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[[File:Naworth Castle - geograph.org.uk - 1485110.jpg|300px|thumb|Naworth Castle in 2009]]
'''Naworth Castle''', also known or recorded in historical documents as "Naward", is a [[castle]] in [[Cumbria]], England, near the town of [[Brampton, Carlisle|Brampton]]. It is adjacent to the [[A69 road (England)|A69]] road from [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] to [[Carlisle]], about {{convert|2|mi}} east of Brampton. It is on the opposite side of the [[River Irthing]] to, and just within sight of, [[Lanercost Priory]] where the Dacre and Howard families are buried or have their memorials, although some are buried at [[Carlisle Cathedral]]. Naworth was the seat of the [[Baron Dacre|Barons Dacre]] and is now that of their [[cognatic]] descendants, the [[Earl of Carlisle|Earls of Carlisle]], who belong to the prominent [[Howard family]]. It is a Grade I listed building
==History==
Formerly a stronghold of the [[Lord Warden of the Marches|Lord Wardens of the Marches]], Naworth is a medieval castle set in border country. The castle is thought to have mid 13th-century origins (possibly a [[peel tower]]), in the form of a square [[keep]] and [[Motte-and-bailey|bailey]]. The current castle dates back to the early 14th century. It was first mentioned in 1323, and in 1335, a [[licence to crenellate]] was granted to [[Ralph Dacre, 1st Baron Dacre|Ralph Dacre]] during the reign of [[Edward III of England|Edward III]]. Subsequently, it was extended by generations of Dacres. The family was long established in [[Cumberland]], where they were famous for their exploits in checking the depredations of the Scots. Through marriage, the Dacres were related to many other northern families including the [[House of Neville|Nevilles]], the [[Percy family]], the [[Greystoke Castle|Greystoke family]], the [[Grey Family|Greys]], the [[Thomas Parr (courtier)|Parrs]], the [[de Lucy]] family, [[John Harington, 1st Baron Harington|the Harington Family]] and, the [[de Vaux family]]. Unfortunately for the Dacres, due to marriage links, they became heavily involved in the feuds within the [[Neville–Neville feud | Neville family]] and between the [[Percy–Neville feud | Percy and Neville families]] that ended up with the [[Wars of the Roses]].
[[Thomas Dacre, 2nd Baron Dacre|Thomas Dacre]] (1467–1525), who commanded the reserve of the English army at the [[Battle of Flodden]]
Nearby, Lanercost Priory was [[Dissolution of the monasteries|dissolved]] in 1543. As part of the barony of [[Gilsland]] the manor of [[Walton, Cumbria|Walton]] was granted to the Dacre family. They refused to yield Gilsland and Naworth to the [[Henry VIII | King]], although in 1552 they agreed to exchange some lands at [[Bewcastle]] for others at [[Papcastle]].
In the late 16th century, Naworth came under the control of the Duke of Norfolk. In 1566 [[Thomas Dacre, 4th Baron Dacre]] died. In his will, he left his estates to his only son, [[George Dacre, 5th Baron Dacre]], and thereafter to his brothers, including [[Leonard Dacre]]. Following his death, his widow, [[Elizabeth Leyburne|Elizabeth Dacre (née Leyburne)]], married [[Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk]] who became stepfather to the four Dacre children (George Dacre plus his three sisters, Anne, Mary, and Elizabeth).▼
▲In the late 16th century, Naworth came under the control of the Duke of Norfolk. In 1566 [[Thomas Dacre, 4th Baron Dacre]] died. In his will, he left his estates to his only son, [[George Dacre, 5th Baron Dacre]], and thereafter to his brothers, including [[Leonard Dacre]]. Following his death, his widow, [[Elizabeth Leyburne|Elizabeth Dacre (née Leyburne)]], married [[Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk]] who became stepfather to the four Dacre children (George Dacre plus his three sisters, [[Anne Howard, Countess of Arundel | Anne]], Mary, and Elizabeth).
Within a year of marrying the Duke of Norfolk, Elizabeth Dacre died in childbirth. The Duke then applied for wardship of his four Dacre stepchildren. Two years later, the young George Dacre died in an accident and, as a minor, was without issue. His inheritance, which included Naworth, was given to his sisters as co-heiresses to his estates. The girls’ stepfather, the Duke of Norfolk, then married the three Dacre heiresses to three of his sons – [[Philip Howard, 13th Earl of Arundel|Philip Howard]], [[Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk|Thomas Howard]], and [[Lord William Howard|William Howard]]. Thus the [[Howard family|Howard name]] came into the Dacre family, along with the title of [[Earl of Carlisle]].▼
▲Within a year of marrying the Duke of Norfolk, Elizabeth Dacre died in childbirth. The Duke then applied for wardship of his four Dacre stepchildren. Two years later, the young George Dacre died in an accident and, as a minor, was without issue. His inheritance, which included Naworth, was given to his sisters as co-heiresses to his estates. The girls’ stepfather, the Duke of Norfolk, then married two of the three Dacre heiresses (Anne and Elizabeth) to
However, the sisters’ uncle, Leonard Dacre (younger brother to the 4th Baron Dacre), believed their inheritance should have come to him, having been named in his brother's will. After being involved in the [[Rising of the North|Northern Rebellion]] against [[Elizabeth I|Queen Elizabeth]], Leonard Dacre was forced to flee from England to Scotland and then to Flanders where he died in poverty in 1573. The Howards had the premier dukedom (Norfolk) in England and the premier earldom (Arundel) and with Leonard Dacre having fled abroad, Naworth Castle and the Dacre estates became the property of the son of the Duke of Norfolk, Lord William Howard, through his marriage to Elizabeth Dacre (whose nickname was "Bess of the Broad Apron" thanks to the size of the vast northern estates which she had inherited). Amongst their many properties was [[Castle Howard]], but the principal family seat today is Naworth Castle, whilst Castle Howard is now held by a cadet branch of the family.▼
▲However, the sisters’ uncle, Leonard Dacre (younger brother to the 4th Baron Dacre), believed their inheritance should have come to him, having been named in his brother's will.
