232e8f_story.html?noredirect=on |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=February 23, 2021 |date=April 24, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Clinton |first1=Hillary Rodham |date=December 10, 2020 |title=A National Security Reckoning |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-10-09/hillary-clinton-national-security-reckoning |access-date=February 23, 2021 |magazine=[[Foreign Affairs]]}}</ref>

On April 28, 2020, Clinton endorsed the presumptive Democratic nominee, former Vice President [[Joe Biden]], for president in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 election]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://text.npr.org/s.php?sId=847376418|title=Former Democratic Nominee Hillary Clinton Endorses Joe Biden|first=Alana|last=Wise|date=April 28, 2020|publisher=NPR}}</ref> and she addressed the [[2020 Democratic National Convention]] in August.<ref>{{cite web |title=Democrats Announce Additional Speakers and Schedule Updates for 2020 Democratic National Convention: "Uniting America" |url=https://www.demconvention.com/press-releases/democrats-announce-additional-speakers-and-schedule-updates-for-2020-democratic-national-convention-uniting-america/ |website=2020 Democratic National Convention |access-date=August 11, 2020 |date=August 11, 2020 |archive-date=August 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814232353/https://www.demconvention.com/press-releases/democrats-announce-additional-speakers-and-schedule-updates-for-2020-democratic-national-convention-uniting-america/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> On July 21, 2024, Clinton endorsed [[Kamala Harris]] for president in the [[2024 United States presidential election|2024 election]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/21/us/politics/clintons-kamala-harris-endorsement.html |url-access=subscription |title=Clintons Endorse Kamala Harris to Be Democrats' Nominee for President |last=McCreesh |first=Shawn |date=July 21, 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=August 20, 2024}}</ref> On 19 August 2024, Clinton spoke at the [[2024 Democratic National Convention]]. In her speech, she referenced the [[Prosecution of Donald Trump in New York|34 felony convictions]] of Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump, prompting chants of "Lock him up!" from the crowd in an ironic reference to Trump's own chants of "Lock her up!" in reference to Clinton's email scandal during his 2016 campaign.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gangitano |first1=Alex |date=19 August 2024 |title=DNC crowd chants ‘lock him up’ on Trump during Hillary Clinton remarks |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4836033-dnc-lock-him-up-trump-clinton/ |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |access-date=25 August 2024}}</ref>

