Content deleted Content added
No edit summary Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
ZimZalaBim (talk | contribs) m Reverted edits by 2409:408C:8D1B:7F16:E56B:A989:87F5:F563 (talk) to last version by Vedant Katyayan |
||
(20 intermediate revisions by 16 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{Short description|
{{About|the pastoral community in Maharashtra and Goa|the similarly-named tribe and language found in Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha and Chhattisgarh - [[Oraon people|Dhangad]] (tribe) and [[Kurukh language|Dhangar]] (Kurukh language dialect)||the town in Sagar district, India|Dhangar, Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
The '''Dhangars
==History==
Line 14:
===Subdivisions===
Initially there were twelve tribes of Dhangar, and they had a [[division of labour]] amongst brothers of one family. The nation around [[Hingoli district|Hingoli]] was called Bara-Hatti which means country of twelve Hatkar-Dhangars. These twelve tribes later formed three sub-divisions and one half-division. These three being [[Hatkar]] (shepherd), [[Gavli#Dhangar Gavli|Gavli]]
===Historical migrations===
The archaeological evidence and ethnographic data suggest that the contemporary Dhangar castes are the result of more than one migration from North-West [[India]], between 4000 and 10000 BC.<ref name="Malhotra 2001"/> The density and distribution patterns of the different groups of Dhangars seem to have been guided by the suitability of the region for the sustenance of the animals that they traditionally maintained and the products of those animals on which the specific groups subsisted. Ethno-historic investigations among the Dhangars suggest that the Kannade, [[Kuruba|Unnikankan]] and [[Kuruba|Kurmar]] who speak [[Kannada]] were originally from [[Karnataka]] and might have migrated to the present habitats in [[Maharashtra]] at different points of time. Whereas [[Hatkar]], Zende, Thellari and Dange trace their origin to a single caste in the remote past, Shegars or [[Sagar Rajput
===Past occupation===
The Gavli or Dange Dhangars found in the coastal strip practiced cattle/buffalo/sheep herding and [[shifting cultivation]].<ref name="Malhotra 1982"/> [[ahir]], Halmat, Khutekar, [[Kuruba|Kurmar-Unnikankan]], Mendhe, [[Sagar Rajput
[[Image:Ponies used by Dhangar tribe of Maharashtra IMG 1795 (5).JPG|thumb|[[Ponies]] used by Dhangar tribe of [[Maharashtra]]]]
Line 45:
===Relationship with Yadavs===
According to the [[1891 Census of India]], the pastoral class of Indian population was divided into two groups. First group was called cattle graziers which included [[Ahirs]], [[Gopas]], [[Gavli|Gawali]] and [[Golla (caste)|Golla]]. The second group was called shepherds which included [[Gadaria]], Dhangars, [[Kuruba]], [[Konar (caste)|Idaiyan]], [[Bharwad]] and [[Rabari]]
In the early 1920s, the leaders from the North Indian [[Ahir]] and the Maharashtrian [[Gavli]] community, who founded [[All-India Yadav Mahasabha]], insisted cowherds, herdsmen and milksellers all over India to call themselves Yadav, adopt the last name "Yadav", and practice vegetarianism and teetotalism. Various communities, all over India, who were traditionally involved in cattle related occupations enthusiastically followed these recommendations.{{sfnp|Rao|1979|p=141}} They claimed descendancy from the [[Yadu]] dynasty of the [[puranas]], hence the term ''Yadav'', through the [[Abhira tribe|Abhira]] tribe and [[Lord Krishna]], a cowherd, is the hero-god of Abhiras. This effort was part of the process of [[Sanskritization]] and Aryanization. Soon, the adoption of the name Yadav began to take traction.{{sfnp|Jaffrelot|2003|p=189,194-196}}{{sfnp|Gooptu|2001|p=205–210}}{{sfnp|Rao|1979|p=141}}