==Castle and gardens==
The castle itself not only embodies centuries of tradition and cultural heritage but was/is home to the Dacres and Howards. After its initial build in the 13th century, it changed over the centuries, experiencing periods of building and development as well as periods of destruction. Presently it has an exceptional and unusual combination of [[Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood|Pre-Raphaelite]] interiors, original medieval chambers and
One of Naworth's greatest claims includes having the largest Great Hall in the north. Its windows look on to the courtyard and its fireplace, 15 ft wide, is arched like a stone bridge. It also has beautiful Flemish and French tapestries.
It formerly had free standing heraldic wooden, sculptures called the “Dacre Beasts” which stood in the hall from the early 16th century until 2000 when they were purchased by the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. They were originally situated in the Great Hall, where they stood under a ceiling painted with portraits of the kings and queens of England. Having been commissioned by
The beasts (each 6 ft tall) are intended to represent heraldic supporters of the Dacres and their spouses. The beasts are identified as follows::
*The red bull – a heraldic supporter of Thomas, 2nd Lord Dacre. The bull holds a banner of Lord Dacre: Gules, three Escallops Argent. Dugdale claimed that this coat derived from an ancestor present at the siege of Acre in 1291 and the crusades to the Holy Land. One suggestion was that this was how the Dacre
*The dolphin or salmon - represented Thomas Dacre's wife, Elizabeth de Greystoke (whom Dacre was pre-
*The black gryphon - represented Thomas’ ancestry including [[Ralph Dacre, 1st Baron Dacre]], who built Naworth in 1335 and also the Dacre ancestry going back to the beginning of the Norman period (the Dacre barony having originally derived from the de Vaux family, who came over to England with [[William the Conqueror]]). The gryphon holds a banner of : three cushions d'argent (three silver-coloured diamonds).
*The white ram - represented Ralph's wife, [[Margaret de Multon, 2nd Baroness Multon of Gilsland | Margaret de Moulton]], whom Dacre carried off from [[Warwick Castle]] where she was a ward of [[Edward II of England|Edward II]] and in the care of [[Guy de Beauchamp, 10th Earl of Warwick|the Beauchamp family]]. The ram is the supporter of the de Moulton (or 'Mouton', French for sheep and hence the ram) coat of arms, which can be seen on the banner : shield and banner silver were, with three bars red.
The figures are unique survivors of English heraldic woodwork which conceal a coded history of the Dacre family (including their elopements) and are regarded as fine examples of a lost world of English medieval and Tudor heraldic carving. The beasts became more famous in the 19th century through the production of prints, appealing strongly to Victorian fantasies of medieval romance. They are said to have been the inspiration for [[John Tenniel]]'s illustrations for [[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]].
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On Saturday, 18 May 1844, the castle caught fire, possibly as a result of the ignition of some soot in the flue of the Porter's Lodge. The structure's lack of internal walls allowed the fire to spread rapidly, and it remained unchecked until it reached the northern wing. Although some property was saved, by the time two fire engines had arrived by train from Carlisle, most of the roof had collapsed and the fire had spread to nearly every room on the three sides of the quadrangle. Water had to be passed in buckets from a rivulet at the foot of a steep hill on the north side of the castle. "Belted Will's Tower" was saved, while the fire continued until around one o'clock on Sunday morning, when it was brought under control.<ref name=Whit>{{cite book|title=An Historical & Descriptive Account of Naworth Castle, and Lanercost Priory: With a Life of Lord William Howard, and an Account of the Destruction of Naworth Castle by Fire, May 18th, 1844|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HI4xAQAAMAAJ|year=1844|publisher=I. Fletcher Whitridge|page=vii-x1}}</ref> Subsequent restoration was undertaken by the architect [[Anthony Salvin]].<ref name=BWM />
Following the fire, some rooms changed including the former chapel which is now the library. Post the 1844 fire, much of the castle's decor was influenced by 19th century Pre-Raphaelite designs. In the current library there is a bas-relief over the fireplace, designed by [[Edward Burne-Jones]] and [[Joseph Edgar Boehm|Sir Edgar Boehm]], depicting the [[Battle of Flodden]] with Lord Thomas Dacre leading a valiant charge.
===Pre-Raphaelite links===
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It is currently occupied by the Hon. Philip Howard, younger brother and [[heir presumptive]] of the [[George Howard, 13th Earl of Carlisle|13th Earl of Carlisle]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naworth.co.uk/|title=Welcome to Naworth Castle|publisher=Naworth Castle|access-date=2 August 2015}}</ref>
==Notable owners/residents==
*[[Ralph Dacre, 1st Baron Dacre]]
*[[Philippa de Neville]]
*[[Humphrey Dacre, 1st Baron Dacre]]
*[[Joan Dacre, 7th Baroness Dacre]]
*[[Thomas Dacre, 2nd Baron Dacre]]
*[[William Dacre, 3rd Baron Dacre]]
*[[Magdalen Dacre]]
*[[Anne Howard, Countess of Arundel]]
*[[Georgiana Howard, Countess of Carlisle]]
*[[George Howard, 9th Earl of Carlisle]]
==Miscellanea==
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