Since the election, Clinton has authoredreleased several books. sinceClinton and her 2016daughter defeat.Chelsea Inco-authored September 2017, Clinton2019's third memoir, ''[[WhatThe HappenedBook (Clintonof book)|WhatGutsy HappenedWomen]]'', wasand published2020's ''Grandma's Gardens''.<ref name="Simon & Schuster-2017">{{Cite news web|url=http://about.simonandschuster.biz/news/hrcgutsy-essayswomen-clinton/ |title=HillarySimon Rodham& ClintonSchuster to AuthorPublish New BookCelebration of PersonalGutsy EssaysWomen forby SimonHillary &Rodham SchusterClinton and Chelsea Clinton|workdate=August 6, 2019|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |access-date=MayOctober 2930, 2017 2019|archive-date=JuneFebruary 415, 2017 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2017060410563520210215012138/http://about.simonandschuster.biz/news/hrcgutsy-essayswomen-clinton/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> TheOn sameOctober day12, a2021, [[pictureClinton book]] adaption of her 1996 book ''It Takes a Village'' was also published.<ref name="india">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/indiaco-business/hillary-clintons-it-takes-a-village-repackaged-for-kids/articleshow/57062942.cmsauthored |the title=Hillaryfiction Clinton'snovel 'It Takes a Village' repackaged for kids | agency=[[Press TrustState of IndiaTerror]] | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date=February 9, 2017 | access-date=April 21, 2018}}</ref> [[Marla Frazee]] was the illustrator.<ref name="india"/> Clinton had worked on it'' with Frazee during [[HillaryLouise Clinton 2016 presidential campaign|her 2016 presidential election campaignPenny]].<ref name="wapo-picture-book">{{cite news |last1=KrugWhitten |first1=NoraSarah |title=Hillary Clinton hasis co-writing a newthriller children'snovel book.that Youreckons maywith recognizea itspost-Trump message.world |url=https://www.washingtonpostcnbc.com/entertainment2021/books02/23/hillary-clinton-haswriting-a-newnovel-childrensthat-bookreckons-youwith-maya-recognizepost-itstrump-message/2017/09/06/8fd9a97c-9312-11e7-89fa-bb822a46da5b_storyworld.html |publisher=CNBC |access-date=MayFebruary 2123, 2019 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]2021 |date=SeptemberFebruary 723, 20172021}}</ref> Clinton is set to release another memoir, ''Something Lost, Something Gained'', on September 17, 2024.<ref>{{cite news |url=httphttps://www.politicowashingtonpost.com/storybooks/20172024/0706/2725/hillary-clinton-publish-new-bookmemoir-whatthis-happenedfall/ |url-241024access=limited | title=Hillary Clinton to open up about the 2016 election inpublish new bookmemoir titledthis 'What Happened'fall | firstlast=Diamond NagaNguyen | lastfirst=SiuSophia | newspaper=[[Politico]] | date=July 27, 2017 | access-date=July 27, 2017}}</ref> Clinton and her daughter Chelsea co-authored the 2019 book ''[[The BookWashington of Gutsy Women: Favorite Stories of Courage and ResiliencePost]]''.<ref name="Simon & Schuster">{{Cite web|url=http://about.simonandschuster.biz/news/gutsy-women-clinton/|title=Simon & Schuster to Publish Celebration of Gutsy Women by Hillary Rodham Clinton and Chelsea Clinton|date=AugustJune 625, 2019|publisher=Simon2024 & Schuster|accessurl-datestatus=Octoberlive 30, 2019|archive-date=February 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2021021501213820240625150014/http://about.simonandschuster.biz/news/gutsy-women-clinton/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Clinton co-wrote her first [[fiction]] book with [[Louise Penny]]. The book, a political mystery thriller, is titled ''[[State of Terror]]'' and was released in October 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Whitten |first1=Sarah |title=Hillary Clinton is co-writing a thriller novel that reckons with a post-Trump world |url=https://www.cnbcwashingtonpost.com/2021books/022024/2306/25/hillary-clinton-writingpublish-anew-novelmemoir-thatthis-reckons-with-a-post-trump-world.htmlfall/ |publisher=CNBC |accessarchive-date=FebruaryJune 2325, 2021 |date=February 23, 20212024}}</ref>

Using her Senate votes, several organizations have attempted to measure Clinton's place on the [[political spectrum]] scientifically. ''[[National Journal]]''{{'}}s 2004 study of roll-call votes assigned Clinton a rating of 30 on the political spectrum, relative to the Senate at the time, with a rating of{{nbsp}}1 being most liberal and 100 being most conservative.<ref>{{Cite news |url=httphttps://www.nbcnews.com/id/8573139/wbna8573139 |title=Clinton burnishes hawkish image |date=July 14, 2005 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |author=Curry, Tom}}</ref> ''National Journal''{{'}}s subsequent rankings placed her as the 32nd-most liberal senator in 2006 and 16th-most liberal senator in 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/national-journal-obama-most-liberal-senator-in-2007/ |title=National Journal: Obama Most Liberal Senator In 2007 |last1=Montopoli |first1=Brian |publisher=[[CBS News]] |date=January 31, 2008}}</ref> A 2004 analysis by political scientists Joshua D. Clinton of [[Princeton University]] and Simon Jackman and Doug Rivers of [[Stanford University]] found her likely to be the sixth-to-eighth-most liberal senator.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/joshclinton/files/2011/10/CJR_2004.pdf |title="The Most Liberal Senator"? Analyzing and Interpreting Congressional Roll Calls |journal=[[Political Science & Politics]] |date=October 2004 |last=Clinton |first=Joshua D. |last2=Jackman |first2=Simon |last3=Rivers |first3=Doug |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=805–11|doi=10.1017/S1049096504045196 |s2cid=155197878 }}</ref> ''[[The Almanac of American Politics]]'', edited by [[Michael Barone (pundit)|Michael Barone]] and [[Richard E. Cohen]], rated her votes from 2003 through 2006 as liberal on economics, social issues, and foreign policy.{{efn|See {{Cite book |title=The Almanac of American Politics |year=2008 |last1=Barone |first1=Michael |last2=Cohen |first2=Richard E. |author-link2=Richard E. Cohen |publisher=[[National Journal]] |page=1126 |author-link=Michael Barone (pundit)|title-link=The Almanac of American Politics }} And 2006 edition of same, 1152. The scores for individual years are [highest rating 100, format: liberal, (conservative)]: 2003: Economic&nbsp;{{=}} 90 (7), Social&nbsp;{{=}} 85 (0), Foreign&nbsp;{{=}} 79 (14). Average&nbsp;{{=}} 85 (7). 2004: Economic&nbsp;{{=}} 63 (36), Social&nbsp;{{=}} 82 (0), Foreign&nbsp;{{=}} 58 (41). Average&nbsp;{{=}} 68 (26). 2005: Economic&nbsp;{{=}} 84 (15), Social&nbsp;{{=}} 83 (10), Foreign&nbsp;{{=}} 66 (29). Average&nbsp;{{=}} 78 (18). 2006: Economic&nbsp;{{=}} 63 (35), Social&nbsp;{{=}} 80 (14), Foreign&nbsp;{{=}} 62 (35). Average&nbsp;{{=}} 68 (28).}} According to ''[[FiveThirtyEight]]''{{'}}s measure of political ideology, "Clinton was one of the most liberal members during her time in the Senate."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fivethirtyeight.com/datalab/hillary-clinton-was-liberal-hillary-clinton-is-liberal/ |title=Hillary Clinton Was Liberal. Hillary Clinton Is Liberal. |date=May 19, 2015 |website=[[FiveThirtyEight]]|access-date=July 27, 2016}}</ref>

