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{{Short description|
{{About|the pastoral community in Maharashtra and Goa|the similarly-named tribe and language found in Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha and Chhattisgarh - [[Oraon people|Dhangad]] (tribe) and [[Kurukh language|Dhangar]] (Kurukh language dialect)||the town in Sagar district, India|Dhangar, Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
The '''Dhangars''' are
==History==
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===Subdivisions===
Initially there were twelve tribes of Dhangar, and they had a [[division of labour]] amongst brothers of one family. The nation around [[Hingoli district|Hingoli]] was called Bara-Hatti which means country of twelve Hatkar-Dhangars. These twelve tribes later formed three sub-divisions and one half-division. These three being [[Hatkar]] (shepherd), [[Gavli#Dhangar Gavli|Gavli]]
===Historical migrations===
The archaeological evidence and ethnographic data suggest that the contemporary Dhangar castes are the result of more than one migration from North-West [[India]], between 4000 and 10000 BC.<ref name="Malhotra 2001"/> The density and distribution patterns of the different groups of Dhangars seem to have been guided by the suitability of the region for the sustenance of the animals that they traditionally maintained and the products of those animals on which the specific groups subsisted. Ethno-historic investigations among the Dhangars suggest that the Kannade, [[Kuruba|Unnikankan]] and [[Kuruba|Kurmar]] who speak [[Kannada]] were originally from [[Karnataka]] and might have migrated to the present habitats in [[Maharashtra]] at different points of time. Whereas [[Hatkar]], Zende, Thellari and Dange trace their origin to a single caste in the remote past, Shegars or [[Sagar Rajput
===Past occupation===
The Gavli or Dange Dhangars found in the coastal strip practiced cattle/buffalo/sheep herding and [[shifting cultivation]].<ref name="Malhotra 1982"/> [[
[[Image:Ponies used by Dhangar tribe of Maharashtra IMG 1795 (5).JPG|thumb|[[Ponies]] used by Dhangar tribe of [[Maharashtra]]]]
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===Role in the Maratha Empire===
Dhangars are noted for their martial qualities. A large number of [[Shivaji]]'s most trusted [[Mawalas]] or [[Maratha]] footmen were West-[[Pune]] Dhangars.{{sfnp|Singh|2004|p=498}} On the other hand, [[Hatkar]] Dhangars, who are found mainly in the former [[Nizam state]], especially in [[Nanded]], [[Parbhani]] and [[Vidarbha]], are known as [[Bargi]] Dhangars or "shepherds with the spears" and were perhaps [[Bargi]]rs or mounted troopers during the time of the [[Maratha Empire]]. However, [[Bargi]] or Bande Dhangar is a distinct sub-caste from them.{{sfnp|Singh|2004|p=498}}{{sfnp|Pathak|2009|p=52}} Hatkars were in the army of [[Shivaji]] in large numbers and were known for their bravery in the [[Maratha Empire]]. "Naik" and "Rao" were the titles given to them. [[Hatkar]]s were a dread to others and even [[Nizam]] was afraid of them. It is on the historical record that for restraining the Hatkars, Nizam had sought help from the [[British Indian army]].{{sfnp|Pathak|2009|p=52}} While some sources claim [[Malhar Rao Holkar]], Founder of the [[Indore State|Maratha Indore state]], belonged to the Hatkar Dhangar sub-caste, the [[bakhar]]s of [[House of Holkar|Holkar dynasty]] say that he was a Khutekar Dhangar.{{sfnp|Sontheimer|1975|p=139}} {{Blockquote|text="The three great tribes which compose the [[Maratha]] caste are the [[Kunbi]] or farmer, The Dhangar or shepherd, and the [[Gavli|Goala]] or cowherd. To this original cause may perhaps be ascribed that great simplicity of manner which distinguishes the [[Maratha]] people".<ref>{{cite book |last=Russell |first=Robert Vane |author-link= Robert Vane Russell |date=2020-09-28 |title= The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India, Volume IV of IV |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T59oDwAAQBAJ&q=dhangar |publisher=Library of Alexandria |isbn=9781465583024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Constable |first1=Philip |access-date=2020-11-28 |title=The Marginalization of a Dalit Martial Race in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Western India. |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages= 439–478|year=2001|doi=10.2307/2659700|jstor=2659700 |pmid=18268829 |s2cid=40219522 |quote=While the bulk of Shivaji's men were naturally Marathas, they included not only the allied castes of Dhangars and Gowalas, shepherds and herdsmen, but many who had no claim to kinship. For example Shivaji's famous infantry was composed largely of Bhandaris and Kolis. The Ramoshis... who afterwards formed the infantry of Haidar and Tipu in Mysore, were relied an for the capture of the hill forts, while the outcaste Mahars and Mangs served in his artillery, and in the garrisons of these forts - Patrick Cadell|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2659700}}</ref>|author=Colonel Tone, Commander of a regiment in the [[Peshwa]]'s army in 1798}} {{Blockquote|text=
In fact, the word "[[Maratha]]" in its narrower use is applied to a society in which Rajputs or quasi-[[Rajput]]s, at the top, with [[Kunbi]]s (farmers), Dhangars (shepherds), and [[Gavli|Goalas]] (cowherds) practise hypergamy, each group taking wives from the one below, causing a superfluity of women at the top and a scarcity at the bottom of the social scale.{{sfnp|Hutton|1961|p=19}}|author=[[John Henry Hutton]], former chair of [[William Wyse Professor of Social Anthropology]] at the [[University of Cambridge]]}}
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===Relationship with Yadavs===