Today, the [[Yadav]] society consist of different allied castes of several denominations such as Ahir in [[North India]], Thetwar and Raot in [[Madhya Pradesh]], Gavli in [[Maharashtra]], Idaiyan in [[Tamil Nadu]], Golla in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Karnataka]], and Gopas in [[West Bengal|Bengal]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Rao |first=M. S. A. |date=1964-08-29 |title= Caste and the Indian Army |url= https://www.epw.in/journal/1964/35/special-articles/caste-and-indian-army.html|magazine= Economic and Political Weekly |publisher=epw}}</ref> On the other hand, Dhangar society in India includes Dhangars in Maharashtra and [[Goa]], Gadaria in North India, Bharwad in [[Gujarat]], and Kuruba both in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. However, [[Gavli#Dhangar Gavli|Dhangar Gavli]]
==Varna status==
The Dhangars are the main stream [[kshatriya]], they resemble [[kshatriya]] varna in hindu varna system.{{sfnp|Guha|1993|p=83}} According to [[Shyam Singh Shashi]], 80 percent of [[gotras]] of Dhangars are similar to [[kshatriya]]s though 15 percent resembles those of [[Brahmins]], [[Vaishyas]] and backward classes.{{sfnp|Shashi |2011|p=34}} While the social status of Dhangars outside Konkan region is on par with Marathas and Kunbis, in Konkan Dhangars are ranked below them. The status was determined by the essential economic importance of their occupation. Dhangars were seasonal migrants to Konkan and while they had good and enduring relationships with farmers they provided only a valuable supplement to agriculture.{{sfnp|Feldhaus|1989|p=105}}
The Shegar Dhangars, also known as [[Sagar Rajput
Dhangars employ [[Brahmins]] for religious and ceremonial purposes, and these [[Brahmins]] are received on terms of equality by other [[Brahmins]]. When Brahmins are not easily available, the elders of the caste perform the ceremonies. The marriage ceremonies of Dhangars do not differ much from those of [[Maratha]] [[Kunbis]].{{sfnp|Enthoven |1990|p=317}}
Line 89:
* {{cite book|first=Syed Siraj ul|last=Hassan|title=The castes and tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's dominions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C|access-date=2011-07-25|year=1989|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0488-9}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC | title = People of India: Maharashtra, Volume 2 |author-link2=Singh Kumar Suresh |last=Bhanu|first=B. V. |
* {{cite book|author-link=Reginald Edward Enthoven|first=R. E.|last=Enthoven|title=The Tribes and Castes of Bombay, Vol 1 |url=https://archive.org/details/bk616/page/n345/mode/1up?q=dhangar |year=1990|publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120606302}}
* {{cite book|author-link=Shyam Singh Shashi
Line 103:
* {{cite book|last=Hutton|first=John Henry |author-link=John Henry Hutton|title=Caste in India: its Nature, Function and Origins, third edition|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006782999|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1961}}
* {{cite book|first=Christian Lee|last=Novetzke |author-link=Christian Lee Novetzke |title=The Quotidian Revolution: Vernacularization, Religion, and the Premodern Public Sphere in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z9kbDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |year=2016 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-54241-8 }}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmBjoAFMfjoC | title = People of India: Maharashtra, Volume 1 |last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|author-link1=Kumar Suresh Singh|author-link2=Bhanu B. V. |
* {{cite book|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205223237/https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/land_and_people/Chapter%20II.html | title = Maharashtra: Land and its people |last=Pathak|first=A. S.| archive-date=2020-12-05 |
* {{cite book|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000029140 | title =Pastoralists and Nomads in South Asia |last=Sontheimer|first=G.D.|author-link2=Leshnik L.S.|year=1975| isbn = 9783447015523 | publisher = O. Harrassowitz}}
* {{cite book|last=Mehta|first=B. M. |date=1984|title= Gonds Of The Central Indian Highlands, Volume II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gu_cN0MhteMC |publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788170228509}}
|