Clinton accepts the [[scientific consensus on climate change]] and supports [[cap-and-trade]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/13/us/politics/hillary-clinton-on-the-issues.html |title=Hillary Clinton on the Issues|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 12, 2015 |access-date=March 31, 2016}}</ref> and opposed the [[Keystone XL pipeline]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Obama rejects Keystone XL pipeline |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/06/politics/keystone-xl-pipeline-decision-rejection-kerry/index.html |publisher=CNN|access-date = May 23, 2016}}</ref> She supported "equal pay for equal work", to address current shortfalls in how much women are paid to do the same jobs men do.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hillary-clinton-equal-pay-problem-solving-would-be-top-priorities/ |title=Hillary Clinton: Equal pay, problem-solving would be top priorities |date=February 24, 2015 |publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> Clinton has explicitly focused on family issues and supports universal preschool.<ref name="AP outset">{{cite news |last=Lerder |first=Lisa |date=April 19, 2015 |title=Clinton patches relations with liberals at campaign's outset |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/130dda61f1e24e05ba2233b3e80fa638/clinton-patches-relations-liberals-campaigns-outset |url-status=live |access-date=April 19, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623162718/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/130dda61f1e24e05ba2233b3e80fa638/clinton-patches-relations-liberals-campaigns-outset |archive-date=June 23, 2015 |series=The Big Story}}</ref> These programs would be funded by proposing tax increases on the wealthy, including a "fair share surcharge".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hillaryclinton.com/briefing/factsheets/2016/01/12/investing-in-america-by-restoring-basic-fairness-to-our-tax-code/ |title=Investing in America by Restoring Basic Fairness to Our Tax Code |website=hillaryclinton.com|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020201412/https://www.hillaryclinton.com/briefing/factsheets/2016/01/12/investing-in-america-by-restoring-basic-fairness-to-our-tax-code/ |archive-date=October 20, 2016 }}</ref> Clinton supported the Affordable Care Act<ref>{{cite news |title=How Obamacare Could Backfire on Hillary Clinton |authorlast=Pianin, |first=Eric |url=http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/2016/05/06/How-Obamacare-Could-Backfire-Hillary-Clinton |website=[[The Fiscal Times]]|access-date = August 6, 2016}}</ref> and would have added a "[[public option]]" that competed with private insurers and enabled people "50 or 55 and up" to buy into Medicare.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/8c4cc46cf79a4aeb99781119274ee414/nod-sanders-clinton-offers-new-health-care-proposal |title=In nod to Sanders, Clinton offers new health care proposals |agency=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=July 21, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Rappeport-2016">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/11/us/politics/hillary-clinton-health-care-public-option.html |title=Hillary Clinton Takes a Step to the Left on Health Care |last1=Rappeport |first1=Alan |date=May 10, 2016 |last2=Sanger-katz |first2=Margot |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=July 21, 2016}}</ref>