According to the [[1891 Census of India]], the pastoral class of Indian population was divided into two groups. First group was called cattle graziers which included [[Ahirs]], [[Gopas]], [[Gavli|Gawali]] and [[Golla (caste)|Golla]]. The second group was called shepherds which included [[Gadaria]], Dhangars, [[Kuruba]], [[Konar (caste)|Idaiyan]], [[Bharwad]] and [[Rabari]]
In the early 1920s, the leaders from the North Indian [[Ahir]] and the Maharashtrian [[Gavli]] community, who founded [[All-India Yadav Mahasabha]], insisted cowherds, herdsmen and milksellers all over India to call themselves Yadav, adopt the last name "Yadav", and practice vegetarianism and teetotalism. Various communities, all over India, who were traditionally involved in cattle related occupations enthusiastically followed these recommendations.{{sfnp|Rao|1979|p=141}} They claimed descendancy from the [[Yadu]] dynasty of the [[puranas]], hence the term ''Yadav'', through the [[Abhira tribe|Abhira]] tribe and [[Lord Krishna]], a cowherd, is the hero-god of Abhiras. This effort was part of the process of [[Sanskritization]] and Aryanization. Soon, the adoption of the name Yadav began to take traction.{{sfnp|Jaffrelot|2003|p=189,194-196}}{{sfnp|Gooptu|2001|p=205–210}}{{sfnp|Rao|1979|p=141}}
Today, the [[Yadav]] society consist of different allied castes of several denominations such as Ahir in [[North India]], Thetwar and Raot in [[Madhya Pradesh]], Gavli in [[Maharashtra]], Idaiyan in [[Tamil Nadu]], Golla in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Karnataka]], and Gopas in [[West Bengal|Bengal]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Rao |first=M. S. A. |date=1964-08-29 |title= Caste and the Indian Army |url= https://www.epw.in/journal/1964/35/special-articles/caste-and-indian-army.html|magazine= Economic and Political Weekly |publisher=epw}}</ref> On the other hand, Dhangar society in India includes Dhangars in Maharashtra and [[Goa]], Gadaria in North India, Bharwad in [[Gujarat]], and Kuruba both in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. However, [[Gavli#Dhangar Gavli|Dhangar Gavli]]
==Varna status==
The Dhangars are the main stream [[kshatriya]], they resemble [[kshatriya]] varna in hindu varna system.{{sfnp|Guha|1993|p=83}} According to [[Shyam Singh Shashi]], 80 percent of [[gotras]] of Dhangars are similar to [[kshatriya]]s though 15 percent resembles those of [[Brahmins]], [[Vaishyas]] and backward classes.{{sfnp|Shashi |2011|p=34}} While the social status of Dhangars outside Konkan region is on par with Marathas and Kunbis, in Konkan Dhangars are ranked below them. The status was determined by the essential economic importance of their occupation. Dhangars were seasonal migrants to Konkan and while they had good and enduring relationships with farmers they provided only a valuable supplement to agriculture.{{sfnp|Feldhaus|1989|p=105}}
The Shegar Dhangars, also known as [[Sagar Rajput
Dhangars employ [[Brahmins]] for religious and ceremonial purposes, and these [[Brahmins]] are received on terms of equality by other [[Brahmins]]. When Brahmins are not easily available, the elders of the caste perform the ceremonies. The marriage ceremonies of Dhangars do not differ much from those of [[Maratha]] [[Kunbis]].{{sfnp|Enthoven |1990|p=317}}
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* {{cite book|first=Syed Siraj ul|last=Hassan|title=The castes and tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's dominions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C|access-date=2011-07-25|year=1989|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0488-9}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC | title = People of India: Maharashtra, Volume 2 |author-link2=Singh Kumar Suresh |last=Bhanu|first=B. V. |
* {{cite book|author-link=Reginald Edward Enthoven|first=R. E.|last=Enthoven|title=The Tribes and Castes of Bombay, Vol 1 |url=https://archive.org/details/bk616/page/n345/mode/1up?q=dhangar |year=1990|publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120606302}}
* {{cite book|author-link=Shyam Singh Shashi
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* {{cite book|last=Hutton|first=John Henry |author-link=John Henry Hutton|title=Caste in India: its Nature, Function and Origins, third edition|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006782999|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1961}}
* {{cite book|first=Christian Lee|last=Novetzke |author-link=Christian Lee Novetzke |title=The Quotidian Revolution: Vernacularization, Religion, and the Premodern Public Sphere in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z9kbDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |year=2016 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-54241-8 }}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmBjoAFMfjoC | title = People of India: Maharashtra, Volume 1 |last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|author-link1=Kumar Suresh Singh|author-link2=Bhanu B. V. |
* {{cite book|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205223237/https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/land_and_people/Chapter%20II.html | title = Maharashtra: Land and its people |last=Pathak|first=A. S.| archive-date=2020-12-05 |
* {{cite book|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000029140 | title =Pastoralists and Nomads in South Asia |last=Sontheimer|first=G.D.|author-link2=Leshnik L.S.|year=1975| isbn = 9783447015523 | publisher = O. Harrassowitz}}
* {{cite book|last=Mehta|first=B. M. |date=1984|title= Gonds Of The Central Indian Highlands, Volume II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gu_cN0MhteMC |publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788170228509}}
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{{Social groups of Maharashtra}}{{Ethnic and social groups of Goa and the Konkan| state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Herding castes]]
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