Clinton supports the right to [[Same-sex marriage in the United States|same-sex marriage]], a position that has developed throughout her political career.<ref name="AP outset"/> In 2000, she was against such marriages altogether. In 2006, she said only that she would support a state's decision to permit same-sex marriages, but opposed federally amending the Constitution to permit same-sex marriage. While running for president in 2007, she again reiterated her opposition to same-sex marriage, although she expressed her support of civil unions.<ref>{{Cite news|author=<!--not stated-->|date=August 29, 2016|title=Hillary Clinton had the chance to make gay rights history. She refused.|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/social-issues/hillary-clinton-had-the-chance-to-make-gay-rights-history-she-refused/2016/08/28/843a5cfc-58cf-11e6-9767-f6c947fd0cb8_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303072544/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/social-issues/hillary-clinton-had-the-chance-to-make-gay-rights-history-she-refused/2016/08/28/843a5cfc-58cf-11e6-9767-f6c947fd0cb8_story.html|archive-date=March 3, 2017|access-date=April 7, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SameSexEvolve">{{cite web|title=Hillary Clinton's changing position on same-sex marriage|last1=Sherman|first1=Amy|url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2015/jun/17/hillary-clinton/hillary-clinton-change-position-same-sex-marriage/ |website=PolitifactPolitiFact|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404042747/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2015/jun/17/hillary-clinton/hillary-clinton-change-position-same-sex-marriage/|archive-date=April 4, 2023|access-date=August 12, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> 2013 marked the first time that Clinton expressed support for a national right to same-sex marriage.<ref name="SameSexEvolve"/> In 2000, she was the first spouse of a U.S. president to march in an [[LGBT pride parade]].<ref>{{cite web |author=White, Nate |url=https://medium.com/@natewhite11/why-hillary-s-experience-argument-actually-does-check-out-64cc9a439442 |title=Why Hillary's experience argument actually does check out&nbsp;– Medium |website=medium.com |access-date=June 28, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821202223/https://medium.com/%40natewhite11/why-hillary-s-experience-argument-actually-does-check-out-64cc9a439442 |archive-date=August 21, 2016 }}</ref> In 2016, she was the first major-party presidential candidate ever to write an op-ed for an LGBT newspaper, the ''[[Philadelphia Gay News]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epgn.com/news/local/11120-pgn-exclusive-hillary-clinton-addresses-lgbt-equality |title=PGN Exclusive: Hillary Clinton addresses LGBT equality|publisher=Epgn.com|year=2016|access-date=October 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010034910/http://www.epgn.com/news/local/11120-pgn-exclusive-hillary-clinton-addresses-lgbt-equality |archive-date=October 10, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Clinton held that allowing [[Illegal immigration to the United States|undocumented immigrants]] to have a path to citizenship "{{bracket|i}}s at its heart a family issue",<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2015/05/05/a-path-to-citizenship-clinton-says-is-at-its-heart-a-family-issue/ |title=A Path to Citizenship, Clinton Says, 'Is at Its Heart a Family Issue' |date=May 5, 2015 |worknewspaper=[[The New York Times]] |last1=Chozick |first1=Amy |access-date=May 6, 2015}}</ref> and expressed support for Obama's [[Deferred Action for Parental Accountability]] (DAPA) program, which would allow up to five million undocumented immigrants to gain deferral of deportation and authorization to legally work in the United States.<ref>{{Cite webnews |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/23/us/politics/tim-kaine-issues.html |title=How Tim Kaine and Hillary Clinton Compare on the Issues |last1=Shepherd |first1=Katie |last2=Rappeport |first2=Alan |date=July 22, 2016 |websitenewspaper=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217111410/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/23/us/politics/tim-kaine-issues.html |archive-date=December 17, 2016 |url-status=live |access-date=August 12, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/hillary-clinton-immigration-reform_us_5787c871e4b03fc3ee4fcefc |title=Hillary Clinton Promises Deportation Relief, Despite Supreme Court Ruling |last=Foley |first=Elise |date=July 14, 2016 |website=HuffPost |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205202249/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/hillary-clinton-immigration-reform_us_5787c871e4b03fc3ee4fcefc |archive-date=December 5, 2016 |url-status=live |access-date=August 12, 2019}}</ref> However, in 2014, Clinton stated that [[2014 American immigration crisis|unaccompanied children crossing the border]] "should be sent back."<ref>{{Cite webmagazine |url=http://www.newsweek.com/hillary-clinton-immigration-children-daca-661952 |title=Hillary Clinton Said Children of Illegal Immigrants Should Be Sent Back in 2014 CNN Interview |last=Price |first=Greg |date=September 8, 2017 |websitemagazine=newsweek.comNewsweek |access-date=August 12, 2019}}</ref> She opposed and criticized Trump's call to temporarily ban [[Muslim world|Muslims]] from entering the United States.<ref name="ban"/>

On foreign affairs, Clinton voted in favor of the [[Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq]] in October 2002,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=107&session=2&vote=00237 |title=Roll Call Vote 107th Congress&nbsp;– 2nd Session On the Joint Resolution (H.J.Res. 114 ) |date=October 11, 2002 |website=senate.gov |access-date=August 12, 2019}}</ref> a vote she later said she regretted.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/hillary-clinton-regrets-her-iraq-vote-but-opting-for-intervention-was-a-pattern/2016/09/15/760c23d0-6645-11e6-96c0-37533479f3f5_story.html |title=Hillary Clinton regrets her Iraq vote. But opting for intervention was a pattern. |last=Kranish |first=Michael |date=September 15, 2016 |access-date=December 10, 2016 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> She favored arming [[Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War|Syria's rebel fighters]] in 2012 and has called for the removal of Syrian president Bashar al-Assad.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2016/01/17/hillary-clinton-arm-syrian-rebels-obama-sotu.cnn |title=Was Clinton right about arming Syrian rebels? |date=January 17, 2016 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> She supported the [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia]] in 1999 and the NATO-led military intervention in Libya to oust former Libyan leader [[Muammar Gaddafi]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=httphttps://articleswww.chicagotribune.com/2007-/07-/26/news/0707250721_1_stateclinton-madeleineunlikely-albrightto-foreignchange-policycourse-kosovoon-intervention/ |title=Clinton unlikely to change course on intervention|last=Chapman |first=Steve |date=July 26, 2007 |work=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/28/us/politics/hillary-clinton-libya.html |title=Hillary Clinton, 'Smart Power' and a Dictator's Fall |last1=Becker |first1=Jo |date=February 27, 2016 |last2=Shane |first2=Scott |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Clinton is in favor of maintaining [[United States foreign policy in the Middle East|American influence in the Middle East]].<ref name="ban">{{cite news |url=https://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/280629-trump-hits-back-at-clinton-sanders-was-right-about-you/ |title=Trump fires back at Clinton over Muslim ban: 'Ask Hillary who blew up the plane last night'|author= Yilek, Caitlin |date=May 19, 2016 |work=The Hill}}</ref> She has told the [[American Israel Public Affairs Committee]], "America can't ever be neutral when it comes to Israel's security and survival."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jewishjournal.com/aipac/article/hillary_clinton_to_aipac_donald_trumps_foreign_policy_dangerously_wrong |title=Hillary Clinton to AIPAC: Donald Trump's foreign policy 'dangerously wrong.' |date=March 21, 2016 |worknewspaper=[[The Jewish Journal (Boston North)|Jewish Journal]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081400/http://www.jewishjournal.com/aipac/article/hillary_clinton_to_aipac_donald_trumps_foreign_policy_dangerously_wrong|archive-date=March 24, 2016}}</ref> Clinton expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the [[2006 Lebanon War]] and [[2014 Israel–Gaza conflict]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/18/nyregion/18hillary.html |title=Clinton Vows to Back Israel in Latest Mideast Conflict|author=Healy, Patrick |date=July 18, 2006 |worknewspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/hillary-clinton-blasts-unfair-world-reaction-over-gaza-cites-anti-semitism-as-factor/ |title=Hillary Clinton blasts 'unfair' world reaction over Gaza, cites anti-Semitism as factor|author=<!--Not stated--> |date=August 10, 2016 |work=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref> In a 2017 interview, after a [[Douma chemical attack|poison gas attack in Syria]], Clinton said that she had favored more aggressive action against [[Bashar al-Assad]]: "I think we should have been more willing to confront Assad. I really believe we should have and still should take out his air fields and prevent him from being able to use them to bomb innocent people and drop sarin gas on them."<ref name="Goldberg">{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-people-hillary-clinton/hillary-clinton-calls-for-u-s-to-bomb-syrian-air-fields-idUSKBN179058|title=Hillary Clinton calls for U.S. to bomb Syrian air fields|author=Barbara Goldberg|date=April 7, 2017|work=Reuters}}</ref> Clinton opposed a ceasefire in the [[2023 Israel–Hamas war]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Hillary Clinton rebuts calls for ceasefire, says Hamas rule in Gaza must end |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/11/14/hillary-clinton-israel-hamas-ceasefire-00127116 |worknewspaper=[[Politico]] |date=November 14, 2023}}</ref> stating "Remember, there was a ceasefire on October 6, that Hamas broke by their barbaric assault on peaceful civilians."<ref>{{cite news |title=Hillary Clinton: 'There was a ceasefire on October 6. Hamas chose to break it' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/hillary-clinton-there-was-a-ceasefire-on-october-6-hamas-chose-to-break-it/ |websitenewspaper=[[Times of Israel]] |date=November 9, 2023 }}</ref>

Clinton has been a lifelong [[Methodist]], and has been part of [[United Methodist Church]] congregations throughout her life. She has publicly discussed her Christian faith on several occasions, although seldom while campaigning.<ref name="Faith">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/30/us/politics/some-in-iowa-surprised-by-hillary-clintons-ease-with-faith.html |title=Some in Iowa Surprised by Hillary Clinton's Ease With Faith |worknewspaper=[[The New York Times]] |authorlast= Chozick, |first=Amy |date=January 29, 2016 |access-date=July 22, 2016}}</ref><ref name="PersonalChrist">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2016/01/25/hillary-clinton-gets-personal-on-christ-and-her-faith/ |title=Hillary Clinton Gets Personal on Christ and Her Faith |worknewspaper=[[The New York Times]] |authorlast=Chozick, |first=Amy |date=January 25, 2016 |access-date=July 22, 2016}}</ref> Professor [[Paul Kengor]], author of ''God and Hillary Clinton: A Spiritual Life'', has suggested that Clinton's political positions are rooted in her faith. She often expresses a [[Maxim (philosophy)|maxim]] often attributed to [[John Wesley]]: "Do all the good you can, by all the means you can, in all the ways you can."<ref name="Faith"/>

[[Bibliography of Hillary Clinton|Over a hundred books and scholarly works have been written about Clinton]]. A 2006 survey by the ''[[New York Observer]]'' found "a virtual cottage industry" of "anti-Clinton literature" put out by [[Regnery Publishing]] and other conservative imprints. Some titles include ''[[Madame Hillary: The Dark Road to the White House]]'', ''Hillary's Scheme: Inside the Next Clinton's Ruthless Agenda to Take the White House'' and ''Can She Be Stopped?: Hillary Clinton Will Be the Next President of the United States Unless&nbsp;...'' Books praising Clinton did not sell nearly as well<ref name="obs031206">{{cite web |url=http://observer.com/2006/03/da-hillary-code/ |title=Da Hillary Code |authorlast=Smith, |first=Ben |worknewspaper=The [[The New York Observer]] |date=March 12, 2006}}</ref> (other than her memoirs and those of her husband). When she ran for Senate in 2000, several fundraising groups such as Save Our Senate and the Emergency Committee to Stop Hillary Rodham Clinton sprang up to oppose her.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/27/nyregion/clinton-rivals-raise-little-besides-rage.html |author=Levy, Clifford J. |title=Clinton Rivals Raise Little Besides Rage |worknewspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 27, 2000}}</ref> Don Van Natta found that Republican and conservative groups viewed her as a reliable "[[bogeyman]]" to mention in fundraising letters, on a par with Ted Kennedy, and the equivalent of Democratic and liberal appeals mentioning [[Newt Gingrich]].<ref name="nyt071099">{{Cite news |authorlast=Van Natta, |first=Don Jr. |title=Hillary Clinton's Campaign Spurs A Wave of G.O.P. Fund-Raising |worknewspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 10, 1999 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/10/us/hillary-clinton-s-campaign-spurs-a-wave-of-gop-fund-raising.html |author-link=Don Van Natta Jr.}}</ref>

Clinton has also been featured in the media and popular culture in a wide spectrum of perspectives. In 1995, writer [[Todd S. Purdum]] of ''The New York Times'' characterized Clinton as a [[Rorschach test]],<ref>{{Cite news |authorlast=Purdum, |first=Todd S. |title=The First Lady's Newest Role: Newspaper Columnist |worknewspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 24, 1995 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/24/us/the-first-lady-s-newest-role-newspaper-columnist.html |author-link=Todd S. Purdum}}</ref> an assessment echoed at the time by feminist writer and activist [[Betty Friedan]], who said, "Coverage of Hillary Clinton is a massive Rorschach test of the evolution of women in our society."<ref name="khj1">{{Cite book |author=Jamieson, Kathleen Hall |title=Beyond the Double Bind: Women and Leadership |year=1995 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-508940-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/beyonddoublebind00jami/page/22 22–25] |chapter=Hillary Clinton as Rorschach Test |author-link=Kathleen Hall Jamieson |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/beyonddoublebind00jami/page/22 }}</ref> She has been the subject of many [[Saturday Night Live parodies of Hillary Clinton|satirical impressions on ''Saturday Night Live'']], beginning with her time as the first lady. She has made guest appearances on the show herself, in 2008 and in 2015, to face-off with her [[doppelgänger]]s.<ref>{{cite newsmagazine |url=https://www.tvguide.com/news/snl-hillary-clinton-saturday-night-live-kate-mckinnon-amy-poehler/ |authorlast=Raftery, |first=Liz |title=Who Did the Best Hillary Clinton Impression on SNL? (Video) |workmagazine=[[TV Guide]] |date=April 30, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first1=Elizabeth |last1=Murray |title=Hillary Clinton tends bar on 'Saturday Night Live' in political season premiere (Video) |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/hillary-clinton-tends-bar-saturday-night-live-political-season-premiere-t48086 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012155655/http://www.today.com:80/popculture/hillary-clinton-tends-bar-saturday-night-live-political-season-premiere-t48086 |archive-date=October 12, 2016 |websitework=[[Today (American TV program)|Today Show]] |date=October 4, 2015 |access-date=January 24, 2024}}{{void|Fabrickator|comment|as of the date of this edit, both the original and the archive links have working videos of her appearance on SNL, but there are differences in the presentation}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

{{Cite news |author=Dowd, Maureen |title=Hillary Clinton as Aspiring First Lady: Role Model, or a 'Hall Monitor' Type? |worknewspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 18, 1992 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/18/us/1992-campaign-candidate-s-wife-hillary-clinton-aspiring-first-lady-role-model.html |author-link=Maureen Dowd }}; {{Cite newsmagazine |author=Sullivan, Amy |title=Hillary in 2008? |workmagazine=[[Washington Monthly]] |date=July–August 2005 |url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2005/0507.sullivan1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050714033553/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2005/0507.sullivan1.html |archive-date=July 14, 2005 }}; {{Cite AV mediaweb |title=Hillary Clinton's Polarizing Force as a Candidate |people=[[Daniel Schorr]] |medium=audio |date=July 16, 2006 |publisher=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5560786 }}; {{Cite magazine |title=How Americans View Hillary: Popular but Polarizing |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1229053,00.html |authorlast=Cox, |first=Ana Marie |date=August 19, 2006 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |author-link=Ana Marie Cox |access-date=September 14, 2014 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215012213/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1229053,00.html |url-status=dead }}; and those referenced in {{Cite news |url=https://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/presidential-campaign/29820-hillary-clinton-not-polarizing-and-highly-electable/ |title=Hillary Clinton: Not Polarizing and Highly Electable |worknewspaper=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=October 10, 2007 |author=Davis, Lanny |author-link=Lanny Davis }}. For sources arguing against the notion, see the same Davis piece; and {{Cite book |author=Estrich, Susan |title=The Case for Hillary Clinton |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-06-083988-8 |author-link=Susan Estrich |pages=[https://archive.org/details/caseforhillarycl00susa_0/page/66 66–68] |url=https://archive.org/details/caseforhillarycl00susa_0/page/66 }}</ref> In the early stages of her 2008 presidential campaign, a ''Time'' magazine cover showed a large picture of her with two [[checkbox]]es labeled "Love Her", "Hate Her".<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,20060828,00.html |title=The Presidential Ambitions of Hillary Clinton |date=August 26, 2006 |magazine= [[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=September 27, 2007}}</ref> ''[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]'' titled its profile of her "Harpy, Hero, Heretic: Hillary".<ref>{{cite webmagazine |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2007/01/harpy-hero-heretic-hillary |title=Harpy, Hero, Heretic: Hillary |author=Hitt, Jack |workmagazine=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] |date=January–February 2007 |access-date=October 7, 2007 |author-link=Jack Hitt}}</ref> Following Clinton's "choked up moment" and related incidents in the run-up to the January 2008 New Hampshire primary, both ''The New York Times'' and ''[[Newsweek]]'' found that discussion of gender's role in the campaign had moved into the national political discourse.<ref name="nyt011008">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/10/us/politics/10women.html |title=Women's Support for Clinton Rises in Wake of Perceived Sexism |authorlast=Kantor, |first=Jodi |worknewspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 10, 2008 |author-link=Jodi Kantor}}</ref><ref name="nw012108">{{Cite newsmagazine |url=http://www.newsweek.com/letting-hillary-be-hillary-86471 |title=Letting Hillary Be Hillary |authorlast=Meacham, |first=Jon |workmagazine=[[Newsweek]] |date=January 21, 2008 |author-link=Jon Meacham}}</ref> ''Newsweek'' editor [[Jon Meacham]] summed up the relationship between Clinton and the American public by saying the New Hampshire events, "brought an odd truth to light: though Hillary Rodham Clinton has been on the periphery or in the middle of national life for decades&nbsp;... she is one of the most recognizable but least understood figures in American politics".<ref name="nw012108"/>

Once she became secretary of state, Clinton's image seemed to improve dramatically among the American public and become one of a respected world figure.<ref name="elle-2012"/><ref name="pd-pop">{{cite newsweb |url=http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/10/12/hillary-clinton-leads-the-pack-in-bloomberg-popularity-poll/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014124653/http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/10/12/hillary-clinton-leads-the-pack-in-bloomberg-popularity-poll/ |archive-date=October 14, 2010 |title=Hillary Clinton Leads the Pack in Bloomberg Popularity Poll |author=Torregrossa, Luisita Lopez |workwebsite=[[Politics Daily]] |date=October 12, 2010}}</ref> Her favorability ratings dropped, however, after she left office and began to be viewed in the context of partisan politics once more.<ref name=Gallup1214>{{cite press release |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/180365/barack-obama-hillary-clinton-extend-run-admired.aspx |title=Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton Extend Run as Most Admired |publisher=[[Gallup Organization]] |date=December 29, 2014}}</ref> By September 2015, with her 2016 presidential campaign underway and beset by continued reports regarding her private email usage at the State Department, her ratings had slumped to some of her lowest levels ever.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/185324/hillary-clinton-favorable-rating-one-worst.aspx |title=Hillary Clinton's Favorable Rating One of Her Worst |author=Dugan, Andrew |author2=McCarthy, Justin |publisher=[[Gallup Organization]] |date=September 4, 2015}}</ref> In March 2016, she acknowledged that: "I'm not a natural politician, in case you haven't noticed."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://theweek.com/speedreads/611770/hillary-clinton-not-natural-politician |title=Hillary Clinton: 'I am not a natural politician' |work=[[The Week]] |date=March 9, 2016}}</ref>

==Books andBooks recordings==

* ''[[Dear Socks, Dear Buddy|Dear Socks, Dear Buddy]]: Kids' Letters to the First Pets]]'' (1998)<ref>{{Citeby magazine|date=JuneHillary 1, 2017|title=HillaryRodham Clinton emerged again to talk(Simon about& booksSchuster, Russia1998) and Donald Trump{{ISBN|url=https://www.newsweek.com/hillary0-clinton684-book85778-expo-update-618994|access-date=January 3, 2022|magazine=Newsweek2}}</ref>

* ''[[An Invitation to the White House|An Invitation to the White House]]: At Home with History]]'' by Hillary Rodham Clinton (Simon & Schuster, 2000)<ref name="Apuzzo{{ISBN|0-684-85799-2005"/>5}}

* ''[[Hard Choices]]'' (2014).by {{asHillary of|2015|July}}Rodham TheClinton book(Simon has& sold about 280Schuster,000 copies.<ref2014) name="Berenson{{ISBN|978-2016"/>1-4767-5144-3}}

* With Tim Kaine, ''[[Stronger Together (book)|Stronger Together]]: A Blueprint for America's Future'' by Hillary Rodham Clinton, Tim Kaine (Simon & Schuster, 2016)<ref name="Chozick{{ISBN|978-2016"/>1-5011-6173-5}}

* With Chelsea Clinton, ''[[The Book of Gutsy Women]]: Favorite Stories of Courage and Resilience]]'' ([[Simonby &Hillary Schuster]],Rodham 2019Clinton, inChelsea print,Clinton e-book, and audio)<ref name="(Simon & Schuster"/>, 2019) {{ISBN|1-5011-7841-5}}

* [https://www.politifact.com/personalities/hillary-clinton/ Hillary Clinton's file] at [[PolitifactPolitiFact]]

[[Category:UnitedSpouses Statesof Secretaries ofArkansas Statepoliticians]]